The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II (r. 1279–1213 BC), now in the Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum)[1] in Turin. The papyrus is the most extensive list available of kings compiled by the ancient Egyptians, and is the basis for most Egyptian chronology before the reign of Ramesses II. The list records more than 200 kings, but not all names have survived.
Creation and use
The king-list is written on the reverse of a discarded tax register dating to the reign of Ramesses II, the third pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty, during the middle of the New Kingdom. The beginning and ending of the list are now lost; there is no introduction, and the list does not continue after the 19th Dynasty. The composition may thus have occurred at any subsequent time, from the reign of Ramesses II to as late as the 20th Dynasty.
The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of reigns in years, with months and days for some kings. In some cases they are grouped together by family, which corresponds approximately to the dynasties of Manetho's Aegyptiaca. The list includes the names of ephemeral rulers or those ruling small territories that may be unmentioned in other sources.
The list also contains kings from the 15th Dynasty, the Hyksos who ruled Lower Egypt and the River Nile delta. The Hyksos rulers do not have cartouches (enclosing borders which indicate the name of a king), and a hieroglyphic sign is added to indicate that they were foreigners, although foreign rulers are not typically listed on King-lists.
The papyrus was originally a tax roll, but on its back is written a list of rulers of Egypt – including mythical kings such as gods, demi-gods, and spirits, as well as human kings. That the back of an older papyrus was used may indicate that the list was not of great formal importance to the writer, although the primary function of the list is thought to have been as an administrative aid. As such, the papyrus is less likely to be biased against certain rulers and is believed to include all the kings of Egypt known to its writers up to the 19th or 20th Dynasty.
Discovery and reconstruction
Circumstances surrounding the discovery of the papyrus
The circumstances surrounding the discovery of the papyrus are no longer known, and there are many unclear points surrounding them; the archaeological context is lost. All we know is that the Italian traveler Bernardino Drovetti bought it c. 1818 in Thebes, Egypt. Purchased in Livorno in 1820, it was shipped to Genoa by sea and then overland to Turin in 1824. The 19th-century Egyptologist Gaston Maspero believed that Drovetti had unintentionally mutilated the papyrus during his journey.[3]
It was acquired in 1824 by the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy and was designated Papyrus Number 1874. When the box in which it had been transported to Italy was unpacked, the list had disintegrated into small fragments. Jean-Francois Champollion, examining it, could recognize only some of the larger fragments containing royal names, and produced a drawing of what he could decipher. A reconstruction of the list was created to better understand it and to aid in research.
Research and processing
The Saxon researcher Gustav Seyffarth re-examined the fragments, some only one square centimeter in size, and made a more complete reconstruction of the papyrus based only on the papyrus fibers, as he could not yet determine the meaning of the hieratic characters. Subsequent work on the fragments was done by the Munich Egyptologist Jens Peter Lauth, which largely confirmed the Seyffarth reconstruction. Giulio Farina, the director of the Museo Egizio from 1928 to 1946 published his analysis and examination of this document in 1938 in a book called The Restored Papyrus of the Kings or Turin Canon; here, he proposed a new placement of some fragments, gave the hieroglyphic transcription of the hieratic text, the translation and an extensive historical-chronological commentary.[4]
In 1997, prominent Egyptologist Kim Ryholt published a new and better interpretation of the list in his book The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Egyptologist Donald Redford has also studied the papyrus and has noted that although many of the list's names correspond to monuments and other documents, there are some discrepancies and not all of the names correspond, questioning the absolute reliability of the document for pre-Ramesses II chronology.
Despite attempts at reconstruction, approximately 50% of the papyrus remains missing. This papyrus as presently constituted is 1.7 m long and 0.41 m wide, broken into over 160 fragments. In 2009, previously unpublished fragments were discovered in the storage room of the Egyptian Museum of Turin, in good condition.[5] The fragments were found after studying a 1959 study by archaeologist Alan Gardiner. In his writing, Gardiner suggested that there were fragments in the museum that had not been used by scholars in reconstructing the document.[6]
The name Hudjefa, found twice in the papyrus, is now known to have been used by the royal scribes of the Ramesside era during the 19th Dynasty, when the scribes compiled king lists such as the Saqqara King List and the royal canon of Turin and the name of a deceased pharaoh was unreadable, damaged, or completely erased.
Contents of the papyrus
The papyrus is divided into eleven columns, distributed as follows. The names and positions of several kings are still being disputed, since the list is so badly damaged. Pharaohs that are known have the damaged part of the inscribed name in parentheses, if the damaged part is known.
- Column 1 – Gods of Ancient Egypt
- Column 2 – Gods of Ancient Egypt, spirits and mythical kings
- Column 3 – Rows 1–10 (Spirits and mythical kings), Rows 11–25 (Dynasties 1–2)
- Column 4 – Rows 1–25 (Dynasties 2–5)
- Column 5 – Rows 1–26 (Dynasties 6–8/9/10)
- Column 6 – Rows 12–25 (Dynasties 11–12)
- Column 7 – Rows 1–2 (Dynasties 12–13)
- Column 8 – Rows 1–23 (Dynasty 13)
- Column 9 – Rows 1–27 (Dynasty 13–14)
- Column 10 – Rows 1–30 (Dynasty 14)
- Column 11 – Rows 1–30 (Dynasties 14–17)
It's possible that a twelfth column once existed that contained Dynasties 18–19/20, but that section has since been lost.
The following are the names written on the papyrus, omitting the years.
Reconstructed list of historical kings
The following is a reconstructed list of kings, based on Ryholt's reconstruction.[8][9][10][11]
Summary
| Dynasty
|
Column
|
Kings
|
Heading
|
Summation
|
| Dynasties I–V
|
3.11
|
4.25
|
39 kings
|
39
|
"(Kings from the house of) Menes"
|
3.10
|
768 years[…]
|
4.26
|
| Dynasties VI–VIII
|
5.1
|
5.13
|
13 kings
|
52
|
— none
|
187 years, 6 months, 3 days
|
5.14–15
|
|
|
Summation of the first Seven dynasties
|
955 years, 0 months, 15 days
|
5.16–17
|
| Dynasty IX/X
|
5.18
|
6.9
|
18 kings
|
70
|
— none
|
lost
|
6.10
|
| Dynasty XI
|
6.12
|
6.17
|
6 kings
|
76
|
"Kings (from Mentuhotep II)"
|
6.11
|
143 years[…]
|
6.18
|
| Dynasty XII
|
6.20
|
7.2
|
8 kings
|
84
|
"Kings of the Residence Itj-tawy"
|
6.19
|
213 years, 1 month, 17 days
|
7.3
|
| Dynasty XIII
|
7.5
|
8.27
|
51 kings
|
135
|
"Kings after the children (?) of Sehotepibra"
|
7.4
|
lost
|
8.28
|
| Dynasty XIV
|
8.29
|
10.20
|
51 kings
|
186
|
— none
|
lost
|
10.21
|
| Dynasty XV
|
10.23
|
10.28
|
6 kings
|
192
|
"Kings from foreign lands", i.e. Hyksos
|
10.22
|
140–190 years
|
10.29
|
| Dynasty XVI
|
10.31
|
11.14
|
15 kings
|
207
|
lost heading
|
10.30
|
lost
|
11.15
|
| Abydene (?)
|
11.16
|
11.31
|
16 kings
|
223
|
— none
|
lost
|
The Turin King List probably recorded at least 26 additional names: 9 kings of Dynasty XVII, 15 kings of Dynasty XVIII, and the first 3 of Dynasty XIX; all in all totaling 250 kings. However, there are some instances of lacunae, that is, notes left by the scribes whenever they encountered ilegible names in their sources. There are also two instances of fictitious pharaohs, both in Dynasty IV (likely corresponding to Manetho's Bikheris and Thamphthis).
Ryholt estimates that the lacunae represent at least 12 missing kings: six for Dynasty XIII, and at least six for Dynasty XIV. In addition, there is a lacuna in Column 5.15 that very likely corresponds to Manetho's Dynasty VII, consisting of 10 additional kings recorded only in the Abydos King List.[13] The second lacuna in Dynasty XIV is especially problematic, as it may include other rulers known otherwise only from scarab seals. All in all, there are about 270 kings beginning with Narmer/Menes down to Ramesses II, in a period of roughly 1800 years.
Dynasties I–V
| #
|
C
|
Name in list
|
Pharaoh
|
Reign
|
Lifespan
|
| -
|
3.10
|
"[Kings beginning with] Meni […] "
|
| 1
|
3.11
|
Meni
|
𓏠𓈖𓇋
|
Narmer
|
Lost
|
Lost
|
| 2
|
3.12
|
Iteti
|
𓏏𓏏𓇋𓏭
|
Aha
|
Lost
|
Lost
|
| 3
|
3.13-4
|
Iti
|
𓇋𓏏[…]𓅆
|
Djer
|
[…] 10+ months, 28 days
|
Lost
|
| 4
|
3.15
|
Itui
|
[…]𓅂𓇋
|
Djet
|
Lost
|
Lost
|
| 5
|
3.16
|
Qenti
|
𓐖𓏏𓏭
|
Den
|
Lost
|
Lost
|
| 6
|
3.17
|
Merigeregepen
|
𓌻𓂋𓍅𓊪𓈖[…]
|
Anedjib
|
Lost
|
74 years
|
| 7
|
3.18
|
Semsem
|
𓋴𓅓𓋴𓅓
|
Semerkhet
|
Lost
|
72 years
|
| 8
|
3.19
|
[…]beh
|
[…]𓃀𓎛𓅆
|
Qa'a
|
Lost
|
63 years
|
| 9
|
3.20
|
[…]bau-hetepju
|
[…]𓅢𓊵𓊪𓅆
|
Hotepsekhemwy
|
Lost
|
95 years
|
| 10
|
3.21
|
[…]kau
|
[…]𓃓𓂸𓏤𓏤𓏤𓅆
|
Nebra
|
Lost
|
Lost
|
| 11
|
3.22
|
Banetjer
|
[…]𓊹𓂋𓈖𓅆
|
Nynetjer
|
Lost
|
95 years
|
| 12
|
3.23
|
[…]s
|
[…] […]𓋴𓅆
|
Wadjnes
|
Lost
|
70 years
|
| 13
|
3.24
|
Sened[…]
|
𓅾[…]
|
Senedj
|
Lost
|
54 years
|
| 14
|
3.25
|
Neferka
|
𓄤𓂓𓏤
|
Neferkara I
|
Lost
|
70 years
|
| 15
|
4.1
|
Neferkasokar
|
𓄤𓂓𓏤𓊃𓎡𓂋𓏯𓅆
|
Neferkasokar
|
8 years, 3 months, […] days
|
10–30 years
|
| 16
|
4.2
|
Hudjefa
|
𓊃𓆓𓋴
|
Hudjefa ("lost")
|
11 years, 8 months, 4 days
|
34 years
|
| 17
|
4.3
|
Bebti
|
𓃀𓃀𓈅𓅆
|
Khasekhemwy
|
27 years, 2 months, 1 day
|
40 years
|
| 18
|
4.4
|
Nebka
|
𓎟𓂓𓏤
|
Nebka
|
19 years […]
|
Lost
|
| 19
|
4.5
|
Djoserit
|
𓂦𓂋𓇋𓏏𓅆
|
Djoser
|
19 years and 1 month
|
Lifetime […]
|
| 20
|
4.6
|
Djoserti
|
𓂦𓂋𓏏𓏭𓅆
|
Sekhemkhet
|
6 years, […] months […]
|
Not included
|
| 21
|
4.7
|
Hudjefa
|
𓊃𓆓𓋴
|
Hudjefa II
|
6 years, […] months […]
|
| 22
|
4.8
|
Hu[…]
|
𓎛𓏯𓀝[…]𓅆
|
Huni
|
24 years
|
| 23
|
4.9
|
Snefer[…]
|
𓋴𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅆
|
Sneferu
|
24 years
|
| 24
|
4.10
|
Lost
|
Khufu
|
23 years […]
|
| 25
|
4.11
|
Lost
|
Djedefre
|
8 years […]
|
| 26
|
4.12
|
Khaf[…]
|
[…]𓈍𓆑[…]𓅆
|
Khafre
|
Lost
|
| 27
|
4.13
|
Lost
|
Baufra (?
|
| 28
|
4.14
|
Lost
|
Menkaure
|
28 years […]
|
| 29
|
4.15
|
Lost
|
Shepseskaf
|
4 years […]
|
| 30
|
4.16
|
Lost
|
Thamphthis (?
|
28 years […]
|
| 31
|
4.17
|
[…]kaf
|
[…] […]𓂓𓆑𓅆
|
Userkaf
|
7 years […]
|
| 32
|
4.18
|
Lost
|
Sahure
|
12 years […]
|
| 33
|
4.19
|
Lost
|
Neferirkare Kakai
|
Lost
|
| 34
|
4.20
|
Lost
|
Shepseskare
|
7 years[…]
|
| 35
|
4.21
|
Lost
|
Neferefre
|
Lost
|
| 36
|
4.22
|
Lost
|
Nyuserre Ini
|
10+ years[…]
|
| 37
|
4.23
|
Menkahor
|
𓅃𓅆𓏠𓈖𓂓𓏤𓅆
|
Menkauhor Kaiu
|
8 years […]
|
| 38
|
4.24
|
Djedu
|
𓊽𓊽
|
Djedkare Isesi
|
28 years […]
|
| 39
|
4.25
|
Unis
|
𓃹𓈖𓇋𓋴
|
Unas
|
30 years […]
|
| -
|
4.26
|
"Total of the (39) kings beginning with Meni down to Unas, their years: 768 (years) […]"
|
Dynasties VI–VIII
| #
|
C
|
Name in list
|
Pharaoh
|
Reign
|
| 40
|
5.1
|
Lost
|
Teti
|
[…] years, 6 months, 21 days
|
| 41
|
5.2
|
Lost
|
Userkare
|
Lost
|
| 42
|
5.3
|
Lost
|
Pepi I
|
20 years […]
|
| 43
|
5.4
|
Lost
|
Nemtyemsaf I
|
44 years […]
|
| 44
|
5.5
|
Lost
|
Pepi II
|
90+ years[…]
|
| 45
|
5.6
|
Lost
|
Nemtyemsaf II
|
1 year, 1 month
|
| 46
|
5.7
|
Neitiqerty
|
𓈖𓏏𓏯𓇋𓈎𓂋𓏏𓏭𓅆
|
Neitiqerty Siptah
|
Lost
|
| 47
|
5.8
|
Neferka Khered
|
𓄤𓂓𓏤𓅆
|
Neferkare Pepiseneb
|
| 48
|
5.9
|
Nefer
|
𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅆
|
Neferkamin Anu
|
| 49
|
5.10
|
Ibi
|
𓇋𓃀𓃙
|
Qakare Ibi
|
2 years, 1 month, 1 day
|
| 50
|
5.11
|
Lost
|
Neferkaure
|
4 years, 2 months, 0 days
|
| 51
|
5.12
|
Lost
|
Neferkauhor
|
2 years, 1 month, 1 day
|
| 52
|
5.13
|
Lost
|
Neferirkare
|
1 year and half month
|
| -
|
5.14
|
Total of [13 kings from Teti] until Neferirkare amounting to 181 years,
6 months, 3 days, and a lacuna of 6 years. Total: 187 years […] […]
|
| 5.15
|
| 5.16
|
From Meni[…] 949 years, 0 months, 15 days, and a lacuna of 6 years
|
| 5.17
|
Total: [From Meni, 52] kings amounting to 955 years, 0 months and 15 days
|
Dynasty IX/X
| #
|
C
|
Name in list
|
Pharaoh
|
Reign
|
| 53
|
5.18
|
Lost
|
Khety I ?
|
Lost
|
| 54
|
5.19
|
Lost
|
unknown
|
| 55
|
5.20
|
Neferkara
|
𓇳𓄤𓂓𓏤𓅆
|
Neferkare VII
|
| 56
|
5.21
|
Kheti
|
𓄡𓏏𓀻𓇌𓅆
|
Khety II
|
| 57
|
5.22
|
S[…]tut-ha[…]
|
𓋴𓇒𓈖𓈖𓀾𓉔 […]
|
Setut
|
| 58
|
5.23
|
Neferkara […]
|
𓇳𓄤𓂓𓏤𓅆
|
unknown
|
| 59
|
5.24
|
Mery[…] Khety […]
|
𓌻𓂋 […]
|
unknown
|
| 60
|
5.25
|
Shed[…]
|
𓄞𓂧 […]
|
unknown
|
| 61
|
5.26
|
H[…] […]
|
𓎛 […]
|
unknown
|
| 62
|
6.1
|
Lost
|
unknown
|
| 63
|
6.2
|
Lost
|
unknown
|
| 64
|
6.3
|
Lost
|
unknown
|
| 65
|
6.4
|
Lost
|
unknown
|
| 66
|
6.5
|
Lost
|
unknown
|
| 67
|
6.6
|
Lost
|
Meryhathor?
|
| 68
|
6.7
|
Lost
|
Neferkare VIII?
|
| 69
|
6.8
|
Lost
|
Khety III?
|
| 70
|
6.9
|
Lost
|
Merikare?
|
| -
|
6.10
|
Total: 18 kings […]
|
Dynasty XI
| #
|
C
|
Name in list
|
Pharaoh
|
Reign
|
| -
|
6.11
|
The kings of […]
|
| 71
|
6.12
|
Lost
|
Mentuhotep I
|
16 years
|
| 72
|
6.13
|
Lost
|
Intef I
|
| 73
|
6.14
|
Lost
|
Intef II
|
49 years
|
| 74
|
6.15
|
Lost
|
Intef III
|
8 years
|
| 75
|
6.16
|
Nebhapetra
|
𓇳𓎟𓊤
|
Mentuhotep II
|
51 years
|
| 76
|
6.17
|
Sankhka(ra)
|
𓋴𓋹𓈖𓐍𓂓
|
Mentuhotep III
|
12 years
|
| -
|
6.18
|
(lacuna)
|
(Mentuhotep IV)
|
(7 years)
|
Total: 6 kings amounting to 136 years and a lacuna of 7 years;
Total: 143 years […]
|
Dynasty XII
| #
|
C
|
Name in list
|
Pharaoh
|
Reign
|
| -
|
6.19
|
Kings of the Residence Itj-tawy […]
|
| 77
|
6.20
|
[…]pi[…]
|
[…]𓊪𓄣𓏤𓅆
|
Amenemhat I
|
29 years […]
|
| 78
|
6.21
|
[…]ka[…]
|
[…]𓂓𓏤
|
Senusret I
|
45 years […]
|
| 79
|
6.22
|
Lost
|
Amenemhat II
|
30+ years […]
|
| 80
|
6.23
|
Lost
|
Senusret II
|
19 years (?) […]
|
| 81
|
6.24
|
Lost
|
Senusret III
|
30+ years […]
|
| 82
|
6.25
|
Lost
|
Amenemhat III
|
40+ years […]
|
| 83
|
7.1
|
Maakherura
|
𓇳𓌷𓂝𓊤𓍢𓀁
|
Amenemhat IV
|
9 years, 3 months, 27 days
|
| 84
|
7.2
|
Sobekneferura
|
𓇳𓄤𓄤𓄤𓆊𓅆
|
Sobekneferu ♀
|
3 years, 10 months, 24 days
|
| -
|
7.3
|
Total of kings of the Residence Itj-tawy:
8 kings who ruled 213 years, 1 month and 17 days
|
Dynasty XIII
| #
|
C
|
Name in list
|
Pharaoh
|
Reign
|
| -
|
7.4
|
Kings after the children of Sehotepibra (?)
|
| 85
|
7.5
|
Khutawyra
|
𓇳𓂤𓈃
|
Wegaf / Sobekhotep
|
2 years, 3 months, 24 days
|
| 86
|
7.6
|
Sekhemkare
|
𓇳𓏣𓂓𓏤
|
Senebef
|
[…] years […]
|
| lacuna
|
Nerikare
|
6 years […]
|
| 87
|
7.7
|
Amenemhat
|
𓇳𓏠𓅓𓄂𓏏𓏤𓅆
|
Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
|
3 years […]
|
| (lacuna?)
|
Ameny Qemau
|
?
|
| 88
|
7.8
|
Sehotepibra
|
𓇳𓋴𓊵𓏏𓊪𓄣𓏤
|
Hotepibre
|
1 […]
|
| 89
|
7.9
|
Iufni
|
𓇋𓏲𓆑𓈖𓀀
|
Iufni
|
Lost
|
| 90
|
7.10
|
Sankhibra
|
𓇳𓋴𓋹𓈖𓐍𓄣𓏤
|
Amenemhat VI
|
[…] and 23 days
|
| 91
|
7.11
|
Semenkara
|
𓇳𓋴𓏠𓈖𓂓
|
Nebnuni
|
[…] and 22 days
|
| 92
|
7.12
|
Sehotepibra
|
𓇳𓋴𓊵𓏏𓊪𓄣𓏤
|
Sehetepibre
|
1+ months and 27 days
|
| 93
|
7.13
|
Sewadjkara
|
𓇳𓋴𓇅𓂓
|
Sewadjkare
|
[…] and 21+ days
|
| 94
|
7.14
|
Nedjemibra
|
𓇳𓇛𓅓𓏛𓄣
|
Nedjemibre
|
7 months
|
| 95
|
7.15
|
Sobek[hot]ep
|
𓇳𓆍𓊵𓏏𓊪
|
Sobekhotep II/I
|
Lost
|
| 96
|
7.16
|
Ren[se]neb
|
𓂋𓈖𓀁𓋴𓈖𓃀𓏛
|
Renseneb
|
4 months
|
| 97
|
7.17
|
Awtibra
|
𓇳𓄫𓏲𓏏𓏛𓏥𓄣𓏤
|
Awibre Hor
|
[…] and 7 days
|
| (lacuna?)
|
Khabaw, Djedkheperew
|
?
|
| 98
|
7.18
|
Sedjef[a]kara
|
𓇳𓋴𓆓𓆑[…]𓂓𓏤
|
Amenemhat VII
|
Lost
|
| 99
|
7.19
|
Sekhemra Khutawy Sobekhotep
|
𓇳𓏣𓂤𓈃𓆍𓊵𓏏𓊪
|
Wegaf / Sobekhotep
|
Lost
|
| 100
|
7.20
|
User[ka]ra Khendjer
|
𓇳𓄊[…]𓏤𓇳𓈖𓇥𓂋
|
Khendjer
|
Lost
|
| 101
|
7.21
|
[Smenkh]kara Imyremeshaw
|
𓇳[…]𓂓𓅆 𓅗𓀎
|
Smenkhkare
|
[…] and 4 days
|
| 102
|
7.22
|
[Sehotep]ka[ra] Intef
|
[…]𓂓𓏤𓅆𓏎𓈖𓏏𓆑
|
Intef IV
|
[…] and 3 days
|
| 103
|
7.23
|
[Mer]ibra Seth
|
[…]𓄣𓏤𓅆𓁣𓅆
|
Seth Meribre
|
[…] and 6 days
|
| 104
|
7.24
|
Sekhemkara […] Sobekhotep
|
𓇳𓈍𓂝𓏛[…]𓄤𓊵𓏏𓊪
|
Sobekhotep III
|
4 years, 2 months […] days
|
| 105
|
7.25
|
Kha[sekhem]ra Neferhotep
|
𓇳𓈍𓂝[…]𓄤𓊵𓏏𓊪
|
Neferhotep I
|
11 years, 1 month […] days
|
| 106
|
7.26
|
Sihathor
|
𓇳𓉗𓏏𓉐𓅃𓅆𓅬𓏤𓅆
|
Sihathor
|
1+ months and 3 days
|
| 107
|
7.27
|
Kha[…]neferra Sobekhotep
|
𓇳𓈍𓂝[…]𓏛𓄤𓆊𓊵𓏏𓊪
|
Sobekhotep IV
|
Lost
|
| 108
|
7.28
|
Lost
|
[…]
|
Sobekhotep V
|
Lost
|
| 109
|
8.1
|
Khahoteprahotep
|
𓇳𓈍𓂝𓏛𓊵𓏏𓊪𓅆
|
Sobekhotep VI
|
4 years, 8 months, 29 days
|
| 110
|
8.2
|
Wahibra Jaib
|
𓇳𓎝𓎛𓏛𓄣𓏤𓇋𓈗𓏛𓀜𓄣𓏤
|
Wahibre Ibiau
|
10 years, 8 months, 28 days
|
| 111
|
8.3
|
Merneferra
|
𓇳𓌻𓂋𓄤
|
Merneferre Ay I
|
23 years, 8 months, 18 days
|
| 112
|
8.4
|
Merhotepra
|
𓇳𓌸𓊵𓏏𓊪
|
Ini
|
2 years, 2–4 months, 9 days
|
| 113
|
8.5
|
Sankhenra Sewadjtu
|
𓇳𓋴𓋹𓈖𓐍𓈖𓋴𓇅𓏏𓏲
|
Sewadjtu
|
3 years and 2–4 months
|
| 114
|
8.6
|
Mersekhemra Ined
|
𓇳𓌻𓂋𓌂𓏤𓇋𓆛𓈖𓂧𓅨
|
Ined
|
3 years, 1 month, 1 [day]
|
| 115
|
8.7
|
Sewadjkara Hori
|
𓇳𓋴𓇅𓋳𓏤𓅆𓅃𓇋
|
Hori
|
5 years, […] and 8 days
|
| 116
|
8.8
|
Merkau[ra] Sobek[hotep]
|
𓇳𓌻𓂋𓏤𓂓𓏤[…]𓆊[…]
|
Sobekhotep VII
|
2 years, […] and 4 days
|
| 117
|
8.9
|
Name lost
|
[…]
|
Unknown
|
[…] and 11 days
|
| 118
|
8.10
|
Name lost
|
[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 119
|
8.11
|
Name lost
|
[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 120
|
8.12
|
Name lost
|
[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 121
|
8.13
|
Name lost
|
[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 122
|
8.14
|
Name lost
|
[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 123
|
8.15
|
Mer[…]ra[…]
|
𓇳[…]𓂋[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 124
|
8.16
|
Merkheperra
|
𓇳𓌻𓂋𓆣
|
Merkheperre
|
Lost
|
| 125
|
8.17
|
Merka[ra]
|
[…]𓌻[…]𓂓𓏤
|
Merkare
|
Lost
|
| 126
|
8.18
|
Name lost
|
[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 127
|
8.19
|
Name lost
|
[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 128
|
8.20
|
[…]dj[…]
|
[…]𓆓[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 129
|
8.21
|
[…]mes[…]
|
[…]𓄟𓋴𓏯
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 130
|
8.22
|
[…]maatra Ibi […]
|
𓇳[…]𓏏𓆄𓅆𓇋𓃙𓇋𓀀
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 131
|
8.23
|
[…]webenra Hor […]
|
𓇳[…]𓅱𓃀𓈖𓇳𓅆𓅃
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 132
|
8.24
|
Se[…]kara
|
𓇳[…]𓂓𓏤𓅆
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 133
|
8.25
|
[…]qaenra […]
|
𓇳[…]𓈎𓏛𓈖
|
Sankhptahi?
|
Lost
|
| 134
|
8.26
|
[…]ra […]
|
𓇳[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 135
|
8.27
|
[…]enra […]
|
𓇳[…]𓏛𓈖[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| -
|
8.28
|
"[…] (Total of 51) kings "[…]
|
Dynasty XIV
| #
|
C
|
Name in list
|
Reign
|
| 136
|
8.29
|
Lost line (possibly a name or lacuna)
|
| 137
|
9.1
|
Nehesy
|
𓅘𓎛𓋴𓏭𓌙
|
0 years, x months, 3 days.
|
| 138
|
9.2
|
Khakherewre
|
𓇳𓈍𓂝𓏛𓍘𓏭
|
3 […] (?)
|
| 139
|
9.3
|
Nebefawre
|
𓇳𓎟𓆑𓄫𓏲𓏏𓏛𓏥
|
1 year, 5 months, 15 days
|
| 140
|
9.4
|
Sehebre
|
𓇳𓋴𓎛𓃀𓎱𓇳
|
3 years, x months, 1 day
|
| 141
|
9.5
|
Merdjefare
|
𓇳𓌻𓂋𓅰𓅯𓅪
|
3–4 years […]
|
| 142
|
9.6
|
Sewadjkare III
|
𓇳𓋴𓇅𓂓𓏤
|
1 year […]
|
| 143
|
9.7
|
Nebdjefare
|
𓇳𓇳𓎟𓆓𓆑𓅰𓏲𓅯𓅪
|
1 year […]
|
| 144
|
9.8
|
Webenre
|
𓇳𓏲𓃀𓈖𓇳
|
0 years, x months […]
|
| 145
|
9.9
|
lost
|
1 year […]
|
| 146
|
9.10
|
[…]djefara
|
𓇳[…]𓅯𓅪
|
0 years, 4 months[…]
|
| 147
|
9.11
|
[…]webenra
|
[…]𓃀𓈖𓇳
|
0 years, 3 months[…]
|
| 148
|
9.12
|
[…]awibra
|
𓇳[…]𓄫𓏲𓏏𓏛𓏥𓄣𓏤
|
[…] […] and 18 days
|
| 149
|
9.13
|
Heribre
|
𓇳𓉔𓂋𓏛𓄣𓏤
|
[…] […] and 29 days
|
| 150
|
9.14
|
Nebsenre
|
𓇳𓎟𓋴𓈖𓏥
|
[…] 5 months, 20 days[…] lacuna
|
| 151
|
9.15
|
lost
|
[…] […] […] […] and 21 days
|
| 152
|
9.16
|
Sekheperenre
|
𓇳𓋴𓆣𓂋𓈖
|
0 years, 2 months, 1–5 days
|
| 153
|
9.17
|
Djedkherure
|
𓇳𓊽𓅆𓊤𓏲
|
0 years, 2 months, 5 days
|
| 154
|
9.18
|
Seankhibre
|
𓇳𓋴𓋹𓈖𓐍𓄣𓏤
|
[…] […] […] […] and 19 days
|
| 155
|
9.19
|
Nefertum[…]ra
|
𓇳𓄤𓏏𓍃[…]
|
[…] […] […] […]. and 18 days
|
| 156
|
9.20
|
Sekhem[…]ra
|
𓇳𓌂𓅓[…]
|
[…] […] […] months (?)
|
| 157
|
9.21
|
Kakemura
|
𓇳𓂓𓂸𓃒[…]𓆎𓏲𓏏𓃒
|
(1) year (?)
|
| 158
|
9.22
|
Neferibra
|
𓇳𓄤𓄣[…]
|
x years
|
| 159
|
9.23
|
I[…]ra
|
𓇳𓇋𓀁[…]
|
x years
|
| 160
|
9.24
|
Khakare
|
𓇳𓈍𓂝𓏛[…]
|
lost
|
| 161
|
9.25
|
Aakare
|
𓇳𓉻𓂓[…]
|
| 162
|
9.26
|
Semenenre Hapu[…]
|
𓇳𓋴𓏠𓈖[…]
|
| 163
|
9.27
|
Djedkare Nebnati
|
[…]𓂓𓏤𓅆𓅆𓎟𓈖𓈖𓄿𓍘𓇋𓀀
|
| 164
|
9.28
|
Babnum […]ka
|
[…]𓂓𓏤𓅆𓅆𓃀𓃀𓈖𓏥𓅓𓀀
|
| 165
|
9.29
|
Eight lines lost
|
| 166
|
9.30
|
| 167
|
10.1
|
| 168
|
10.2
|
| 169
|
10.3
|
| 170
|
10.4
|
| 171
|
10.5
|
| 172
|
10.6
|
| 173
|
10.7
|
Senefer[…]ra
|
𓇳𓋴𓄤[…]
|
lost
|
| 174
|
10.8
|
Men[…]ra
|
𓇳𓏠𓈖[…]
|
| 175
|
10.9
|
Djed[…]ra
|
𓊽𓊽[…]
|
| 176
|
10.10
|
Three lines lost
|
| 177
|
10.11
|
| 178
|
10.12
|
| 179
|
10.13
|
Ink[…]
|
𓇋𓆛𓈖𓂓[…]
|
lost
|
| 180
|
10.14
|
'A[…]
|
𓇋𓀀𓎟[…]
|
| 181
|
10.15
|
'Ap[epi]
|
𓇋𓀀𓊪[…]
|
| 182
|
10.16
|
Five lines lost
|
| 183
|
10.17
|
| 184
|
10.18
|
| 185
|
10.19
|
| 186
|
10.20
|
| -
|
10.21
|
(Total: 51 kings) have reigned […] years […]
|
Dynasty XV
| #
|
C
|
Name in list
|
Reign
|
| -
|
10.22
|
(Heading of the Hyksos dynasty)
|
| 187
|
10.23
|
lost
|
| 188
|
10.24
|
lost
|
| 189
|
10.25
|
lost
|
| 190
|
10.26
|
lost
|
[…] 10+ years
|
| 191
|
10.27
|
lost
|
[…] 40+ years
|
| 192
|
10.28
|
Khamudi
|
𓆼𓄿𓅓𓏲𓂧𓏭𓌙
|
lost
|
| -
|
10.29
|
Total: 6 Hyskos who ruled for (140–190) years
|
Dynasty XVI
| #
|
C
|
Name in list
|
Pharaoh
|
Reign
|
| -
|
10.30
|
(Heading of the Sixteenth dynasty)
|
| 193
|
10.31
|
lost
|
| 194
|
11.1
|
Sekhemra […]
|
𓇳𓌂𓏤[…]
|
Djehuty
|
3 years […]
|
| 195
|
11.2
|
Sekhemra […]
|
𓇳𓌂𓏤𓅆[…]
|
Sobekhotep VIII
|
16 (years) […]
|
| 196
|
11.3
|
Sekhemra S[…]
|
𓇳𓌂𓏤𓅆𓋴[…]
|
Neferhotep III
|
1 year […]
|
| 197
|
11.4
|
Se[…]en[…]ra […]
|
𓇳𓋴𓇅𓈖[…]
|
Mentuhotepi
|
1 year […]
|
| 198
|
11.5
|
Nebiriawra
|
𓇳𓎟𓇋𓂋𓏭𓄫𓏲𓏛𓏥
|
Nebiryraw I
|
26 years […]
|
| 199
|
11.6
|
Nebitawra […]
|
𓇳𓎟𓇋𓏏𓇿𓄫𓏲𓏛𓏥[…]
|
Nebiryraw II
|
Lost
|
| 200
|
11.7
|
Semenra
|
𓇳𓋴𓏠𓈖𓍖𓏛𓏤
|
Semenre
|
Lost
|
| 201
|
11.8
|
Seuserenra
|
𓇳𓋴𓄊𓋴𓂋𓂝
|
Bebiankh
|
12 years […]
|
| 202
|
11.9
|
Sekhemra Shedwaset
|
𓇳𓌂𓄞𓂧𓀜𓋆𓏏𓊖𓅆
|
Shedwaset
|
Lost
|
| 203
|
11.10
|
[…]ra
|
𓇳[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 204
|
11.11
|
lost
|
| 205
|
11.12
|
[…]ra […]
|
𓇳[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 206
|
11.13
|
lost
|
| 207
|
11.14
|
lost
|
| -
|
11.15
|
Total: [1]5 kings […]
|
Abydos Dynasty (?)
| #
|
C
|
Name in list
|
Pharaoh
|
Reign
|
| 208
|
11.16
|
User[…]ra […]
|
𓇳𓄊𓂋[…]
|
Senebkay ?
|
Lost
|
| 209
|
11.17
|
User[…]
|
𓄊𓏤[…]
|
Unknown
|
3 years […]
|
| 210
|
11.18
|
8 lines lost
|
| 211
|
11.19
|
| 212
|
11.20
|
| 213
|
11.21
|
| 214
|
11.22
|
| 215
|
11.23
|
| 216
|
11.24
|
| 217
|
11.25
|
| 218
|
11.26
|
[…]hebra […]
|
𓇳𓎱𓏤[…]
|
Unknown
|
Lost
|
| 219
|
11.27
|
3 names lost
|
2 (years)
|
| 220
|
11.28
|
2 years […]
|
| 221
|
11.29
|
4 years […]
|
| 222
|
11.30
|
[…]tera […]
|
𓇳𓏏𓏤[…]
|
Unknown
|
3 years […]
|
| 223
|
11.31
|
[…]nra
|
𓇳𓈖𓅆𓏤[…]
|
Unknown
|
3 years […]
|
See also
Notes
- ^ Uniquely the Beginning nswt-bjt part of Djoser's name is written in red ink, no other name in the list is written with this
References
Sources
Bibliography
- Farina, Giulio (1938). Il Papiro Dei Re, restaurato. G. Bardi. or
- Farina, Giulio (2019) [1938]. Papyrus Of Kings Restored. Translated by Peter Lundström. or The Papyrus of the Kings Restored PDF in English
- Gardiner, Alan H. (1957). The Royal canon of Turin. Oxford: Griffith Inst. ISBN 978-0-900416-48-4.
- von Beckerath, J. (1995). "Some Remarks on Helck's 'Anmerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus'". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 81: 225–227. doi:10.2307/3821822. JSTOR 3821822.
- Beckerath, J. V. (1962). "The Date of the End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 21 (2): 140–147. doi:10.1086/371680. S2CID 161488411.
- Bennett, Chris (2002). "A Genealogical Chronology of the Seventeenth Dynasty". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 39: 123–155. doi:10.2307/40001152. JSTOR 40001152.
- Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2001). "King Lists". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 2. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 234–238. ISBN 978-977-424-581-7.
- Bunson, Margaret (2002). "Turin Canon". Encyclopedia of ancient Egypt. New York: Facts on File. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-8160-4563-1.
- Ryholt, Kim (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800-1550 B.C. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8.
- Ryholt, Kim (2005). "The Turin King-List". Ägypten und Levante (in German). 1 (XIV): 135–156. doi:10.1553/AEundL14s135. ISSN 1015-5104.
- Málek, Jaromír (1982). "The Original Version of the Royal Canon of Turin". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 68: 93–106. doi:10.2307/3821628. ISSN 0307-5133.
- Spalinger, Anthony (2001). "The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800-1550 B. C. K. S. B. Ryholt". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 60 (4): 296–300. doi:10.1086/468961. ISSN 0022-2968.
Online sources
- Description and Translation (History → Turin Kinglist) in Ancient-Egypt.org, by Jacques Kinnaer, MA in Egyptology, based on Gardiner's transcriptions.
- Turin King List, in Narmer.pl (Ancient Egypt History & Chronology), based on Gardiner, Farina and Malek
- Turin Kinglist, by Ian Mladjov, MA, BA and Ph.D. in History, based on Ryholt
- Royal Canon of Turin, in Pharaoh.se, using Gardiner and Farina
- Hieroglyphs with translation including Ryholt's new placement of fragments.
- Turin King List - Collezione Museo Egizio