Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

Voiced alveolar plosive
d
IPA number104
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)d
Unicode (hex)U+0064
X-SAMPAd
Braille
Voiced dental plosive
d̪
IPA number104 408
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)d​̪
Unicode (hex)U+0064 U+032A
X-SAMPAd_d
Braille

Voiced alveolar and dental plosives (or stops) are a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The alveolar is familiar to English-speakers as the "d" sound in "adore".

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar plosives is ⟨d⟩; the diacritic in ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental.

There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops (or often more precisely laminal and apical alveolar stops), among them Kota, Toda, Venda and some Irish dialects.

Features

Sagittal sections of voiced dental and alveolar plosives

Features of a voiced alveolar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • There are three specific variants of [d]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian derë [dɛːɾ] 'door'
Arabic Egyptian دنيا / donya [ˈdonjæ] 'world' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern[1] դեմք / demk' [d̪ɛmkʰ]ⓘ 'face' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Western տալ / dal [d̪ɑl] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkir дүрт / dürt [dʏʷrt]ⓘ 'four'
Basque diru [d̪iɾu] 'money' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[2] падарожжа/padarožža [päd̪äˈroʐːä] 'travel' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali দুধ/dūdh [d̪ud̪ʱ] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3] drac [ˈd̪ɾak] 'dragon' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Dinka[4] dhek [d̪ek] 'distinct' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dhivehi ދެރަ/Dhera [d̪eɾa] 'sad' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Dutch Belgian ding [d̪ɪŋ] 'thing' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English Dublin[5] then [d̪ɛn] 'then' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be [d͡ð].[5] See English phonology
Southern Irish[6]
Geordie[7] Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7]
Indian
Ulster[8] dream [d̪ɹim] 'dream' Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperanto mondo [ˈmondo] 'world' See Esperanto phonology.
French[9] dais [d̪ɛ] 'canopy' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian[10] კუდი [ˈkʼud̪i] 'tail' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology
Hindustani[11] Hindi दूध / dūdh [d̪uːd̪ʱ] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Urdu دودھ / dūdh Contrasts with aspirated form <دھ>.
Hungarian adó [ɒd̪oː] 'tax' See Hungarian phonology
Irish dorcha [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] 'dark' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian[12] dare [ˈd̪äːre] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese[13] 男性的 / danseiteki [d̪ä̃ɰ̃se̞ːt̪e̞kʲi] 'masculine' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian[14] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakh дос [d̪os̪] 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[15] дос [d̪os̪] 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[16] drudzis [ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪] 'fever' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Malayalam ദിവസം/divasam [d̪iʋɐsɐm] 'day' See Malayalam phonology
Marathi दगड/dagaḍ [d̪əɡəɖ] 'stone' Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Minangkabau Padang dakek [d̪äke̞ʔ] 'near' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Nepali दिन/din [d̪in] 'daytime' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology
Odia ଦଶ/daśa [d̪ɔsɔ] 'ten' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashto ﺪﻮﻩ/dwa [ˈd̪wɑ] 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[17] dom [d̪ɔm]ⓘ 'home' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[18] Many dialects dar [ˈd̪aɾ] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਦਾਲ/dāl [d̪ɑːl] 'lentils' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Shahmukhi دال/dāl
Russian[19] два/dva [ˈd̪va] 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic Uist and Barra leantail [ˈʎɛnd̪al] 'following' Allophone of [t̪] after nasals. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[20] дуга / duga [d̪ǔːgä] 'rainbow' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhala දවස [d̪aʋəsə] 'day'
Slovene[21] danes [ˈd̪àːnə́s̪] 'today' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Spanish[22] hundido [ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞] 'sunken' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Telugu దయ [d̪aja] 'Kindness' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant.
Turkish dal [d̪äɫ] 'twig' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[23][24] дерево/derevo [ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ] 'tree' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[25] sifatida [siɸætidæ] 'as' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Wu 唐/da [d̪ɑ̃] 'the Tang dynasty'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[26] dan [d̪aŋ] 'countryside' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe дахэ/daahė [daːxa] 'pretty'
Assyrian ܘܪܕܐ werda [wεrda] 'flower' Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Bengali ডাব/ḍab [dab] 'green coconut' True alveolar in eastern dialects. But all Bengali speakers allophone of /d/ after and before denti-alveolar, alveolo-palatal and postalveolar /t̪, t̪ʰ, d̪, d̪ʱ, tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ, ʃ/. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[27] susdit [sʊzˈd̻it̪] 'said before' Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Czech do [do] 'into' See Czech phonology
Dutch[28] dak [dɑk] 'roof' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers dash [ˈdæʃ] 'dash' See English phonology
Finnish sidos [ˈsido̞s] 'bond' See Finnish phonology
Greek ντροπή / dropí [dro̞ˈpi] 'shame' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew דואר/ do'ar [ˈdo̞.äʁ̞] 'mail' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hmong White Hmong 𖬈𖬲𖬞𖬰 / dej [de˥˨] 'water' In Green Hmong, it'll be 𖬈𖬲𖬭𖬰 / dlej [dle˥˨]
Hungarian holdra [ˈholdra] 'onto the moon' Allophone of [d̪] before [r] or [ɾ]. See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian дахэ/ daahė [daːxa] 'pretty'
Khmer ដប / dab [dɑp] 'bottle'
Korean 아들 / adeul [ɐdɯl] 'son' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern diran [dɪɾä:n] 'tooth' See Kurdish phonology
Central ددان/ dadân [dædä:n]
Southern دیان/dîân [diːä:n]
Luxembourgish[29] brudder [ˈb̥ʀudɐ] 'brother' More often voiceless [t].[29] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Standard (incl. Malaysian) dahan [dähän] 'branch' See Malay phonology
Indonesian[30]
Kelantan-Pattani [dahɛː] See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Malayalam എന്റെ/ente [ende] 'my' or 'mine' See Malayalam phonology
Maltese dehen [den] 'wit'
Tagalog dalaga [dɐˈlaɰɐ] 'maiden' See Tagalog phonology
Thai ดาว/ dāw [daːw] 'star'
Welsh diafol [djavɔl] 'devil' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian doarp [ˈdwɑrp] 'village'
Yi ꄿ/dda [da˧] 'competent'
Yonaguni 与那国 / dunan [dunaŋ] 'Yonaguni'

Postalveolar

Voiced postalveolar plosive
d̠
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To distinguish from the voiced dental and alveolar plosives, a voiced postalveolar plosive can be transcribed as ⟨d̠⟩. A more explicit (though convoluted) transcription ⟨d͇˗⟩, using a combination of extIPA and obsolete diacritics, can also be used.[31]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bengali[32] ডাকাত [d̠akat̪] 'robber' Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.[32] See Bengali phonology
Hindustani[33][34] डालना/ڈالنا [d̠aːlnaː] 'to put' Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.[34] See Hindustani phonology
Nepali डर [d̠ʌr] 'fear' See Nepali phonology
Odia ଡଙ୍ଗା/ḍaṅgā [d̠ɔŋga] 'boat' Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic دين/dīn [diːn] 'religion' Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English Broad South African[35] dawn [doːn] 'dawn' Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[35][36][37]
Scottish[36] [dɔn]
Welsh[37] [dɒːn]
German Standard[38] oder [ˈoːdɐ]ⓘ 'or' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[38] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian Urban East[39] dans [d̻ɑns] 'dance' Partially voiced or fully voiceless [t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[39] See Norwegian phonology
Persian[40] اداره/edāre [edaːre] 'office' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[40] See Persian phonology
Slovak[41][42] do [d̻ɔ̝]ⓘ 'into' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[41][42] See Slovak phonology
Swedish Central Standard[43] dag [dɑːɡ] 'day' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[43] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  3. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
  5. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  6. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  7. ^ a b Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
  8. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). UCL Phonetics and Linguistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
  9. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  11. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  14. ^ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  15. ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  16. ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  17. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  18. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  19. ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  20. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  21. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  22. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  23. ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  24. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  25. ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  26. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  27. ^ Rafel Fontanals (1999), p. 14.
  28. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  29. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  30. ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  31. ^ Rybka Piotr Klaudiusz. "Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny w slawistyce". opus.us.edu.pl (in Polish). University of Silesia (Polish: Uniwersytet Śląski).
  32. ^ a b Mazumdar (2000:57)
  33. ^ Ladefoged (2005:141)
  34. ^ a b Tiwari (2004:?)
  35. ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 120.
  36. ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  37. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 388.
  38. ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 47.
  39. ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000:22)
  40. ^ a b Mahootian (2002:287–289)
  41. ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
  42. ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
  43. ^ a b Riad (2014:46)

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