Demographics of Vietnam

Demographics of Vietnam
Vietnam population pyramid in 2019
Population102,300,000 (December 2025)[1]
Density310/km²
Growth rate0.97% (2021 est.)[2]: 99 
Birth rate15.2 births/1000 population (2022 est.)[2]: 99 
Death rate6.1 deaths/1000 population (2022 est.)[2]: 99 
Life expectancy73.6 years (2022 est.)[2]: 99 [3]
 • male71.1 years (2022 est.)
 • female76.4 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate1.91 births/woman (2024)[4]
Infant mortality rate12.1 deaths/1000 live births (2022 est.)[2]: 99 
Net migration rate−0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years24% (2019)[5]
15–64 years68.4% (2019)
65 and over7.6% (2019)
Sex ratio
Total0.995 male(s)/female (2022)[2]: 99 
At birth1.116 male(s)/female (2022)[2]: 103 
Under 151.1 male(s)/female
15–64 years1 male (s)/female
65 and over0.62 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Vietnamese (singular and plural) adjective: Vietnamese
Major ethnicKinh (85.32%)
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialVietnamese language
SpokenVietnamese and minority languages

Demographic features of the population of Vietnam include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. The Viet people (officially Kinh in Vietnam) mostly live in the lowlands and speak Vietnamese, while other ethnic groups speak other languages; together, these communities contribute to the country's demographic composition. Originating in northern Vietnam, the Viet gradually pushed southward.

Vietnam's population reached over 100 million in 2023,[6] making it the 15th largest country by population in the world.[7][8] It is predicted that by 2035, Vietnam will become an aged society.[9][10]

Population size and structure

Census population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1950 28,264,000—    
1960 35,173,000+2.21%
1970 44,928,000+2.48%
1980 54,023,000+1.86%
1989 64,411,713+1.97%
1999 76,323,173+1.71%
2009 85,846,997+1.18%
2019 96,208,984+1.15%
Source: UN / Central Statistics Office

Historic estimates

Year Total population
0 ca. 800,000
500 ca. 550,000
1000 ca. 800,000
1500 2,000,000
1700 3,000,000
1850 6,110,000
1900 11,700,000
1930 17,500,000

Source: Our World in Data.[11]


Year Total population (excluding Champa and Khmer polities)
1000 ca. 1,200,000
1100 ca. 1,500,000
1200 ca. 2,000,000
1300 ca. 2,400,000
1400 1,800,000
1500 4,400,000
1600 5,000,000
1700 6,300,000
1800 7,500,000

Source: Lieberman[12] and Mokyr.[13]

UN estimates

Year[14] Total population Population in age bracket
aged 0–14 aged 15–64 aged 65+
1950 28,000,000
31.9%
63.9%
4.2%
1955 31,329,000
35.6%
60.1%
4.3%
1960 35,173,000
40.1%
55.5%
4.4%
1965 39,885,000
44.1%
51.3%
4.6%
1970 44,928,000
44.2%
50.9%
4.8%
1975 49,896,000
42.9%
52.3%
4.8%
1980 54,023,000
40.7%
54.3%
4.9%
1985 60,307,000
39.4%
55.7%
4.9%
1990 67,102,000
38.0%
57.0%
5.0%
1995 74,008,000
36.5%
58.4%
5.1%
2000 79,910,000
31.6%
62.0%
6.4%
2005 83,833,000
27.1%
66.4%
6.5%
2010 87,968,000
23.6%
69.9%
6.5%
2015 92,677,000
23.0%
70.3%
6.7%
2020 97,339,000
23.2%
68.9%
7.9%

Population by age groups

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01/04/2009):
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 42,413,143 43,433,854 85,846,997 100
0–4 3,662,889 3,371,255 7,034,144 7.97
5–9 3,458,159 3,252,578 6,710,737 7.82
10–14 3,725,369 3,523,009 7,248,378 8.44
15–19 4,577,914 4,385,988 8,963,902 10.44
20–24 4,253,618 4,179,249 8,432,867 9.82
25–29 3,904,730 3,885,273 7,790,003 9.07
30–34 3,462,905 3,405,253 6,868,158 8.00
35–39 3,298,266 3,233,341 6,531,607 7.61
40–44 2,967,934 2,998,922 5,966,856 6.95
45–49 2,642,466 2,808,462 5,450,928 6.35
50–54 2,082,098 2,329,953 4,412,051 5.14
55–59 1,364,319 1,620,300 2,984,619 3.48
60–64 861 897 1,076,051 1,937,948 2.26
65–69 653 287 901 391 1,554,678 1.81
70–74 568 312 844 226 1,412,538 1.65
75–79 480 088 718 805 1,198,893 1.40
80–84 264 997 460 988 725 985 0.85
85+ 183 895 438 810 622 705 0.73
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–4 10,846,417 10,146,842 20,993,259 24.45
15–64 29,416,147 29,922,792 59,338,939 69.12
65+ 2,150,579 3,364,220 5,514,799 6.42
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01/07/2014):
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 44,758,132 45,970,809 90,728,941 100
0–4 3,806,055 3,423,520 7,229,575 7.97
5–9 3,730,617 3,431,843 7,162,460 7.89
10–14 3,555,440 3,344,659 6,900,099 7.61
15–19 3,580,322 3,413,183 6,993,505 7.71
20–24 4,058,691 3,959,579 8,018,270 8.84
25–29 3,951,220 3,888,697 7,839,917 8.64
30–34 3,689,395 3,769,601 7,458,996 8.22
35–39 3,390,462 3,439,787 6,830,249 7.53
40–44 3,292,933 3,295,012 6,587,945 7.26
45–49 2,980,442 3,068,389 6,048,831 6.67
50–54 2,699,165 2,971,459 5,670,624 6.25
55–59 2,096,032 2,405,568 4,501,600 4.96
60–64 1,376,861 1,671,621 3,048,482 3.36
65–69 832 090 1,084,870 1,916,960 2.11
70–74 600 732 862 104 1,462,836 1.61
75–79 477 293 757 242 1,234,535 1.36
80+ 640 382 1,183,675 1,824,057 2.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 11,092,112 10,200,022 21,292,134 23.47
15–64 31,115,523 31,882,896 62,998,419 69.44
65+ 2,550,497 3,887,891 6,438,388 7.10
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01/04/2019):
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 47,881,061 48,327,923 96,208,984 100
0–4 4,100,479 3,718,847 7,819,326 8.13
5–9 4,354,887 3,977,832 8,332,719 8.66
10–14 3,737,030 3,482,807 7,219,837 7.50
15–19 3,352,386 3,153,831 6,506,217 6.76
20–24 3,417,149 3,258,554 6,675,703 6.94
25–29 4,301,210 4,146,767 8,447,977 8.78
30–34 4,276,404 4,117,406 8,393,810 8.72
35–39 3,891,950 3,800,436 7,692,386 8.00
40–44 3,366,147 3,317,972 6,684,119 6.95
45–49 3,132,172 3,125,299 6,257,471 6.50
50–54 2,772,157 2,889,853 5,662,010 5.89
55–59 2,402,096 2,706,628 5,108,724 5.31
60–64 1,810,497 2,181,537 3,992,034 4.15
65–69 1,167,214 1,518,057 2,685,271 2.79
70–74 687 339 953 511 1,640,850 1.71
75–79 453 972 717 839 1,171,811 1.22
80–84 327 330 580 402 907 732 0.94
85+ 330 642 680 345 1,010,987 1.05
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 12,192,396 11,179,486 23,371,882 24.29
15–64 32,722,168 32,698,283 65,420,451 68.00
65+ 2,966,497 4,350,211 7,416,651 7.71

Source: UN Statistics Division.[15]

Sex ratio

Total: 0.995 male(s)/female
At birth: 1.116 male(s)/female
Under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female

Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam.[2]: 99 [2]: 103 

UN estimates of births and deaths

Period[14] Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950–1955 1,335,000 722,000 613,000 44.8 24.2 20.6 6.20 157.9
1955–1960 1,533,000 764,000 769,000 46.1 23.0 23.1 6.76 143.7
1960–1965 1,732,000 790,000 942,000 46.2 21.0 25.2 7.33 130.3
1965–1970 1,798,000 790,000 1,009,000 42.4 18.6 23.8 7.38 117.8
1970–1975 1,853,000 859,000 994,000 39.1 18.1 21.0 7.15 118.4
1975–1980 1,797,000 760,000 1,036,000 34.6 14.6 20.0 5.89 97.6
1980–1985 1,952,000 630,000 1,322,000 34.1 11.0 23.1 4.93 70.0
1985–1990 2,000,000 574,000 1,425,000 31.4 9.0 22.4 3.96 54.8
1990–1995 1,929,000 484,000 1,444,000 27.3 6.9 20.4 3.23 37.9
1995–2000 1,448,000 441,000 1,007,000 19.0 5.8 13.2 2.18 29.2
2000–2005 1,392,000 425,000 967,000 16.9 5.5 11.4 1.92 23.1
2005–2010 1,472,000 448,000 1,024,000 17.3 5.6 11.7 1.93 20.4
2010–2015 17.4 5.8 11.6 1.96
2015–2020 16.2 5.8 10.4 1.95
2020–2025 15.2 6.0 9.2 1.93
2025–2030 13.4 6.3 7.1 1.92
2030–2035 12.1 6.7 5.4 1.92
2035–2040 11.7 7.3 4.4 1.91
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Registered births and deaths

The total fertility rate of Vietnam has been influenced by the government's family planning policy, the two-child policy.[16]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate
(children per woman)
1990 66,016,700
1991 67,242,400
1992 68,450,100
1993 69,644,500
1994 70,824,500
1995 71,995,500
1996 73,156,700
1997 74,306,900
1998 75,456,300
1999 76,596,700
2000 77,630,900
2001 78,620,500 1,462,300 401,000 1,061,300 18.6 5.1 13.5 2.25
2002 79,537,700 1,511,200 461,300 1,049,900 19.0 5.8 13.2 2.28
2003 80,467,400 1,408,200 466,700 941,500 17.5 5.8 11.7 2.12
2004 81,436,400 1,563,600 439,800 1,123,800 19.2 5.4 13.8 2.23
2005 82,392,100 1,532,500 436,700 1,095,800 18.6 5.3 13.3 2.11
2006 83,311,200 1,449,600 441,500 1,008,100 17.4 5.3 12.1 2.09
2007 84,218,500 1,423,300 446,400 976,900 16.9 5.3 11.6 2.07
2008 85,118,700 1,421,500 451,100 970,400 16.7 5.3 11.4 2.08
2009 86,025,000 1,514,000 585,000 929,000 17.6 6.8 10.8 2.03
2010 86,947,400 1,486,800 591,200 895,600 17.1 6.8 10.3 2.00
2011 87,860,400 1,458,500 606,200 852,300 16.6 6.9 9.7 1.99
2012 88,809,300 1,500,900 621,700 879,200 16.9 7.0 9.9 2.05
2013 89,759,500 1,525,900 637,300 888,600 17.0 7.1 9.9 2.10
2014 90,728,900 1,560,500 626,000 934,500 17.2 6.9 10.3 2.09
2015 91,709,800 1,485,700 623,600 862,100 16.2 6.8 9.4 2.10
2016 92,692,200 1,483,100 630,300 852,800 16.0 6.8 9.2 2.09
2017 93,671,600 1,395,700 637,000 758,700 14.9 6.8 8.1 2.04
2018 94,666,000 1,382,100 643,700 738,400 14.6 6.8 7.8 2.05
2019 96,484,000 1,572,700 607,800 964,900 16.3 6.3 10.0 2.09
2020 97,582,690 1,590,600 591,400 999,200 16.3 6.1 10.2 2.12
2021 98,506,190 1,550,500 628,700 922,000 15.7 6.4 9.3 2.11
2022 99,461,700 1,511,800 606,700 905,100 15.2 6.1 9.1 2.01
2023 100,309,200 1,424,400 571,800 852,600 14.2 5.7 8.5 1.96
2024 101,300,000 1,367,600 567,300 800,300 13.5 5.6 7.9 1.91
2025 102,300,000 1.93

Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam.[17][18][19][20]

7580859095100105200020052010201520202025Population (million)Vietnam Total Population

7891011121314200020052010201520202025‰Vietnam Population Change

1.922.12.22.3200020052010201520202025Total Fertility RateVietnam TFR

Fertility rate by region and province

Province 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Vietnam 2.11 2.07 2.08 2.03 2.00 1.99 2.05 2.10 2.09 2.10 2.09 2.04 2.05 2.09 2.12 2.11
Red River Delta 2.06 2.11 2.13 2.11 2.04 2.06 2.11 2.11 2.30 2.23 2.23 2.16 2.29 2.35 2.34 2.37
Hà Nội 1.83 1.91 2.06 2.08 2.00 2.02 2.06 2.03 2.18 2.04 2.06 2.00 2.07 2.24 2.25 2.18
Hà Tây 2.29 2.23 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Vĩnh Phúc 2.15 2.00 2.10 2.13 2.06 2.02 2.07 2.11 2.44 2.25 2.48 2.34 2.48 2.39 2.39 2.37
Bắc Ninh 2.40 2.28 2.29 2.32 2.26 2.23 2.71 2.29 2.72 2.72 2.63 2.67 2.66 2.53 2.49 2.60
Quảng Ninh 2.24 2.12 2.12 2.20 1.99 2.07 2.27 2.18 2.49 2.20 2.02 2.25 2.22 2.24 2.22 2.14
Hải Dương 2.10 2.04 2.13 1.99 1.98 2.01 2.07 1.99 2.06 2.00 2.30 1.95 2.59 2.48 2.57 2.44
Hải Phòng 2.13 1.86 1.95 2.16 1.98 2.00 2.37 2.03 2.35 2.02 2.11 1.99 1.92 2.20 2.05 2.35
Hưng Yên 2.32 2.08 2.25 2.11 2.13 2.19 2.10 2.46 2.29 2.40 2.37 2.10 2.39 2.40 2.40 2.43
Thái Bình 2.19 2.21 2.14 2.08 2.10 2.15 1.78 2.07 1.87 2.39 2.25 2.21 2.51 2.43 2.42 2.58
Hà Nam 2.30 2.18 2.12 2.07 2.09 2.16 1.83 1.87 1.99 2.22 2.11 1.97 2.39 2.44 2.36 2.35
Nam Định 2.31 2.39 2.19 2.25 2.20 2.24 1.76 2.32 2.73 2.81 2.46 2.58 2.82 2.74 2.71 2.75
Ninh Bình 2.37 2.26 2.36 2.04 1.88 1.86 2.66 2.28 2.87 2.76 2.94 2.39 2.53 2.46 2.42 2.41
Northern midlands and mountain areas 2.33 2.23 2.30 2.24 2.22 2.21 2.31 2.18 2.56 2.69 2.63 2.53 2.48 2.43 2.41 2.43
Hà Giang 3.06 2.89 2.86 3.08 3.05 2.57 2.78 2.70 2.51 2.93 2.42 2.49 2.74 2.47 2.57 2.62
Cao Bằng 2.55 2.28 2.26 2.18 2.09 2.15 2.13 2.05 2.53 2.52 2.46 2.34 2.48 2.43 2.42 2.40
Bắc Kạn 2.29 2.12 2.07 1.84 1.85 1.91 2.30 2.11 2.07 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.23 2.14 2.14 2.22
Tuyên Quang 2.17 2.05 2.05 2.10 2.07 2.10 2.18 2.35 2.73 2.74 2.72 2.68 2.62 2.51 2.50 2.42
Lào Cai 2.97 2.59 2.69 2.70 2.73 2.57 2.43 2.52 2.36 2.26 2.73 2.24 2.43 2.44 2.43 2.40
Yên Bái 2.55 2.36 2.56 2.38 2.32 2.26 2.38 2.13 2.77 2.76 2.89 2.77 2.96 2.74 2.64 2.77
Thái Nguyên 1.99 1.99 1.95 1.89 1.90 1.96 2.13 2.06 2.45 2.52 2.45 2.09 2.05 2.14 2.16 2.12
Lạng Sơn 2.28 2.14 2.15 1.86 1.84 1.88 2.11 1.86 2.26 2.38 2.34 2.25 2.22 2.13 2.19 2.32
Bắc Giang 2.21 2.07 2.22 1.94 1.86 1.94 2.09 1.77 2.57 2.77 2.64 2.73 2.38 2.31 2.30 2.32
Phú Thọ 2.03 1.99 2.11 2.10 2.08 2.22 2.18 2.22 2.51 2.61 2.56 2.51 2.66 2.57 2.53 2.42
Điện Biên 3.17 2.72 2.72 2.55 2.57 2.67 2.76 2.48 3.11 2.81 2.43 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.66 2.70
Lai Châu 3.52 3.02 3.01 2.96 2.91 2.93 2.60 2.45 3.20 3.11 2.91 2.86 2.60 2.68 2.63 2.77
Sơn La 2.76 2.36 2.29 2.61 2.58 2.43 2.52 2.25 2.57 2.82 2.90 2.77 2.36 2.44 2.36 2.36
Hòa Bình 2.09 2.06 2.01 1.98 1.98 2.03 2.08 1.90 2.30 2.84 2.56 2.30 2.42 2.34 2.29 2.19
North Central and Central coastal areas 2.37 2.27 2.30 2.21 2.21 2.21 2.32 2.37 2.31 2.34 2.37 2.31 2.30 2.32 2.31 2.32
Thanh Hóa 2.39 2.12 2.17 1.89 1.89 2.01 2.22 2.11 2.43 2.75 2.70 2.45 2.69 2.54 2.51 2.22
Nghệ An 2.75 2.49 2.52 2.55 2.56 2.49 2.59 2.68 2.70 2.69 2.76 2.87 2.82 2.75 2.68 2.63
Hà Tĩnh 2.38 2.46 2.65 2.46 2.46 2.50 2.75 2.95 3.12 2.65 3.21 3.24 2.90 2.83 2.73 2.95
Quảng Bình 2.58 2.57 2.57 2.37 2.39 2.41 2.61 2.22 2.49 2.52 2.38 2.34 2.41 2.43 2.40 2.52
Quảng Trị 2.90 2.77 2.71 2.85 2.84 2.67 2.65 2.75 2.75 2.94 3.19 2.83 2.61 2.45 2.44 2.46
Thừa Thiên–Huế 2.98 2.79 2.54 2.26 2.28 2.22 2.38 2.21 2.33 2.26 2.20 2.33 2.03 2.34 2.29 2.25
Đà Nẵng 1.87 1.90 1.92 2.14 2.16 1.99 2.18 2.32 2.03 2.13 2.24 1.81 1.49 1.88 2.09 2.02
Quảng Nam 2.40 2.32 2.12 2.30 2.27 2.16 2.35 2.65 2.27 2.17 2.16 2.26 2.28 2.27 2.23 2.25
Quảng Ngãi 2.21 2.11 2.18 2.09 2.11 2.21 2.13 2.45 2.01 1.93 1.98 1.79 2.06 2.13 2.11 2.14
Bình Định 2.25 2.17 2.09 2.22 2.17 2.28 2.26 2.55 2.29 2.14 2.00 2.09 2.30 2.20 2.24 2.22
Phú Yên 2.25 2.18 2.32 1.96 1.98 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.15 2.05 2.26 2.04 2.16 2.11 2.09 2.07
Khánh Hòa 2.12 2.14 2.18 2.04 2.06 1.93 2.04 2.04 1.65 1.75 1.75 1.64 1.40 1.77 1.81 1.82
Ninh Thuận 2.53 2.28 2.24 2.40 2.42 2.38 2.25 2.37 2.18 2.23 2.28 2.34 2.05 2.09 2.07 2.36
Bình Thuận 2.38 2.40 2.38 2.07 2.09 2.14 2.39 2.15 1.57 2.04 1.81 1.75 1.82 1.91 1.96 2.06
Central Highlands 3.07 2.77 2.68 2.65 2.63 2.58 2.43 2.49 2.30 2.26 2.37 2.29 2.32 2.43 2.41 2.36
Kon Tum 3.94 3.49 3.58 3.45 3.46 3.25 3.16 2.70 3.04 2.49 2.34 2.48 2.12 2.74 2.64 2.55
Gia Lai 3.10 2.97 2.86 2.88 2.90 2.85 2.36 2.48 2.27 2.45 2.38 2.36 2.27 2.49 2.47 2.44
Đắk Lắk 2.98 2.84 2.57 2.45 2.47 2.42 2.31 2.70 2.25 2.22 2.43 2.19 2.41 2.37 2.36 2.15
Đắk Nông 3.38 3.05 2.87 2.72 2.68 2.57 2.65 2.31 2.46 2.36 2.28 2.21 3.05 2.68 2.61 2.68
Lâm Đồng 2.67 2.37 2.31 2.43 2.28 2.32 2.36 2.24 2.09 1.98 2.34 2.29 1.99 2.20 2.19 2.15
South East 1.85 1.74 1.73 1.69 1.68 1.59 1.57 1.83 1.56 1.63 1.46 1.55 1.50 1.56 1.62 1.61
Bình Phước 2.61 2.47 2.38 2.45 2.43 2.31 2.22 2.43 2.30 2.05 1.92 2.02 1.99 2.27 2.25 2.21
Tây Ninh 1.98 1.89 1.79 1.79 1.77 1.80 1.93 1.78 1.76 1.88 1.76 1.66 1.46 1.53 1.67 1.65
Bình Dương 1.66 1.74 1.85 1.70 1.72 1.76 1.70 1.78 1.44 1.59 1.61 1.90 1.53 1.54 1.63 1.62
Đồng Nai 1.92 1.91 1.83 2.07 2.09 1.99 1.80 2.09 1.75 2.02 1.67 1.61 1.80 1.90 1.97 1.86
Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu 2.06 2.09 2.13 2.01 1.88 1.82 1.70 1.92 1.97 1.56 1.52 1.37 1.51 1.87 1.94 1.78
TP. Hồ Chí Minh 1.52 1.49 1.63 1.45 1.45 1.30 1.33 1.68 1.39 1.45 1.24 1.36 1.33 1.39 1.53 1.48
Mekong River Delta 2.00 1.87 1.87 1.84 1.80 1.80 1.92 1.92 1.84 1.76 1.84 1.74 1.74 1.80 1.82 1.82
Long An 1.95 1.91 1.95 1.85 1.87 1.83 2.02 2.03 1.66 1.61 1.56 1.62 1.83 1.80 1.82 1.77
Tiền Giang 2.02 1.98 1.97 1.94 1.93 1.92 1.79 1.78 1.75 1.62 2.00 1.99 1.68 1.82 1.85 1.83
Bến Tre 1.76 1.70 1.71 1.81 1.79 1.71 2.20 1.98 1.89 1.97 1.90 1.88 1.88 1.86 1.87 1.64
Trà Vinh 2.03 1.89 1.79 1.86 1.80 1.80 2.06 1.89 1.94 2.04 2.36 2.25 1.94 1.96 2.00 1.99
Vĩnh Long 1.83 1.76 1.75 1.63 1.65 1.63 2.14 2.02 1.98 1.61 2.03 1.67 1.83 1.81 1.82 1.81
Đồng Tháp 1.98 1.77 1.74 1.87 1.89 1.83 1.57 1.89 1.84 1.61 1.59 1.34 1.43 1.78 1.87 1.85
An Giang 2.00 1.86 1.86 1.97 1.97 1.92 2.17 2.07 2.10 1.73 1.84 1.77 1.78 1.85 1.90 1.94
Kiên Giang 2.22 2.10 2.09 1.84 1.80 1.86 2.16 1.98 1.96 2.05 1.94 1.87 1.96 1.85 1.98 1.91
Cần Thơ 1.70 1.64 1.75 1.72 1.62 1.62 1.58 1.81 1.89 1.88 2.01 1.64 1.66 1.66 1.74 1.68
Hậu Giang 1.95 1.94 1.89 1.96 1.75 1.77 1.78 1.78 1.61 1.64 1.48 1.53 1.64 1.83 1.84 1.83
Sóc Trăng 2.02 1.90 2.06 1.79 1.81 1.83 1.85 2.08 1.65 1.72 1.83 1.69 1.75 1.79 1.80 1.78
Bạc Liêu 2.11 2.10 2.00 1.75 1.59 1.69 1.97 1.82 1.82 1.67 1.63 1.77 1.54 1.61 1.66 1.56
Cà Mau 2.10 2.00 2.01 1.75 1.64 1.73 1.62 1.70 1.65 1.80 1.85 1.65 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.86

Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam.[21]

Life expectancy

Period Life expectancy in
Years 		Period Life expectancy in
Years
1955–1960 57.3 1990–1995 71.2
1960–1965 60.5 1995–2000 72.7
1965–1970 62.3 2000–2005 73.8
1970–1975 57.8 2005–2010 74.7
1975–1980 66.1 2010–2015 75.6
1980–1985 68.1

Source: UN World Population Prospects.[22]

Ethnic groups

See also: List of ethnic groups in Vietnam

The Vietnamese government recognizes 54 ethnic groups, of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), which account for 85.3% of the country's population and the non-Viet ethnic groups account for the remaining portion.

The relation between China and Vietnam declined following reunification in 1976, with Vietnam siding with the Soviet Union against China in the Sino-Soviet split. In 1978–79, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees (some officially encouraged and assisted) or were expelled across the land border with China. The government has performed an about turn and is encouraging overseas Hoa to return and invest, while the ethnic Chinese population has been in decline since the 1970s due to assimilation and lower birth rates.

The central highland peoples, termed Degar or Montagnards (mountain people), comprise two main ethnolinguistic groups – Malayo-Polynesian and Mon–Khmer. About 30 groups of cultures and dialects are spread over the highland territory.

Other minority groups include the Cham—remnants of the Champa Kingdom, conquered by the Viet in the 15th century, Hmong, and Thái.

Population of Vietnam according to ethnic group 1989–2019
Ethnic
group 		Language
family 		census 1989[23] census 1999[24] census 2009[25] census 2019[26]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Kinh Vietic 56,101,583 87.1 65,795,748 86.2 73,594,427 85.7 82,085,826 85.32
Tày Kra–Dai 1,145,235 1.8 1,477,514 1.9 1,626,392 1.9 1,845,492 1.92
Thai Kra–Dai 992,809 1.5 1,328,725 1.7 1,550,423 1.8 1,820,950 1.89
Mường Vietic 874,195 1.4 1,137,515 1.5 1,268,963 1.5 1,452,095 1.51
Hmong Hmong–Mien 787,604 1.0 1,068,189 1.2 1,393,547 1.45
Khmer Mon–Khmer 872,382 1.4 1,055,174 1.4 1,260,640 1.5 1,319,652 1.37
Nùng Kra–Dai 696,305 1.1 856,412 1.1 968,800 1.1 1,083,298 1.13
Dao Hmong–Mien 620,538 0.81 751,067 0.87 891,151 0.93
Hoa Chinese 961,702 1.5 862,371 1.1 823,071 1.0 749,466 0.78
Gia Rai Malayo-Polynesian 317,557 0.42 411,275 0.48 513,930 0.53
Ê Đê Malayo-Polynesian 270,348 0.35 331,194 0.39 398,671 0.41
Ba Na Mon–Khmer 174,456 0.23 227,716 0.27 286,910 0.30
Xơ Đăng Mon–Khmer 127,148 0.17 169,501 0.20 212,277 0.22
Sán Chay Kra–Dai 147,315 0.19 169,410 0.20 201,398 0.21
Cờ Ho Mon–Khmer 128,723 0.17 166,112 0.19 200,800 0.21
Sán Dìu Chinese 126,237 0.17 146,821 0.17 183,004 0.19
Chăm Malayo-Polynesian 132,873 0.17 161,729 0.19 178,948 0.19
Hrê Mon–Khmer 113,111 0.15 63,012 0.07 149,460 0.16
Ra Glai Malayo-Polynesian 96,931 0.13 122,245 0.14 146,613 0.15
M'Nông Mon–Khmer 92,451 0.12 102,741 0.12 127,334 0.13
Xtiêng Mon–Khmer 66,788 0.09 85,436 0.10 100,752 0.10
Bru-Vân Kiều Mon–Khmer 55,559 0.07 74,506 0.09 94,598 0.10
Thổ Vietic 68,394 0.09 74,458 0.09 91,430 0.10
Khơ Mú Mon–Khmer 56,542 0.07 72,929 0.08 90,612 0.09
Cơ Tu Mon–Khmer 50,458 0.07 61,588 0.07 74,173 0.08
Giáy Kra–Dai 49,098 0.06 58,617 0.07 67,858 0.07
Giẻ Triêng Mon–Khmer 30,243 0.04 50,962 0.06 63,322 0.07
Tà Ôi Mon–Khmer 34,960 0.05 43,886 0.05 52,356 0.05
Mạ Mon–Khmer 33,338 0.04 41,405 0.05 50,322 0.05
Co Mon–Khmer 27,766 0.04 33,817 0.04 40,442 0.04
Chơ Ro Mon–Khmer 22,567 0.03 26,855 0.03 29,520 0.03
Xinh Mun Mon–Khmer 18,018 0.02 23,278 0.03 29,503 0.03
Hà Nhì Tibeto-Burman 17,535 0.02 10,923 0.01 25,539 0.03
Chu Ru Malayo-Polynesian 14,978 0.02 19,314 0.02 23,242 0.02
Lao Kra–Dai 11,611 0.02 14,928 0.02 17,532 0.02
Kháng Mon–Khmer 10,272 0.01 13,840 0.02 16,180 0.02
La Chí Kra–Dai 10,765 0.01 13,158 0.02 15,126 0.02
Phù Lá Tibeto-Burman 9,046 0.01 5,535 0.01 12,471 0.01
La Hủ Tibeto-Burman 6,874 0.01 9,651 0.01 12,113 0.01
La Ha Kra–Dai 5,686 0.01 8,177 0.01 10,157 0.01
Pà Thẻn Hmong–Mien 5,569 0.01 6,811 0.01 8,248 0.01
Chứt Vietic 3,829 0.01 6,022 0.01 7,513 0.01
Lự Kra–Dai 4,964 0.01 5,601 0.01 6,757 0.01
Lô Lô Tibeto-Burman 3,307 0.00 2,218 0.00 4,827 0.01
Mảng Mon–Khmer 2,663 0.00 3,700 0.00 4,650 0.00
Cờ Lao Kra–Dai 1,865 0.00 2,636 0.00 4,003 0.00
Bố Y Kra–Dai 1,864 0.00 2,273 0.00 3,232 0.00
Cống Tibeto-Burman 1,676 0.00 2,029 0.00 2,729 0.00
Ngái Chinese 4,841 0.01 1,035 0.00 1,649 0.00
Si La Tibeto-Burman 840 0.00 709 0.00 909 0.00
Pu Péo Kra–Dai 705 0.00 687 0.00 903 0.00
Rơ Măm Mon–Khmer 352 0.00 436 0.00 639 0.00
Brâu Mon–Khmer 313 0.00 397 0.00 525 0.00
Ơ Đu Mon–Khmer 301 0.00 376 0.00 428 0.00
Foreigners 39,532 0.05 2,134 0.00 3,553 0.00
Others 2,767,512 4.3 1,333 0.0 82,942 0.0 349 0.00
Total 64,411,713 76,323,173 85,846,997 96,208,984

Languages

Vietnamese is the national language.[27] It belongs to the Austroasiatic language family, which also includes languages such as Khmer and Mon. Vietnamese was spoken by 85–90 million people in Vietnam at the 1999 census. Vietnamese is a tonal, monosyllabic language. Vietnamese was influenced by Chinese, with up to around 50–70% words having Chinese origins. Since the 20th century, the Vietnamese have used a Romanized script introduced by the French, developed by Jesuit missionaries led by Alexandre de Rhodes and later on, refined by Vietnamese scholars to produce what is later known as the Vietnamese alphabet.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Vietnam
Religion in Vietnam (2019)[26]
  1. Vietnamese folk religion or non-religious (86.3%)
  2. Catholicism (6.10%)
  3. Buddhism (4.79%)
  4. Hoahaoism (1.02%)
  5. Protestantism (1.00%)
  6. Others (0.77%)

According to the 2019 Census, the religious demographics of Vietnam are as follows:[26]

It is noted here that the data is skewed, as a majority of Vietnamese may declare themselves atheist yet practice forms of traditional folk religion or Mahayana Buddhism.[28]

Estimates for the year 2010 published by the Pew Research Center:[29]

  • Vietnamese folk religion, 45.3%
  • Unaffiliated, 29.6%
  • Buddhism, 16.4%
  • Christianity, 8.2%
  • Other, 0.5%

See also

Sources

References

  1. ^ Infographic social-economic situation in the 4th quarter and 2025 (Report). National Statistics Office of Vietnam. January 2026.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i General Statistics Office of Vietnam (2023). Niên giám Thống kê Việt Nam năm 2022 [Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2022] (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  3. ^ "Average life expectancy in Vietnam reaches 74.7 years in 2024". Tuoi Tre News. 2024-02-21.
  4. ^ Shirodkar, Neel (30 December 2024). "Vietnam's birth rate hits record low in 2024". PUNE.NEWS. Hanoi. Archived from the original on 30 June 2025.
  5. ^ Lê, Nga (11 July 2019). "Đồng Tháp, TP HCM mức sinh con thấp nhất cả nước". VnExpress (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2020-09-25. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  6. ^ Socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2023 (Report). General Statistics Office of Vietnam. 29 December 2023. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  7. ^ "Population approaching 100 million comes with possibilities, challenges". VietNamNet News (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2023-06-06.
  8. ^ "Viet Nam's population to reach 100 million in 2023 – A significant milestone". UNFPA Vietnam. 2023-03-17. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  9. ^ "Vietnam: Adapting to An Aging Society". World Bank. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  10. ^ Tran, Kamille (20 September 2023). "Vietnam's speedy transition to being an aged society opens new doors for investors". www.businesstimes.com.sg. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  11. ^ "Population". Our World in Data. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  12. ^ Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
  13. ^ Mokyr, Joel (2003). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195170900.
  14. ^ a b Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision Archived May 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Demographic Yearbook". UN Data. United Nations. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  16. ^ "Decades of population control work paying off for Vietnam". Asia News Network. 13 July 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  17. ^ Socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2025
  18. ^ "Socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2023". gso.gov.vn. 2023-12-29. Archived from the original on 13 June 2025. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
  19. ^ "Socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2022". gso.gov.vn. 2022-12-29. Archived from the original on 18 June 2025. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
  20. ^ "Population and Employment". gso.gov.vn. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
  21. ^ "Population and Employment: Total fertility rate by province". gso.gov.vn. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
  22. ^ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Retrieved 2017-07-15.
  23. ^ 1993 Demographic yearbook (PDF) (in English and French) (45th ed.). New York: Nations Unies. 1995. ISBN 92-1-051084-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2025. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
  24. ^ "Population and Housing Census Vietnam 1999". gso.gov.vn. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
  25. ^ "The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing census: Completed results". gso.gov.vn. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2025.
  26. ^ a b c "Report on Results of the 2019 Census" (in Vietnamese). General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  27. ^ Constitution of Vietnam Article 5
  28. ^ Hong Van, Vu (2020-03-05), From Religious Heritage to Cultural Heritage: Study the Heritage of Buddhism in Vietnam, Vietnam: preprints.org, doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0092.v1, retrieved 2025-08-20
  29. ^ "Pew-Tempelton global religious futures project – Vietnam". www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Pew Research center. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2025.

Further reading

  • Huy, Huynh Truong. "Economic perspectives of internal migration in Vietnam: A focus on the Mekong River Delta region" (Universiteit Antwerpen (Belgium), 2012. online
  • Huynh Truong, Huy, and Nonneman Walter. "Push and pull forces and migration in Vietnam." (2012). online
  • UNFPA. "Internal migration in Vietnam: the current situation." (The United Nations Population Fund in Vietnam, 2007)
  • VGSO. "Migration and urbanization in Vietnam: patterns, trends and differentials in The 2009 population census" (Ha Noi, Vietnam: Statistical Publisher, 2010).
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