List of odd-toed ungulates by population

This is a list of odd-toed ungulate species (order Perissodactyla) by estimated global population.

Unless otherwise noted, primary populations given are for number of mature individuals.

Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
Javan rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus 18[1] CR[1] [1] Total population is estimated to be 68 individuals. Range is entirely restricted to western Java.[1]
African wild ass Equus africanus 23–200[2] CR[2] [2] Total population is estimated to be 70 - 600 individuals.[2]
Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 30[3] CR[3] [3] Total population is estimated to be less than 80 individuals.[3]
Przewalski's horse Equus ferus przewalskii 178[4] EN[4] [4] Wild population only. Total wild population is estimated to be 387 individuals. Previously extinct in the wild.[4]
Baird's tapir Tapirus bairdii 1,600 - 2,300[5] EN[5] [5] Estimate is derived from regional estimates from Mosquitia and the Maya Forest.[5]
Grévy's zebra Equus grevyi 1,956[6] EN[6] [6] Total population is estimated to be 2,680 individuals.[6]
Indian rhinoceros

(Greater one-horned rhino)

Rhinoceros unicornis 2,100-2,200[7] VU[7] [7] Total population is estimated to be 3,588 individuals.[7]
Malayan tapir Tapirus indicus 2,499[8] EN[8] [8]
Mountain tapir Tapirus pinchaque 2,500[9] EN[9] [9] Maximum estimate.[9]
South American tapir

(Lowland tapir)

Tapirus terrestris 2,665 - 15,992[10] VU[11] [11] IUCN assessment does not provide a population estimate.[11]
Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis 3,142[12] CR[12] [12] Total population is estimated to be 5,630 individuals as of 2018.[12]
White rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum 10,080[13] NT[13] [13] Total population is estimated to be 18,064 individuals.[13]
Mountain zebra Equus zebra 34,979[14] VU[14] [14] Two subspecies: Hartmann's (33,265 mature individuals) & Cape (1,714 - 3,247 mature individuals).[14]
Asiatic wild ass

(Onager)

Equus hemionus 65,000[15] NT[15] [15] Total population is estimated to be 108,300 individuals.[15]
Kiang Equus kiang 60,000–70,000[16] LC[16] [16] Values given are for total population.[16]
Plains zebra Equus quagga 150,000-250,000[17] NT[17] [17] Total population is estimated to be 500,000 individuals.[17]
Mule Equus asinus x Equus caballus 7,700,000[18] Domesticated Value given is the 2024 estimate given by the FAO for worldwide population, rounded to nearest hundred thousand.[18]
Donkey Equus africanus asinus 53,900,000[18] Domesticated Value given is the 2024 estimate given by the FAO for worldwide population, rounded to nearest hundred thousand.[18]
Horse Equus ferus caballus 56,200,000[18] Domesticated Value given is the 2024 estimate given by the FAO for worldwide population, rounded to nearest hundred thousand.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Ellis, S.; Talukdar, B. (2020). "Rhinoceros sondaicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T19495A18493900. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19495A18493900.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Moehlman, P.D.; Kebede, F.; Yohannes, H. (2015). "Equus africanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015 e.T7949A45170994. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7949A45170994.en. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
  3. ^ a b c d Ellis, S.; Talukdar, B. (2020). "Dicerorhinus sumatrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T6553A18493355. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6553A18493355.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d King, S.R.B.; Boyd, L.; Zimmerman, W.; Kendall, B.E. (2016) [amended version of 2015 assessment]. "Equus ferus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T41763A97204950. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
  5. ^ a b c d Garcìa, M.; Jordan, C.; O'Farril, G.; Poot, C.; Meyer, N.; Estrada, N.; Leonardo, R.; Naranjo, E.; Simons, Á.; Herrera, A.; Urgilés, C.; Schank, C.; Boshoff, L.; Ruiz-Galeano, M. (2016). "Tapirus bairdii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T21471A45173340. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21471A45173340.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d Rubenstein, D.; Low Mackey, B.; Davidson, Z.D.; Kebede, F.; King, S.R.B. (2016). "Equus grevyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T7950A89624491. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T7950A89624491.en. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
  7. ^ a b c d Ellis, S.; Talukdar, B. (2019). "Rhinoceros unicornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T19496A18494149. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T19496A18494149.en. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
  8. ^ a b c Traeholt, C.; Novarino, W.; bin Saaban, S.; Shwe, N.M.; Lynam, A.; Zainuddin, Z.; Simpson, B.; bin Mohd, S. (2016). "Tapirus indicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T21472A45173636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21472A45173636.en.
  9. ^ a b c d Lizcano, D.J.; Amanzo, J.; Castellanos, A.; Tapia, A.; Lopez-Malaga, C.M. (2016). "Tapirus pinchaque". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T21473A45173922. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T21473A45173922.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  10. ^ "The distribution and conservation status of Tapirus terrestris in the South American Atlantic Forest". Neotropical Biology and Conservation. 17 (1): 1–19. 2022-01-01. doi:10.3897/neotropical.17.e71867. ISSN 2236-3777.
  11. ^ a b c Kevin Flesher (Reserva Ecologica Michelin, Igrapiuna, Bahia, Brasil); Bustos, Soledad de; Chalukian, Silvia; Ayala, G; Cécile Richard-Hansen (ONCFS (Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage)); José Cartes (IUCN SSC Deer and Tapir Specialist Groups); Varela, Diego (2018-07-31). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Tapirus terrestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 2025-05-05.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ a b c d Emslie, R. (2020). "Diceros bicornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T6557A152728945. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T6557A152728945.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d Emslie, R. (2020). "Ceratotherium simum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T4185A45813880. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T4185A45813880.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d Gosling, L.M.; Muntifering, J.; Kolberg, H.; Uiseb, K.; King, S.R.B. (2019). "Equus zebra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T7960A160755590. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T7960A160755590.en. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
  15. ^ a b c d Kaczensky, P.; King, S.R.B.; Esmaeili, S.; Moehlman, P.D. (2025). "Equus hemionus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T7951A238881740. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-1.RLTS.T7951A238881740.en.
  16. ^ a b c d Shah, N.; St. Louis, A.; Qureshi, Q. (2015). "Equus kiang". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015 e.T7953A45171635. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T7953A45171635.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  17. ^ a b c d King, S.R.B. & Moehlman, P.D. (2016). "Equus quagga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T41013A45172424. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41013A45172424.en.
  18. ^ a b c d e f "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
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