Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive
| Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 𝼂 | |||
| ɢ̠ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
|
source · help | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | 𝼂 | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+1DF02 | ||
| |||
A voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive or stop is a rare consonant.
No language is known to have a phonemic upper pharyngeal plosive. The Nǁng language (Nǀuu) is claimed to have an upper pharyngeal place of articulation among its click consonants. Clicks in Nǁng have a rear closure that is said to vary between uvular to upper pharyngeal, depending on the click type.[1] However, if the place were truly pharyngeal, these articulations could not occur as nasal clicks, which they do.
Otherwise, upper pharyngeal plosives are only known from disordered speech. The extIPA provides the letter ⟨𝼂⟩ (a turned small capital G), equivalent to IPA ⟨ɢ̠⟩ (a retracted ⟨ɢ⟩), to transcribe such a sound.
Pharyngeal and epiglottal consonants are pronounced in the upper and lower pharynx, respectively, and because of this they are often labeled "upper pharyngeal" and "lower pharyngeal".[2] If the consonants labeled as epiglottal fricatives in the International Phonetic Alphabet chart, [ʜ ʢ], are analyzed as trills, which they generally are phonetically, then all three epiglottal letters fit in gaps in the pharyngeal column of the consonant table in the chart. This has led phoneticians such as John Esling to propose merging the epiglottal consonants into the pharyngeal column of the chart.[3] This would leave no room for the extIPA letters. As it is, the extIPA chart places the letters ⟨ꞯ 𝼂⟩ in the plosive cell of an "upper pharyngeal" column.[4][5]
Features
Features of a voiced upper-pharyngeal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is upper pharyngeal, which means it is articulated with the tongue root against the back of the throat (the pharynx) and then retracting the root of the tongue to the mid to high part of the pharynx.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
See also
References
- ^ Miller, Amanda L., Johanna Brugman, Bonny Sands, Levi Namaseb, Mats Exter, and Chris Collins. 2009a. 'Differences in airstream and posterior place of articulation among Nǀuu clicks.' Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39(2): 132.
- ^ Maddieson, Ian; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; Ladefoged, Peter (1993), "Phonetic structures of Dahalo", in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65
- ^ Esling, John H. (2010). "Phonetic Notation". In Hardcastle, William J.; Laver, John; Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.). The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 678–702. doi:10.1002/9781444317251.ch18. ISBN 978-1-4051-4590-9.
- ^ Ball, Martin J.; Howard, Sara J.; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 48 (2): 155–164. doi:10.1017/S0025100317000147. S2CID 151863976.
- ^ Duckworth et al. (1990) Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 4: 4 p. 275