Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate
| Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| dð | |||
| d̪ð | |||
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A voiced dental non-sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨d͡ð⟩, ⟨d͜ð⟩, ⟨d̪͡ð⟩, and ⟨d̟͡ð⟩. This sound also has an affricate ligature ⟨⟩, approved for inclusion in Unicode 18.
Features
Features of a voiced dental non-sibilant affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal. Note that most stops and liquids described as dental are actually denti-alveolar.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burmese[1] | အညာသား | [ʔəɲàd̪͡ðá] | 'grand' | Common realization of /ð/.[1] | |
| English | Dublin[2] | they | [d̪͡ðeɪ̯] | 'they' | Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects; may be [d̪] instead.[2] |
| New York[3] | Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects, may be a stop [d̪] or a fricative [ð] instead.[3][4] | ||||
| Cajun[4] | |||||
| New Zealand[5] | [d̪͡ðæe̯] | Possible realization of /ð/.[5] See New Zealand English phonology | |||
| Received Pronunciation[6] | width | [wɪd̪ð] | 'width' | In a limited set of word-final environments. | |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Watkins (2001), p. 292.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
- ^ a b Labov (1966), pp. 36–37.
- ^ a b Charpentier (2017), p. 5.
- ^ a b Warren & Bauer (2004), p. 618.
- ^ Gimson (2014), p. 186.
References
- Charpentier, Dylan (Fall 2017). "1.2.1". Why Dey Talk Like Dat?: A Study of the Status of Cajun English as a Dialect or an Accent (Master of Arts thesis). Retrieved 2024-08-19 – via ProQuest.
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Gimson, A. C. (2014). Cruttenden, Alan (ed.). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781444183092.
- Labov, William (1966), The Social Stratification of English in New York City (PDF) (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-24, retrieved 2014-06-27
- Warren, Paul; Bauer, Laurie (2004), "Maori English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 614–624, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Watkins, Justin W. (2001), "Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 291–295, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122, S2CID 232344700