Voiceless retroflex affricate
| Voiceless retroflex affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʈʂ | |||
| tʂ | |||
| ꭧ | |||
| IPA number | 105 (136) | ||
| Audio sample | |||
|
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʈ͡ʂ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0288 U+0361 U+0282 | ||
| X-SAMPA | ts` | ||
| |||
A voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʈ͡ʂ⟩ or ⟨t̠͡ʂ⟩, often simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩. There is also a ligature ⟨ꭧ⟩, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. In Americanist tradition, where ⟨c⟩ is used to transcribe the affricate /ts/, the letter ⟨𝼝⟩ has sometimes been used to transcribe the affricate referenced on this page.[1]
A laminal variant occurs in Polish cz, and an apical variant in the Indo-Aryan languages.
Features
Features of a voiceless retroflex affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
The affricate occurs in a number of languages:
- Asturian: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of the voiced palatal fricative, writing ḷḷ instead of ll.
- Slavic languages: Polish, Belarusian, Old Czech, Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
- a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
- Mandarin and other Sinitic languages.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | аҽада | ⓘ | 'donkey' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | чъыгы | ⓘ | 'tree' | See Adyghe phonology | |
| Asturian | Some dialects[2][3] | ḷḷobu | [t̠͡ʂoβu] | 'wolf' | Corresponds to standard /ʎ/. |
| Belarusian | пачатак | [pat̠͡ʂatak] | 'the beginning' | Laminal. See Belarusian phonology | |
| Chinese | Mandarin[4] | 中文 / Zhōngwén | ⓘ | 'Chinese language' | Apical.[5] Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology |
| Hmong | White Hmong | 𖬒𖬶𖬯𖬵 / txov | [tso˨˦] | 'lion' or 'tiger' | |
| Khanty | Eastern dialects | ҷӓңҷ | [t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ] | 'knee' | Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ in the northern dialects. |
| Southern dialects | |||||
| Mapudungun | trafoy | [t̠͡ʂa.ˈfoj] | 'it got broken' | Contrasts with a voiceless postalveolar affricate: chafoy [t͡ʃa.ˈfoj] 'he/she coughed' | |
| Northern Qiang | zhes | [t̠͡ʂəs] | 'day before yesterday' | Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms. | |
| Polish | człowiek | ⓘ | 'man' | Laminal. See Polish phonology | |
| Quechua | Cajamarca–Cañaris | chupa | [t̠͡ʂupə] | 'tail' | |
| Russian | лу́чше / luchshe | ⓘ | 'better' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian[6] | чеп / čep | [t̠͡ʂe̞p] | 'cork' | Apical. It may be palato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Silesian | szczopek | [ʂt̠͡ʂopɛk] | 'pike' | ||
| Slovak[7] | čakať | [ˈt̠͡ʂäkäc] | 'to wait' | Laminal. | |
| Spanish | Chilean[8] | cuatro | [ˈˈkwatʂo] | 'four' | Corresponding to [tɾ] in other dialects. |
| Torwali[9] | ڇووو | [t̠͡ʂuwu] | 'to sew' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Vietnamese | trà | [t̠͡ʂaː˨˩] | 'tea' | Some speakers. | |
| Yi | ꍈ / zha | [t̠͡ʂa˧] | 'a bit' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
See also
Notes
- ^ Miller, Kirk (2021), L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters (PDF)
- ^ Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (2005). Normes ortográfiques (PDF) (in Asturian) (6th revised ed.). Academia Llingua Asturiana. p. 14. ISBN 84-8168-394-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-23.
- ^ García Arias (2003:34)
- ^ Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)
- ^ Lee, Wai-Sum (1999). An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin (PDF). Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. pp. 413–416. S2CID 51828449.
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
- ^ Correa Mujica, Miguel (2001). "Influencias de las lenguas indígenas en el español de Chile". Espéculo. Revista de estudios literarios. (in Spanish). Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
- ^ Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.
References
- García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2003), Gramática Histórica de la Lengua Asturiana, Oviedo: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, pp. 34–36, ISBN 84-8168-341-8
- Hamann, Silke (2004), "Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 53–67, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604, S2CID 2224095, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-14, retrieved 2015-04-09
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter; Wu, Zongji (1984), "Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates", Journal of Phonetics, 11 (3): 267–278, doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30883-6
- Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001). An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan (PDF) (M.A. thesis). Arlington: University of Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-12.
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0