Nemesiidae
| Nemesiidae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| Calisoga sp. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Clade: | Avicularioidea |
| Family: | Nemesiidae Simon, 1892 |
| Diversity | |
| 10 genera, 154 species | |
| blue: reported countries (WSC) green: observation hotspots (iNaturalist) | |
Nemesiidae is a family of mygalomorph[1] spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1889,[2] and raised to family status in 1985. Before becoming its own family, it was considered part of "Dipluridae".[3] The family is sometimes referred to as wishbone spiders due to the shape of their burrows.[4]
Description
Nemesiidae are relatively large spiders with robust legs and a body that is nearly three times as long as it is wide. They are darkly colored, brown to black, though some have silvery hairs on their carapace.[5] Atmetochilus females can grow over 4 centimetres (1.6 in) long.
They live in burrows, often with a hinged trapdoor. This door is pushed up while the spider waits for passing prey. They rarely leave their burrows, catching prey and withdrawing as quickly as possible. Some of these burrows have side tubes. For the east-Asian genus Sinopesa it is uncertain whether it builds burrows at all.[6]
Genera
As of January 2026, this family includes ten genera and 195 species:[7]
- Amblyocarenum Simon, 1892 – Algeria, Tunisia, Italy, Spain
- Brachythele Ausserer, 1871 – Turkey, Europe
- Calisoga Chamberlin, 1937 – United States
- Damarchilus Siliwal, Molur & Raven, 2015 – India
- Gravelyia Mirza & Mondal, 2018 – India
- Iberesia Decae & Cardoso, 2006 – Algeria, Morocco, Portugal, Spain
- Mexentypesa Raven, 1987 – Mexico
- Nemesia Audouin, 1826 – Mozambique, Algeria?, Morocco?, China, Europe, Cuba
- Raveniola Zonstein, 1987 – Asia, Russia
- Sinopesa Raven & Schwendinger, 1995 – China, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam
Transferred to other families:[8][9][10][11][12]
- Acanthogonatus Karsch, 1880 → Pycnothelidae
- Atmetochilus Simon, 1887 → Bemmeridae
- Aname L. Koch, 1873 → Anamidae
- Bayana Pérez-Miles, Costa & Montes de Oca, 2014 → Pycnothelidae
- Chenistonia Hogg, 1901 → Anamidae
- Chaco Tullgren, 1905 → Pycnothelidae
- Chilelopsis Goloboff, 1995 → Pycnothelidae
- Damarchus Thorell, 1891 → Bemmeridae
- Diplothelopsis Tullgren, 1905 → Pycnothelidae
- Entypesa Simon, 1902 → Entypesidae
- Flamencopsis Goloboff, 1995 → Pycnothelidae
- Hermacha Simon, 1889 → Entypesidae
- Hermachura Mello-Leitão, 1923 → Pycnothelidae
- Hesperonatalius Castalanelli, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2017 → Anamidae
- Ixamatus Simon, 1887 → Microstigmatidae
- Kiama Main & Mascord, 1969 → Microstigmatidae
- Kwonkan Main, 1983 → Anamidae
- Lepthercus Purcell, 1902 → Entypesidae
- Longistylus Indicatti & Lucas, 2005 → Pycnothelidae
- Lycinus Thorell, 1894 → Pycnothelidae
- Namea Raven, 1984 → Anamidae
- Neostothis Vellard, 1925 → Pycnothelidae
- Pionothele Purcell, 1902 → Pycnothelidae
- Prorachias Mello-Leitão, 1924 → Pycnothelidae
- Proshermacha Simon, 1908 → Anamidae
- Psalistopoides Mello-Leitão, 1934 → Pycnothelidae
- Pselligmus Simon, 1892 → Pycnothelidae
- Pycnothele Chamberlin, 1917 → Pycnothelidae
- Rachias Simon, 1892 → Pycnothelidae
- Spiroctenus Simon, 1889 → Bemmeridae
- Stanwellia Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 → Pycnothelidae
- Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 → Pycnothelidae
- Swolnpes Main & Framenau, 2009 → Anamidae
- Teyl Main, 1975 → Anamidae
- Teyloides Main, 1985 → Anamidae
- Xamiatus Raven, 1981 → Microstigmatidae
Extinct genera
†Eodiplurina Petrunkevitch 1922 Florissant Formation, United States, Eocene
References
- ^ Raven, R.J. (1987). "A new mygalomorph spider genus from Mexico (Nemesiinae, Nemesiidae, Arachnida)" (PDF). J. Arachnol. 14: 357–362. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-04. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
- ^ Simon, E. (1889). Arachnides.
- ^ Raven, R.J. (1985). "The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 182.
- ^ "Common Names of Arachnids" (PDF). American Arachnological Society. 2003. p. 38. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- ^ "Find-a-Spider Guide". University of Queensland. 2006-07-07. Archived from the original on 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
- ^ Murphy, Frances; Murphy, John (2000). An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
- ^ "Family Nemesiidae Simon, 1889". World Spider Catalog. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2026-01-17.
- ^ "Family: Pycnothelidae Chamberlin, 1917". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
- ^ "Family: Anamidae Simon, 1889". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
- ^ "Family: Entypesidae Bond, Opatova & Hedin, 2020". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
- ^ "Family: Microstigmatidae Roewer, 1942". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
- ^ "Family: Bemmeridae Simon, 1903". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
External links
Further reading
- Pesarini, C. (1988): Revision of the genus Pycnothele (Araneae, Nemesiidae). J. Arachnol. 16: 281-293. PDF Archived 2019-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
- Rafael P. Indicatti & Sylvia M. Lucas (2005): Description of a new genus of Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. Zootaxa 1088: 11-16. PDF (Longistylus)
- Indicatti, Rafael P.; Lucas, Sylvia M.; Ott, Ricardo & Brescovit, Antonio D. (2008): Litter dwelling mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Microstigmatidae, Nemesiidae) from Araucaria forests in southern Brazil, with the description of five new species. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25(3): 529-546.