Trilled affricate
In articulatory phonetics, trilled affricates, also known as post-trilled consonants, are consonants which begin as a stop and have a trill release. These consonants are reported to exist in some Northern Paman languages in Australia,[1] as well as in some Chapacuran languages such as Wariʼ and Oro Win, Austronesian languages such as Fijian and Malagasy, and in Namuyi.
| Sound (voiceless) | IPA | Languages | Sound (voiced) | IPA | Languages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless trilled bilabial affricate | [pʙ̥] | Namuyi | Voiced trilled bilabial affricate | [bʙ] | Kele and Avava. Only reported in an allophone of [mb] before [o] or [u], Namuyi |
| Voiceless trilled alveolar affricate | [tr̥] | Ngkoth | Voiced trilled alveolar affricate | [dr] | Nias, Fijian and Avava also have this sound after [n]. |
| Voiceless epiglottal affricate | [ʡʜ] | Not attested in any natural language, but may occur in Hydaburg Haida. | Voiced epiglottal affricate | [ʡʢ] | Hydaburg Haida. Possibly voiceless or a stop instead. Cognate to Southern Haida [ɢ], Masset Haida [ʕ].[2] |
In Fijian, trilling is rare in these sounds, and they are frequently distinguished by being postalveolar.[3] In Malagasy, they may have a rhotic release, [ʈɽ̝̊ ɳʈɽ̝̊ ɖɽ̝ ɳɖɽ̝], be simple stops, [ʈ ɳʈ ɖ ɳɖ], or standard affricates, [ʈʂ ɳʈʂ ɖʐ ɳɖʐ]. Similarly, the trilled retroflex affricates [ʈɽ̝̊ ʈɽ̝̊ʰ ɖɽ̝ ᶯɖɽ̝] have been reported to occur in Baima, though phonetically they may be closer to sequences of a stop and fricative trill.[4]
Most post-trilled consonants are affricates: the stop and trill share the same place of articulation. However, there is a rare exception in a few neighboring Amazonian languages, where a voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop, [t̪͡ʙ̥] (occasionally written [tᵖ]) is reported from a few words in the Chapacuran languages Wariʼ and Oro Win. In the Chapacuran languages, [tʙ̥] is reported almost exclusively before rounded vowels such as [o] and [y]. Sangtam contrasts [t̪͡ʙ̥] with aspirated [t̪͡ʙ̥ʰ].
Hydaburg Haida [ʡʢ] is cognate to Southern Haida [ɢ], Masset Haida [ʕ].[2]
References
- ^ Hale, Kenneth (1976). "Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages." In: Languages of Cape York, ed. Peter Sutton. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
- ^ a b "Bessell 1993" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-05.
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. p. 131
- ^ Chirkova, Katia; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja; Amelot, Angélique (August 2023). "Baima (Illustrations of the IPA)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53 (2): 547–576. doi:10.1017/S0025100321000219.