Voiceless labial–velar fricative

Voiceless labialized velar fricative
xʷ
ʍ
IPA number169
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)ʍ
Unicode (hex)U+028D
X-SAMPAW
Braille
Voiceless labial–velar approximant
w̥
ʍ
Audio sample
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A voiceless labial–velar fricative, or more accurately a voiceless labialized velar fricative and sometimes analyzed as a voiceless labial–velar approximant, is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨xʷ⟩ or, rather ambiguously, ⟨ʍ⟩. The letter ⟨ʍ⟩ was defined as a "voiceless [w]" until 1979,[1] when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of [k͡p] the same way that [w] is an approximant with the place of articulation of [ɡ͡b].[2] The IPA Handbook describes ⟨ʍ⟩ as a "fricative" in the introduction,[3] while a chapter within characterizes it as an "approximant".[4]

There was once some controversy over whether a voiceless approximant could be distinct from a fricative,[5] but more recent research distinguishes between turbulent (fricative-like) and laminar (vowel- or approximant-like) airflow in the vocal tract.[6] English /ʍ/ is an approximant [w̥],[7] a labialized glottal fricative [hʷ], or an [hw] sequence, not a velar fricative.[8] Scots /ʍ/ has been described as a velar fricative,[9] especially in older Scots and peripheral dialects, where it is [xw].[10] Ladefoged and Maddieson were unable to confirm that any language has fricatives produced at two places of articulation, as the term "labial–velar" implies.[11] They conclude that "if [ʍ] is a fricative, it is better described as a voiceless labialized velar fricative".[12]

Features

Features of a voiceless labialized velar fricative:

Occurrence

Voiceless labial–velar fricative

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Hupa[13] xwe꞉y [xʷeːj] 'his property' A voiceless labialized velar fricative.
Kabardian тхуы [txʷə]ⓘ 'five' In Adyghe, it is pronounced [f].
Kurdish Kurmanji (Northern) خویشک / xwîşk [xʷɪʃk] 'sister'
Kalhori (Southern) خوەش / xweş [xʷæʃ] 'nice'
Lushootseed dxʷʔiyb [dxʷʔib] 'Newhalem, Washington'
Persian Classical Persian خواستن / xwâstän [xʷɑːs.ˈtan] 'to want' In modern standard dialects of Persian, the pronunciation has evolved to a simple Voiceless velar fricative ([x]) sound.
Shuswap secwepemctsín [ʃəxʷəpəməxˈtʃin] 'Shuswap language'
Spanish Fast speech juego [ˈxʷe.ɣ̞o̞] 'game' More commonly [xw]. See Spanish phonology
Washo Wáʔi [ˈxʷaʔi] or [ˈw̥aʔi] 'he's the one who's doing it' Variously described as a labialized velar fricative or a voiceless approximant.

Voiceless labial–velar approximant

Family Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Eskimo-Aleut Aleut[14] Atkan hwax̂ [w̥aχ] 'smoke'
Bering ʼЎaӽ
Germanic English Received Pronunciation in some Irish and Scottish speakers[15] whine [w̥aɪ̯n] 'whine' English /ʍ/ is generally a labialized velar approximant.[12] It is usually represented phonemically as /hw/, but phonetically it is not a sequence of [h] plus [w] (see English phonology). In General American[16] and New Zealand English[17] only some speakers maintain a distinction with /w/; in Europe, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.[15] See English phonology and phonological history of wh.
Cultivated South African[18]
Conservative General American[16]
Irish[18][19] [w̥ʌɪ̯n]
Scottish[18][20][21]
Southern American[22] [w̥äːn]
New Zealand[17][20][23] [w̥ɑe̯n]
Sino-Tibetan Kham Gamale Kham ह्वा [w̥ɐ] 'tooth' Described as an approximant.[24]
Slavic Slovene[25][26] vse [ˈw̥sɛ] 'everything' Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants, in free variation with a vowel [u]. Voiced [w] before voiced consonants.[25][26] See Slovene phonology.
Washo (isolate) Wáʔi [ˈxʷaʔi] or [ˈw̥aʔi] 'he's the one who's doing it' Variously described as a labialized velar fricative or a voiceless approximant.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Association phonétique internationale (1952). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1951)". Le Maître Phonétique. Troisième série. 30 (97). Front matter. JSTOR 44748475.
  2. ^ International Phonetic Association (1978). "The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 1979)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 8 (1–2). Supplement. JSTOR 44541414.
  3. ^ IPA 1999: ix
  4. ^ IPA 1999: 136
  5. ^ Pike (1943), pp. 71, 138–39.
  6. ^ Shadle (2000), pp. 37–38.
  7. ^ For instance, Lyle Campbell (2020) Historical Linguistics, 4th edition, page xxii.
  8. ^ Ladefoged (2006), p. 68.
  9. ^ International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 22.
  10. ^ Johnston (1997), pp. 499, 504, 507, 510.
  11. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 330–2.
  12. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 326.
  13. ^ Golla, Victor (1996). "Hupa Language Dictionary Second Edition". Retrieved Oct 31, 2021.
  14. ^ Головко, Е. В. (1994). Словарь алеутско-русский и русско-алеутский (беринговский диалект) [Aleut-Russian and Russian-Aleut Dictionary (Bering dialect)]. Отд-ние изд-ва "Просвещение". p. 14. ISBN 978-5-09-002312-2.
  15. ^ a b "Received Pronunciation Phonology". Archived from the original on 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2014-04-20.
  16. ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 120.
  17. ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 117.
  18. ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 121.
  19. ^ Wells (1982), p. 432.
  20. ^ a b McMahon (2002), p. 31.
  21. ^ Wells (1982), p. 408.
  22. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006).
  23. ^ Wells (1982), p. 610.
  24. ^ Wilde (2016).
  25. ^ a b Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
  26. ^ a b Greenberg (2006), p. 18.

References

  • Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas, archived from the original on 2007-01-29
  • International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Johnston, Paul (1997), "Regional Variation", in Jones, Charles (ed.), The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 433–513, ISBN 978-0-7486-0754-9, JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctvxcrwhq.15
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2006), A Course in Phonetics (5th ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • McMahon, April (2002), An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, ISBN 0-7486-1252-1
  • Pike, Kenneth (1943), Phonetics, University of Michigan Press
  • Rogers, Henry (2000), The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN 978-0-582-38182-7
  • Shadle, Christine (2000), "The Aerodynamics of Speech", in Hardcastle, W. J.; Laver, J. (eds.), Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-18848-7
  • Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, S2CID 249404451
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52129719-2 , 0-52128541-0 .
  • Wilde, Christopher P. (2016), "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon", Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (9): 130–199, hdl:1885/109195
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