Voiced alveolar lateral affricate
| Voiced alveolar lateral affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| dɮ | |||
| IPA number | 104 (149) | ||
| Audio sample | |||
|
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | d͡ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0064 U+0361 | ||
| X-SAMPA | dK\ | ||
| |||
A voiced alveolar lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨d͡ɮ⟩ (often simplified to ⟨dɮ⟩), and in Americanist phonetic notation it is ⟨λ⟩ (lambda). It is usually in free variation or an allophone of /ɮ/, /t͡ɬ/ or /l/; no known language contrasts an affricate [dɮ] and a fricative [ɮ].
Features
Features of a voiced alveolar lateral affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Voiced alveolar lateral affricates are rare. Sandawe has been transcribed with [dɮ], but the sound is more post-alveolar or palatal than alveolar. Consonants transcribed with ⟨dl⟩ in Athabaskan and Wakashan languages are often tenuis affricates [t͜ɬ] or have a lateral release [tˡ] or [dˡ], but some such as Chipewyan have a truly voiced affricate.[1] In the Nguni languages [d͡ɮ] occurs after nasals: /nɮ̤/ is pronounced [nd͡ɮ̤], with an epenthetic stop, in at least Xhosa[2] and Zulu.[3]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Levantine | تدليل tadlil | [tæd͡ɮiːl] | 'pampering' | Allophone of /dl/ in some speakers |
| Avá-Canoeiro[4] | Tocantins[4] | [ˌtaːˈpid͡ɮɐ] | 'Tapirus terrestris' | Possible realisation of /l/. In the speech of people aged 40 to 80 years, the consonant is in free variation with [dl], [dʎ], [ʎ], [ɖ], [ɮ] and [l].[4] | |
| Cherokee[5] | ᏜᎺᎭ dlameha | [d͡ɮaːmeːhá] | 'bat' | Syllable onset and intervocalic allophone of /t͡ɬ/. See Cherokee phonology | |
| Deg Xinag[6] | sichidl | [sət͡ʃʰəd͡ɮ] | 'my younger brother' | Syllable-final realization of /t͡ɬ/.[6] | |
| Hebrew | דלעת dlaʻat | [d͡ɮaʔat] | 'gourd' | Allophone of /dl/ sequence in some speakers | |
| Kamkata-viri[7] | Kamviri dialect | uḍlʹoa- | [uˈdɮoː] | to drive away | Apical alveolar. Phonemically a sequence /ɖl/.[7] |
| Xhosa | indlovu | [ind͡ɮ̤ɔːv̤u] | 'elephant' | Allophone of /ɮ̤/ after /n/ | |
| Pa Na[8] | [d͡ɮau˩˧] | 'deep' | |||
References
- ^ McDonough, Joyce; Wood, Valerie (2008). "The stop contrasts of the Athabaskan languages" (PDF). Journal of Phonetics. 36 (3): 427–449. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2007.11.001. ISSN 0095-4470.
- ^ Scaraffiotti, Zamantuli (2011). Parlons Xhosa: Afrique du Sud. L'Harmattan. p. 13. ISBN 978-2-296-55158-9.
- ^ Rycroft, D. K.; Ngcobo, A. B. (1979). "Appendix B: Phonological Notes". Say it in Zulu. p. B6.
- ^ a b c Silva (2015:45)
- ^ Uchihara, Hiroto (2013). Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee (PDF) (PhD dissertation). Buffalo: State University of New York. p. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-09-04.
- ^ a b Hargus, Sharon (2009). Vowel quality and duration in Yukon Deg Xinag (PDF) (Report). p. 2.
- ^ a b Strand, Richard F. (2010). "Nurestâni Languages". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
- ^ Chén, Qíguāng [陈其光] (2001), Bā nà yǔ gàikuàng 巴那语概况 [A Brief Introduction of Bana Language], Minzu Yuwen
Bibliography
- Silva, Ariel Pheula do Couto e (2015). Elementos de fonologia, morfossintaxe e sintaxe da língua Avá-Canoeiro do Tocantins (Master's dissertation). University of Brasília. doi:10.26512/2015.03.D.18519.