Voiceless palatal affricate
| Voiceless palatal affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| cç | |||
| IPA number | 107 (138) | ||
| Audio sample | |||
|
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | c͡ç | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0063 U+0361 U+00E7 | ||
| X-SAMPA | c_C | ||
| |||
A voiceless palatal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨c͡ç⟩ and ⟨c͜ç⟩. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨cç⟩. This affricate also has an affricate ligature ⟨⟩, approved for inclusion in Unicode 18.
This sound is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
A voiceless palatal affricate occurs in such languages as Hungarian and Skolt Sami, among others. The consonant is quite rare; it is mostly absent from Europe (with the Uralic languages and Albanian being exceptions). It usually occurs with its voiced counterpart, the voiced palatal affricate.
Features
Features of a voiceless palatal affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. It is not a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altai | Northern Altai | чок / çok | [c͡ço̞k̠(x̠)] | 'no' | |
| Albanian | Standard[1] | qaj | [c͡çaj] | 'I cry' | May merge with [t͡ʃ] in some dialects. Retained as [c] in some Tosk Albanian varieties, or alternatively [c͡ç]. See Albanian language |
| Asturian | Western dialects[2] | muyyer | [muˈc͡çeɾ] | 'woman' | Alternate evolution of -lj-, -c'l-, pl-, cl- and fl- in the Brañas Vaqueiras area of Western Asturias. May be also realized as [c] or [ɟ͡ʝ] |
| Kaingang[3] | soinh | [c͡çɔi̯ɟ] | 'cranefly' | Possible word-initial realization of /ç/.[4] | |
| Greek | Some dialects | όχι / óchi | [ˈoc͡çi] | 'no' | Allophone of /x/ before front vowels. See Modern Greek phonology |
| Korean | 위키백과 / Wikibaekkwa | ⓘ | 'Wikipedia' | Allophone of /kʰ/ before /i/ and /j/. See Korean phonology | |
| Makassarese | pacce | [ˈpʰac.c͡çɛ] | 'empathic pain' | Allophone of /c/. | |
| Navajo | ashkii | [aʃc͡çiː] | 'boy' | Allophone of /kʰ/ before the front vowels /i, e/. See Navajo phonology | |
| Norwegian | Central and Western dialects[5] | ikkje | [ic͡çə] | 'not' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Skolt Sami | sääˊmǩiõll | [ɕa̟ːmʰʲc͡çjɘlː] | 'Skolt Sami' | ||
| Tamil | Tirunelveli | கசப்பு / kacappu | [kɐc͡çɐpːɯ] | 'bitterness' | Realization of medial ச in Tirunelveli/Teṉpāṇṭi dialect. Contrasts with /s/ in most other dialects. |
| Yakut | чэй / çey | [c͡çe̞j] | 'tea' | ||
| Yine | nchanixika | [nt͡ʃanic͡çika] | 'I am invited' | May be /c/ instead. | |
Post-palatal
| Voiceless post-palatal or pre-velar affricate | |
|---|---|
| c̠ç̠ | |
| k̟x̟ |
There is also a voiceless post-palatal or pre-velar affricate, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal affricate, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar affricate. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨c̠͡ç̠⟩, ⟨c͡ç˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨c͡ç⟩), ⟨k̟͡x̟⟩ (advanced ⟨k͡x⟩), ⟨k͡xʲ⟩ or ⟨k͜xʲ⟩ (palatalized ⟨k͡x⟩/⟨k͜x⟩, though this is more ambiguous than the others; see below).
Features
Features of a voiceless post-palatal or pre-velar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. It is not a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is post-palatal (or pre-velar; also called palato-velar, retracted palatal, backed palatal, advanced velar or fronted velar), which means it is articulated between the position of palatal consonants and velar consonants. Palatalized velar consonants may be the same, but "palatalized" may also simply mean a palatal approximant-like release.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch[6] | koekje | ⓘ | 'biscuit' (dim.) | Post-palatal; allophone of /k/ before /j/.[6] See Dutch phonology | |
See also
Notes
- ^ Siptár, Péter (2013). "Palatal controversies". In Szigetvári, Péter (ed.). VLlxx: Papers Presented to László Varga on his 70th Birthday. Reference Books for the Study of Linguistics. Vol. 158. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó. ISBN 978-615-5219-55-9.
- ^ Álvarez-Balbuena García, Fernando; Menéndez Blanco, Andrés; Rodríguez Riesgo, Mónica (2018). Tinéu. Mapa del conceyu (in Asturian). El Teixu. ISBN 978-84-949583-0-4. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676, 681.
- ^ Jolkesky (2009), p. 681.
- ^ Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 96–100.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 193.
References
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian), Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)