Voiceless palatal lateral fricative

Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
𝼆
ʎ̥˔
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)𝼆
Unicode (hex)U+1DF06
Voiceless palatal lateral approximant
ʎ̥
IPA number157 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPAL_0
Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative
ɬ̠ʲ
Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral approximant
l̠̊ʲ

A voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages. This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with [ʎ].

The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021. Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʎ̥⟩.

If distinction is necessary, a voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent. The approximant also occurs and can be represented as ⟨l̠̊ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̥˖⟩.

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bura Contrasts with /l, ʎ, ɬ, ɮ, ʎ̝̊/.
Dahalo [𝼆aːbu] 'leaf' Contrasts with [ɬ] and [ɬʷ]
Faroese[1] kjálki [ˈt͡ʃʰaʎ̥t͡ʃɪ] 'jaw' Allophone of /l/.[1] See Faroese phonology
Inupiaq[2] sikł̣aq [sik𝼆̟ɑq] 'pickaxe' Alveolo-palatal;[2] also described as an approximant.[3] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
nuiŋił̣ł̣uni [nuiŋi𝼆̟ːuni] 'because it did not appear'
Kumeyaay[4] kałyəxwiiw [kɑ𝼆əxʷeːw] 'skunk' Rare in word-initial position.[4] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/.
Norwegian Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk[5] alt [ɑʎ̥c] 'everything, all' Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/.[5] See Norwegian phonology
Some subdialects of Trøndersk[5] tatle [tɑʎ̥] 'acting silly' According to some scholars,[6][7] it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.)[5] See Norwegian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[8] coilltean [ˈkʰɤiʎ̥tʲən] 'woods' Allophone of /ʎ/ before /tʲʰ/.[8]
Turkish[9] dil [ˈd̟iʎ̟̊] 'tongue' Devoiced allophone of alveolo-palatal /l/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.[9] See Turkish phonology
Xumi Lower[10] [ʎ̥˖o˦] 'spirit' Described as an approximant. Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/.[10][11]
Upper[11] [ʎ̥˖ɛ˦] 'flavorless'

Voiceless post-palatal lateral fricative

Voiceless post-palatal or pre-velar lateral fricative
𝼆̠
𝼄̟

Archi, a Northeast Caucasian language of Dagestan, has four voiceless palatal lateral fricatives: plain [𝼆], labialized [𝼆ʷ], fortis [𝼆ː], and labialized fortis [𝼆ːʷ]. Although clearly fricatives, these are further back than palatals in most languages, but further forward than velars in most languages, and might better be called post-palatal or pre-velar. Archi also has a voiced fricative, as well as a voiceless and several ejective lateral velar affricates, but no alveolar lateral fricatives or affricates.[12]

Features

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is post-palatal (or pre-velar; also called palato-velar, retracted palatal, backed palatal, advanced velar or fronted velar), which means it is articulated between the position of palatal consonants and velar consonants. Palatalized velar consonants may be the same, but "palatalized" may also simply mean a palatal approximant-like release.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Archi[12] лъат [𝼄̟at] 'sea' Pre-velar.[13]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Árnason (2011), p. 115.
  2. ^ a b MacLean (1980), p. XX.
  3. ^ Kaplan (1981), p. 29.
  4. ^ a b Langdon (1966), p. 33.
  5. ^ a b c d Vanvik (1979), p. 37.
  6. ^ Such as Vanvik (1979)
  7. ^ An example of a scholar disagreeing with this position is Scholtz (2009). On page 15, she provides a phoneme chart for Trøndersk, in which /ʎ/ is included. Under the phoneme chart she writes "Vanvik also lists /ʎ̥/ as an underlying phoneme, but that’s ridiculous." She provides no further explanation for that.
  8. ^ a b Mac Gill-Fhinnein (1966), p. 11.
  9. ^ a b Zimmer & Orgun (1999), pp. 154–155.
  10. ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
  11. ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
  12. ^ a b "the Archi language tutorial" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2009-12-23.
  13. ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 207. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.

References

See also

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