List of wars involving Spain

This list details Spain's involvement in wars and armed conflicts, excluding those fought by its predecessor states or within its territory.

Catholic Monarchy

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Granada War (1482–92) Conclusion of the Reconquista Location: Iberian Peninsula	Catholic Monarchs of Spain Military Orders European crusaders	Emirate of Granada	Victory Granada annexed Treaty of Granada (1491)
First Italian War (1494–1498) Battle of Seminara Location: Italian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea	League of Venice: Papal States Republic of Venice Kingdom of Naples Kingdoms of Spain Duchy of Milan Holy Roman Empire Republic of Florence Duchy of Mantua Kingdom of England (from 1496)	Kingdom of France Swiss mercenaries Duchy of Milan (before 1495)	Victory Forced French retreat
Spanish conquest of Haiti^[1] (1494–1509) Location: Americas, Caribbean Sea, Hispaniola	Crown of Castile	Taínos	Victory
Conquest of Melilla (1497) Part of Spanish campaigns in the Maghreb (1497–1535) Location: North Africa	Castile and Aragon	Wattasid dynasty	Victory
Zayyanid–Iberian conflicts (1415–1543) Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1501) Capture of Mers-el-Kébir (1505) Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1507) Spanish conquest of Oran (1509) Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535) Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1543) Part of Spanish campaigns in the Maghreb (1497–1535), Spanish–Ottoman wars and Algerian–Moroccan conflictsLocation: North Africa	Castile and Aragon (since 1497) pro-Spain Algerians Kingdom of Portugal (until 1501)	Kingdom of Tlemcen Banu Rashid Minor support: Regency of Algiers Wattasid dynasty	Pyrrhic Victory Portuguese withdrawal from Algeria. Spanish Vassalization of the Kingdom of Tlemcen from Oran consolidated through Abu Abdallah VI, but with constant hostility from Moroccans and Ottomans.
Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501) part of Mudejar revolts Location: Iberian Peninsula	Catholic Monarchs of Spain Kingdom of Granada	Muslims of Granada	Victory Rebellion defeated Mass forced conversions of all Muslims in Granada
Second Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503) Siege of the Castle of Saint George Location: Adriatic, Ionian and Aegean Seas	Republic of Venice Castile and Aragon	Ottoman Empire	Defeat Venetian strongholds of Modon and Coron fall to the Ottomans Cephalonia and Ithaca to Venice
Second Italian War (1499–1501) Location: Italian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea	Kingdom of France Papal States Republic of Venice Castile and Aragon	Duchy of Milan Kingdom of Naples	Victory, French victory over Duchy of Milan French control of the Duchy of Milan Spain and France reparts between them the Kingdom of Naples on Treaty of Granada (1500), deposing Frederick of Naples.
Kemal Reis' raids on Western Mediterranean and Atlantic Sea (1501) Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501) Location: Mediterranean Sea, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands	Castile and Aragon Republic of Genoa Venice	Ottoman Empire Supported by: Moriscos	Victory
Third Italian War (1502–1504) Battle of Ruvo Battle of Seminara Battle of Cerignola Battle of Garigliano Campaign of Rosellon Location: Italian Peninsula	Castile and Aragon	Kingdom of France	Victory Peace of Lyon and Treaty of Blois (1504) Louis XII of France ceded Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon Division of Northern and Southern Italy between France and Spain
Guelders Wars (1502–1543) Revolt of Ghent (1539–1540) Location: Low Countries, Frisia	Habsburg: Habsburg Monarchy Habsburg Netherlands Spain County of Holland County of Flanders Duchy of Brabant Duchy of Luxemburg Imperial Frisia (Saxony) (1514–15) Bishopric of Utrecht (1508–28)	Guelders: Duchy of Guelders Groningen & Ommelanden (1514–36) Frisian rebels (1514–23) Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1538–43) Supported by: Kingdom of France County of East Frisia (1514–17) Utrecht rebel groups (1520–28)	Habsburg victory Guelders, Utrecht, Frisia and Groningen annexed Overijssel and Drenthe detached from Utrecht Jülich and East Frisia remain independent
Spanish crusade^[2] (1503–12) Capture of Mers-el-Kébir Battle of Mers-el-Kébir Conquest of the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera Spanish conquest of Oran Spanish conquest of Tripoli Spanish assault on Djerba Capture of Béjaïa Part of Spanish campaigns in the Maghreb (1497–1535) and Zayyanid–Iberian conflicts Location: North Africa (modern Maghreb countries), Mediterranean Sea	Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon	Kingdom of Tlemcen Hafsid dynasty Hafsids of Béjaïa Wattasid dynasty	Victory Start of Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 for the control of Algeria, Tunisia and Mediterranean Sea.
Rebellion of Cordoba^[3]^[4] (1506–08) Location: Córdoba, Spain	Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon	Cordobese rebels	Royalist victory
War of the League of Cambrai (1508–1516) Battle of Ravenna Battle of La Motta part of Transalpine campaigns of the Old Swiss Confederacy Location: Western Europe (Italian Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula, Modern France and England)	1508–10: Venice 1510–11: Papal States Venice 1511–13: Holy League: Papal States Venice Spain Holy Roman Empire England Swiss mercenaries 1513–16: Papal States Spain Holy Roman Empire England Duchy of Milan Swiss mercenaries	1508–10: League of Cambrai: Papal States France Holy Roman Empire Spain Duchy of Ferrara 1510–11: France Duchy of Ferrara 1511–13: France Duchy of Ferrara Scotland Florence 1513–16: Venice France Duchy of Ferrara	Defeat
Spanish conquest of Puerto Rico^[1] (1508–1511) Location: Americas, Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico	Crown of Castile	Taínos	Victory
Sack of Niebla (1508)Location: Iberian Peninsula	Castile and Aragon	Duke of Medina Sidonia	Victory
Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre (1512–1529) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Castile and Aragon	Kingdom of Navarre France	Victory Navarre south of the Pyrenees annexed to Crown of Castile under the Spanish Monarchy. A small portion of Navarre north of the Pyrenees, Lower Navarre, along with the neighbouring Principality of Béarn survived as an independent kingdom, which passed by inheritance to French monarchs.
Spanish conquest of Cuba^[1] (1511–1513) Location: Americas, Caribbean Sea, Cuba	Crown of Castile	Taínos	Victory
Taíno rebellion of 1511 (1511–1518) Location: Americas, Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico	Crown of Castile	Taínos of Boriken and allies from the Antilles	Victory Tainos are exiled and still fighting outside until 1529.
Spanish conquest of the Maya (1511–1697) Location: Mesoamerica and Central America	Spain	Late Postclassic Maya states	Victory
Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre (1511–1529) Sangüesa insurrection Location: Pyrenees	Spain	Kingdom of Navarre Supported by: France	Castilian-Aragonese victory Navarre south of the Pyrenees is annexed to Spain, while north of the Pyrenees to France.

Habsburg Spain

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 Algiers expedition (1516) Algiers expedition (1519) Capture of Peñón of Algiers Battle of Formentera Siege of Coron (1533–1534) Conquest of Tunis (1534) Conquest of Tunis (1535) Sack of Mahón Siege of Castelnuovo Battle of Preveza Battle of Girolata Algiers expedition Siege of Nice Battle of Alborán Sack of Cullera Siege of Tripoli (1551) Capture of Béjaïa (1555) Siege of Oran (1556) Raid of the Balearic islands (1558) Expedition to Mostaganem (1558) Battle of Djerba Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir Great Siege of Malta Capture of Tunis (1569) Battle of Lepanto Conquest of Tunis (1574) Location: Mediterranean Sea, Southern Europe, North Africa	Spanish Empire Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily Supported by: Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Savoy Malta Republic of Genoa Monaco Papal States Republic of Florence Hafsid Kingdom	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Egypt Ottoman Libya Ottoman Tunisia Ottoman Algeria Supported by: France	Ottoman victory in North Africa, strategic balance in the Mediterranean
Spanish-Algerian war (1516–1518) Capture of Algiers Algiers expedition Battle of Oued Djer Expedition to the Moulouya Siege of Tlemcen Part of Spanish campaigns in the Maghreb (1497–1535) and Spanish–Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 Location: North Africa	Spain Spanish Oran Kingdom of Tlemcen	Regency of Algiers Kingdom of Kuku	Hispano-Zayyanid Victory Khayr al-Din renounced the title of Sultan of Algiers. Then contacted Selim I, offering his allegiance as Beylerbey and obtained Ottoman assistance for the next year.
Portuguese invasion of Couto Misto (1517–1518) Part of Portuguese-Galician border conflicts Location: Portugal–Spain border	Kingdom of Spain Kingdom of Galicia Couto Misto	Kingdom of Portugal	Defeat The village of Pena, situated between Santiago de Rubiás and Vilar, was burned by a Portuguese raiding force
Spanish-Ottoman War (1518–1519) Fall of Tlemcen Algiers expedition Spanish assault on Djerba Part of Spanish campaigns in the Maghreb (1497–1535) and Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 Location: North Africa	Spain Spanish Oran Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Kuku	Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers	Stalemate: Hayreddin Barbarossa recaptured Tlemcen in December 1518 and is made Beylerbey in 1521. King of Kuku annexes Algiers and reigns there for several years.
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–21) The Night of Sorrows Fall of Tenochtitlan Location: Mesoamerica (Modern Mexico)	Spanish conquistadores Indian auxiliaries Tlaxcala Cempoala	Aztec Empire	Victory Aztec empire is annexed to Spanish Empire
Revolt of the Brotherhoods (1519–23) Brotherhoods of Mallorca Location: Iberian Peninsula	Empire of Charles V Kingdom of Valencia Kingdom of Majorca	Germanies	Royalist victory
Revolt of the Comuneros (1520–21) Battle of Villalar Location: Iberian Peninsula (Crown of Castile)	Empire of Charles V	Castilian rebels	Royalist victory
Gipuzkoa revolt of 1520–21 Location: Iberian Peninsula (Basque Country)	Empire of Charles V	Basque rebels	Royalist victory
Indigenous Rebellion of 1520 part of conquest of Venezuela Location: South America	Spanish conquistadores	caribes, tagares and aruacas	Defeat Spaniards retreat and punish Antonio Flores for killing an indigenous Cacique.
Italian War of 1521–1526 (1521–1526) Battle of Pampluna Battle of Noain-Esquiroz Battle of Noáin Battle of Bicocca Siege of Genoa Battle of Sesia Italian campaign of 1524–1525 Battle of Pavia Location: Western Europe (Italian Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula, Modern France and Low Countries)	Spain Holy Roman Empire England Papal States (1521–1523 and 1525–1526)	France Swiss mercenaries Republic of Venice Papal States (1524–1525) Marquisate of Saluzzo	Habsburg Victory Capture of Francois I of France
Green Banner Mutiny (1521) Location: Iberian Peninsula, Seville	Spain Kingdom of Seville	Andalusian rebels	Government victory
Battle of Mactan (1521) Part of Magellan expedition Location: Asia, Philippine Islands	Spain Rajahnate of Cebu	Kedatuan of Mactan	Defeat Visayan kingdom of Mactan Island forces kills Magellan.
1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt (1521) Location: Americas, Caribbean Sea, Hispaniola	Spain	African slaves	Victory
Moluccas issue (1521–1529) Magellan expedition Loaísa expedition Saavedra expedition Location: Asia, Maluku Islands (modern Indonesia)	Spain Spanish East Indies	Portuguese Empire Portuguese Malacca	Stalemate Treaty of Zaragoza
Tidore-Ternate conflicts (1521–1667)^[5]^[6] Spanish Jailolo-Portuguese Ternate war of 1533 Spanish conquest of the Moluccas^[7]^[8] Location: Asia, Maluku Islands and Philippine Islands	Sultanate of TidoreSupported by: Spain Spanish East Indies Ternatean supporters of Spanish rule (since 1606) Jailolo Sultanate (until 1536) Sultanate of Bacan (1521–1557; 1583–1609)	Sultanate of Ternate Jailolo Sultanate (since 1551) Supported by: Portuguese Empire (until 1605) Portuguese India Portuguese Malacca Portuguese Macau Portuguese Indonesian colonies Dutch Empire (since 1605) Dutch East Indies Sultanate of Bacan (1557–1583; 1609–1667)	Stalemate
Spanish conquest of the Tarascan empire (1522–1530) Location: Mesoamerica (ModernMexico)	Spain New Spain Indian auxiliaries	Purépecha Empire	Victory Incorporation of the territory into the Viceroyalty of New Spain
Spanish conquest of Chiapas (1523–1695) Location: Mesoamerica (ModernMexico)	Spain New Spain Indian auxiliaries	Zoque people Chiapaneca people Independent Maya, including: Lakandon Chʼol people Tojolabal people Tzotzil people
Spanish conquest of Yucatán (1523–1547) Location: Mesoamerica (ModernMexico)	Spain New Spain Indian auxiliaries	Mayan tribes	Victory
Spanish conquest of Guatemala (1524–1667) Spanish conquest of the Kingdom of Q'umarkaj Location: Central America	Spain New Spain Indian auxiliaries	Independent indigenous kingdoms and city-states	Victory
Spanish conquest of El Salvador (1524–1539) Location: Central America	Spain New Spain Indian auxiliaries	Indigenous peoples of El Salvador, including: Chʼortiʼ Maya people Lenca people Mangue people Matagalpa people Pipil people Poqomam Maya people Xinca people	Victory
Spanish conquest of Honduras (1524 – c. 1539) Location: Central America	Spain New Spain	Indigenous peoples of Honduras, including: Chorotega people Ch'ol Maya people Ch'orti' Maya people Jicaque people Lenca people Pech people Pipil people Sumu people	Victory
Spanish Expedition to Chesapeake Bay (1526) Location: North America (modern South Carolina)	Spain New Spain	Hostile Natives African rebels Spanish mutineers	Defeat San Miguel de Gualdape is abandoned.
War of the League of Cognac (1526–1530) Sack of Rome Battle of Capo d'Orso Battle of Landriano Siege of Florence Location: Italian Peninsula	Spain Holy Roman Empire Republic of Genoa (1528–1530) Duchy of Ferrara Duchy of Mantua (1528–1530)	France Swiss mercenaries Papal States Swiss Guards Republic of Venice Republic of Florence Kingdom of England Republic of Genoa (1526–1528) Kingdom of Navarre Duchy of Milan	Victory
Ottoman–Habsburg wars (1526–1791) Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 Capture of Peñón of Algiers Siege of Vienna Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528 Balkan campaign of 1529 Battle of Formentera Little War in Hungary Siege of Coron Conquest of Tunis (1535) Sack of Mahón Siege of Castelnuovo Battle of Girolata Battle of Alboran Algiers expedition Capture of Mahdia Siege of Oran Ottoman raid of the Balearic islands Expedition to Mostaganem Battle of Djerba Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir Great Siege of Malta Battle of Lepanto Conquest of Tunis (1574) Long Turkish War Battle of Cape Corvo Battle of Cape Celidonia Great Turkish War Location: Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, North Africa, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia	Habsburg dynasty: Holy Roman Empire Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of Bohemia Republic of Genoa Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Spanish Empire Non-Habsburg allies: Moldavia Transylvania Wallachia Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate (Muscovite and Polish vassals) Holy League Allies: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Duchy of Mantua Republic of Venice Order of Saint John	Ottoman Empire Vassals: Moldavia Transylvania Wallachia Cossack Hetmanate (Doroshenko's faction) Crimean Khanate	Victory End of Ottoman expansion Decline of both the Ottoman and Habsburg empires
Hungarian Civil War (1526–1538) Part of Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary and Austro-Turkish War (1529–1533) Location: Eastern Europe and Central Europe (Modern Hungary, Croatia, Romania and Austria)	Western Hungarian Kingdom Hungarian loyals to Ferdinand I Kingdom of Croatia^[9] Supported by: Holy Roman Empire Empire of Charles V Spain Archduchy of Austria Papal States Serbian rebels	Eastern Hungarian Kingdom Hungarian and Croats loyals to John I Voivode of Transylvania Supported by: Ottoman Empire Serbian Despotate Wallachia Moldavia Ottoman Hungary Kingdom of France	Stalemate Hungary was divided into larger Ottoman and smaller Habsburg spheres of influence, as well as a semi-independent Hungarian vassal state of Transylvania. Treaty of Nagyvárad divided Hungary between them. Ferdinand recognized Zápolya as John I, King of Hungary and ruler of two-thirds of the Kingdom, while Zápolya conceded the rule of Ferdinand over western Hungary, and recognized him as heir to the Hungarian throne, since Zápolya was childless.
Espadán Rebellion (1526) part of Mudejar revolts Location: Iberian Peninsula	Spain Kingdom of Valencia	Morisco	Crown victory
Narváez expedition (1528–36) Location: North America (modern Southern United States)	Spain New Spain	Tocobaga Uzita Apalachee Timucua Autes	Inconclusive Spanish troops lost the route after a hurricane and return by land to Mexico.
First Austro-Turkish War (1529–1533) 1st Ottoman siege of Vienna Location: Central Europe (Modern Austria and Southern Germany)	Empire of Charles V Spain Archduchy of Austria Holy Roman Empire Electorate of the Palatinate Kingdom of Bohemia Papal States	Ottoman Empire Moldavia Ottoman Hungary Eastern Hungarian Kingdom	Stalemate Truce of Constantinople (1533). There would be no real peace treaty in the entire sixteenth century. Habsburg-Ottoman sporadic battles continue.
Spanish-Ottoman War (1529–1541) Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529) Campaign of Cherchell (1531) Siege of Coron Conquest of Tunis (1534) Conquest of Tunis (1535) Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535) Sack of Mahón Pulya Campaign Battle of Preveza Siege of Castelnuovo Invasion of Gibraltar (1540) Battle of Girolata Algiers expedition (1541) Part of Spanish–Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 Location: Mediterranean Sea and North Africa	Empire of Charles V Spain Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sardinia Holy Roman Empire Republic of Genoa County of Flanders Papal States Kingdom of Portugal Knights of Malta Kingdom of France (until 1534) Hafsid dynasty Kingdom of Kuku Kabyle people	Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers Ottoman Tunisia Kingdom of Tlemcen Banu Rashid Arab irregulars Kingdom of France (since 1535)	Stalemate Mostly victories for Ottoman raids, by Hayreddin Barbarossa on Mediterranean sea. Spaniards could not install a client Zayyanid prince on the throne in Tlemcen. Algiers is under fully Ottoman control After Habsburg forces conquer the fortress of Monastir, Sousse, Hammamet and Kelibia, Spaniards make Tunisia, under Muley Hassan of the Hafsid dynasty, a Client state.
Ternatean–Portuguese conflicts (1530–1605) Revolt of Dayal (1533–1536) Jailolo war Spanish expedition to the Moluccas of 1602–1603 Dutch conquest of Tidore Location: Asia, Maluku Islands and Philippine Islands	Portuguese Empire Portuguese East Indies Ternateans loyals to Portuguese protectorate Spain (since 1580) Spanish East Indies Sultanate of Tidore Sultanate of Bacan	Sultanate of Ternate Sultanate of Jailolo Spain (from 1533 to 1536) Spanish East Indies Sultanate of Tidore Dutch Empire (since 1605) Dutch East India Company	Defeat The Portuguese settlers with their families were forced to leave Tidore for Manila. Establishment of Dutch-Ternate alliance against Iberian alliance. Response with the Spanish conquest of the Moluccas.
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire (1531–72) Battle of Punta Quemada Battle of Puná Battle of Cajamarca Battle of Vilcaconga Battle of Cuzco Battle of Maraycalla Battle of Mount Chimborazo Siege of Cuzco Siege of Lima Battle of Ollantaytambo Battle of Abancay Battle of Las Salinas Battle of Chupas Battle of Iñaquito Battle of Huarina Battle of Jaquijahuana Location: South America (Modern Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, southern Colombia, northern Chile and northwest Argentina)	Spanish conquistadores Province of Tierra Firme (until 1537) Governorate of New Castile (until 1542) Governorate of New Toledo (until 1542) Viceroyalty of Peru (since 1542) Indian auxiliaries Cañaris Huancas Huaylas Chachapoya Tlaxcalans Nicaraguas Collaborist Inca nobility Huáscarist Neo-Inca State (until 1536) Catholized Incas	Inca Empire (until 1535) Atahualpist Neo-Inca State (since 1536) Pagan resistance	Victory Former Inca lands, after death of Atahualpa, are incorporated into Viceroyalty of Peru. Start of Civil wars between the conquerors of Peru Vilcabamba Inca firms Treaty of Acobamba, thus making a Translatio imperii of the Mascapaicha rights, to rule the "Reynos del Perú" [Tahuantinsuyo], from Vilcabamba Incas to the Spanish Kings as heirs of Atahualpa rights. Exploration and conquest of the various dominions and towns of South America by Spain from the Kingdom of Peru.
Yaqui Wars (1533–1929) Part of Mexican Indian Wars Location: North America	Spanish Empire (until 1821) New Spain Mexico (since 1821) United States (since 1896)	Yaqui	Stalemate Mexican-American victory
Dutch-Hanseatic Corsair War (1532–1534)^[10] Part of Sont Wars Location: Baltic Sea and North Sea	Empire of Charles V Habsburg Netherlands Holstein England (until 1533) Supported by: Denmark-Norway [Catholics]	Hanseatic League Free City of Lübeck^[11] England (since 1533) Supported by: Sweden Denmark-Norway [Protestants]	Militarily inconclusive Political victory Marx Meier sacks the Spanish fleets on the Baltic and English coasts while Protestant Reformation still ongoing in Nordic countries, but Hanseatic League start to decline in Northern Europe (in favour of Dutch, Danes and Swedes) and it is isolated of support from the German enemies of Charles V.^[12] The Council of Lübeck, beside the attitude of Jürgen Wullenwever (mayor of Lübeck) accept a ceasefire offer in March 1534, and also changed sides in the Denmark Succession Conflict and joins to the Count's Feud in favour of Cristian II (so, the conflict ended de facto as both were in the same side in the new Conflict, but legally would continue 4 years more). Also Peace of Stockeldorf with Holstein Dutch and Spanish ships can cross the Øresund Strait and commerce in Eastern Baltic Sea, declining the Hanseatic Monopoly. End of the economical supremacy of Lubeck over the Hanseatic League, and also fall of Jürgen Wullenwever.
Count's Feud (1534–1536) Battle of Heiligerlee (1536) Part of European wars of religion Location: Northern Europe (Denmark)	Christian II (Catholics) County of Oldenburg Free City of Lübeck Scania Malmö Copenhagen Zealand Supported by: Norwegian nobles^[13] Empire of Charles V Habsburg Netherlands	Christian III (Protestants) Schleswig Holstein Sweden Duchy of Prussia Jutland Funen Supported by: Norwegian nobles^[14] Duchy of Guelders	Defeat Consolidation of Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein and Absolutist monarchy. Invasion of Catholic Norway by Protestant Denmark, making Denmark–Norway union.
Iguape War (1534–1536) Location: Southern Brazil	Spanish Empire Indian auxiliaries Carijós Guaianás	Portuguese Empire Brazilian colonial forces	Defeat Spaniards retreat from the region of São Vicente, São Paulo
Expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (1535–1554) Location: North America	ESP New Spain Indian auxiliaries	Pueblo Zuni people	Stalemate Spanish withdrawal after finding Cíbola and Quivira, being desilusionated due to not being the Seven Cities of Gold.
Sicily Mutiny (1535) Location: Sicily	ESP Viceroyalty of Sicily	Tercio of Sicily mutineers	Rebellion repressed
First attempt of colonizing Buenos Aires (1536–1541) Location: Río de la Plata Basin (Modern Argentina)	Spanish Empire Port of Santa Maria del Buen Aire	Querandí Help from: Charrúa Guaraní Chana Timbú	Defeat Indigenous peoples burned down the city in 1539. The Spanish abandon the city and translate to Asunción in 1541.
Italian War of 1536–1538 (1536–1538) Location: Southern France, Northern Italy and Mediterranean Sea	Holy Roman Empire Spain Swiss mercenaries	Kingdom of France Ottoman Empire	Defeat Truce of Nice Savoy and Piedmont acquired by France
Civil wars between the conquerors of Peru (1537–1554) Great Encomenderos Rebellion Location: South America (Modern Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Chile)	Royalists Viceroyalty of Peru	Pizarrists (New Castile) Almagrists (New Toledo) Gonzalists Encomendero	Royalist Victory Governorate of New Castile and Governorate of New Toledo are replaced by Viceroyalty of Peru. Effective establishment of royal authority, to the detriment of the power acquired by the Encomenderos. Effective promulgation of the New Laws to protect natural rights of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Consolidation of Derecho indiano.
Spanish conquest of the Muisca (1537–1540) Part of Spanish conquest of New Granada Location: South America (Modern Colombia)	Spain Province of Tierra Firme Klein-Venedig Governorate of New Castile Indian auxiliaries Zipazgos of the south	Muisca Confederation Guecha warriors	Victory Muisca Confederation becomes part of the Spanish Empire Foundation of the New Kingdom of Granada after vassal the indigenous peoples of the territory.
Spanish conquest of Chaco region (1537–1800s) Location: South America, Gran Chaco	Spain Governorate of New Andalusia (until 1542) Viceroyalty of Peru (since 1542) Governorate of Paraguay Governorate of Rio de la Plata Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (since 1776) Jesuit missions Indian auxiliaries Guaraní people Christianized Guaycuru peoples Portuguese Empire Brazilian colonial forces	Gran Chaco people (Guaycuru peoples) Abipón Payaguá Calchaquí Mocoví	Inconclusive due to economical problems after the Expulsion of the Jesuits and the Spanish American wars of independence.
Third Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–40) Part of Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 and Italian War of 1536–1538 Location: Mediterranean Sea	Holy League: Republic of Venice Spain Republic of Genoa Papal States Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily Knights of Malta	Ottoman Empire France (until 1538)	Defeat
Spanish expedition to North America^[15] (1539–1543) Battle of Mabila Mississippi River battle Location: North America (modern Georgia and South Carolina)	Spain New Spain Indian auxiliaries Portuguese volunteers	Chickasaw Cofitachequi Coosa chiefdom Joara Northern Utina Ocute Tuskaloosa	Defeat and withdrawal of Hernando de Soto.
Grijalva expedition to the equatorial Pacific (1539–42) Location: Pacific Ocean	Spain New Spain Governorate of New Castile	Hostile Indigenous peoples Spanish mutineers	Inconsclusive due to the loss of the ship in New Guinea.
Revolt of Ghent (1539–1540) Location: Low Countries and Germany	Empire of Charles V	Citizens of Ghent	Victory Building of the Castle of the Spaniards (Spanjaardenkasteel)
Mixtón War (1540–42) part of Mexican indian war Location: North America	Spain New Spain	Caxcanes	Victory
Tiguex War (1540–41) Part of Mexican indian war Location: North America	Spain New Spain	Tiwa Indians	Victory
Second Austro-Turkish War (1540–1547) Part of Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) and Croatian–Ottoman wars Location: Central Europe and Eastern Europe	Habsburg monarchy Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Holy Roman Empire Bohemia Duchy of Styria Duchy of Carniola Spain Spanish Italy Papal States	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Wallachia Moldavia Ottoman Hungary Eastern Hungarian Kingdom France	Defeat Truce of Adrianople (1547) Ferdinand I of Austria and Charles I of Spain recognized total Ottoman control of Hungary.
Conquest of Chile (1541–1598) Part of Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire (theatre of Qullasuyu) Location: South America (modern Chile)	Spanish Empire Governorate of New Toledo (until 1542) Viceroyalty of Peru (since 1542) Captaincy General of Chile Indian auxiliaries	Indigenous peoples in Chile	Establishment of the Captaincy General of Chile after incorporating the territories up to the Biobío River, avoiding incorporating hostile indigenous people. Beginning of the Arauco War.
Nachi Cocom's Rebellion (1542) Location: Mexico	Spain New Spain	Cocom	Victory Nachi Cocom is vassalized as a Cacique subject to Spanish Monarchy.
Italian War of 1542–1546 (1542–1546) Siege of Perpignan Siege of Nice Battle of Muros Block of Genoa Battle of Ceresole Battle of Serravalle Part of Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 Location: Western Europe (Italian Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula, Low Countries, England, France)	Spain Holy Roman Empire Saxony Brandenburg Kingdom of England	France Swiss mercenaries Ottoman Empire Jülich-Cleves-Berg Denmark–Norway (1542–1543)	Inconclusive Treaty of Crépy and Treaty of Ardres
Spanish expedition to Tidore and Papuan Islands of Ruy López de Villalobos (1542–1543) Location: Pacific Ocean (Modern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea)	Spain Spanish East Indies Sultanate of Tidore	Pirates' nest Gebe on Papuan Islands	Pyrrhic Victory
Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1543) Location: North Africa (Algeria)	Spanish Empire Supporters of Abu Abdallah VI	Kingdom of Tlemcen Banu Rashid Wattasid sultanate Minor support: Regency of Algiers	Victory Abu Abdallah VI restored to the Zayyanid throne as a Spanish vassal^[16]
Expedition to Mostaganem (1543) Location: North Africa (Algeria)	Spanish Empire	Regency of Algiers	Defeat
1st Communero Rebellion of Paraguay (1544) Location: South America (Paraguay, North Argentina and Eastern Bolivia)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of Rio de la Plata and Paraguay	Communero rebels	Defeat Establishment of Domingo Martínez de Irala as governor by popular election of the Encomenderos.
Attack on Jailolo (1545) Location: Maluku Islands	Portuguese Empire Portuguese Indonesia Spanish Empire Spanish East Indies Sultanate of Ternate	Sultanate of Jailolo	Defeat
Arauco War (1546–17th or 18th century) Battle of Quilacura Battle of Andalien Battle of Penco Battle of Tucapel Battle of Marihueñu Battle of Peteroa Battle of Mataquito Battle of Lagunillas Battle of Millarapue Battle of Quiapo Siege of Concepción Battle of Angol Battle of Catirai Battle of Curalaba Destruction of the Seven Cities Location: South America (Modern Chile and Argentina)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (since 1777) Indian auxiliaries: Yanaconas Indios reyunos Mapuche allies (Boroano, etc.) Other Cacicazgos	Indigenous people from Araucania and Patagonia: Mapuche Huilliche Cuncos Pehuenche Other tribes	Defeat Spanish Empire renounces the domination of the territories south of the Biobío River and recognizes the independence of the Mapuche tribes of the place. «La Frontera» appears, as a border area between the Captaincy General of Chile and the territory of the Mapuche tribes. Successive peace parliaments between the Spanish Empire and the Mapuche tribes during the conflict.
Schmalkaldic War (1546–47) part of European wars of religion Location: Central Europe (Holy Roman Empire, Modern Germany)	Empire of Charles V: Spain Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Saxony (Albertines) Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Bohemia and other Lands of the Bohemian Crown Papal States	Schmalkaldic League: Electorate of Saxony (Ernestines) Hesse Electorate of the Palatinate Bremen Lübeck Brunswick-Lüneburg Other German territories Kingdom of England	Victory Capitulation of Wittenberg: Schmalkaldic League dissolved, Saxon electoral dignity passed to the Albertine House of Wettin
The Estates Revolt in Bohemia (1547)^[17] Location: Central Europe (Holy Roman Empire, Modern Czech Republic)	Empire of Charles V Spain Holy Roman Empire	Bohemian rebels Electorate of Saxony	Victory
Bayano Wars (1548–82) Location: South America (Modern Colombia)	Spain Peru New Kingdom of Granada	Slaves	Victory
Chichimeca War (1550–90) Part of Mexican indian war Location: North America (Modern Mexico)	Spain New Spain Indian auxiliaries (Tlaxcalteca, Caxcan, Otomí, Mexica, Purépecha)	Chichimeca (Zacateco, Guachichil, Guamare, Pame)	Defeat
Spanish-Ottoman War (1550–1560) Capture of Mahdia Siege of Tripoli Campaign of Tlemcen (1551) Capture of Béjaïa Raid of the Balearic islands Expedition to Mostaganem Battle of Djerba Part of German-Ottoman war 1550–1562, Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 and Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: Mediterranean Sea, North Africa and Central Europe (mostly Hungary)	Spain Knights of Malta Saadi Sultanate	Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers Regency of Tunis Kingdom of Beni Abbas Kingdom of Kuku	Defeat Béjaïa under Ottoman rule. Ottomans capture Tripoli. Mahdia was abandoned by Spain. Ottomans temporarily occupy parts of the Balearics. Ottoman supremacy on Mediterranean sea seizured until Battle of Lepanto.
Italian War of 1551–1559 (1551–1559) War of Parma Siege of Mirandola Battle of Marciano War of Siena Siege of Civitella Battle of St. Quentin Battle of Gravelines Location: Western Europe (Italian Peninsula, Low Countries, France)	Spanish Empire Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of England Republic of Florence Duchy of Savoy	Kingdom of France Swiss mercenaries Republic of Siena Ottoman Empire Papal States	Victory Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis Spain is confirmed as the dominant power in Italy France renounces its claim in Italy but wins the Three Bishoprics (Metz, Toul and Verdun) in Lorraine and the Pale of Calais from England.
Second Schmalkaldic War (1552–55) Location: Central Europe (Holy Roman Empire, Modern Germany)	Empire of Charles V: Spain Holy Roman Empire	Electorate of Saxony Hesse Duchy of Prussia Electorate of Brandenburg Principality of Bayreuth Kingdom of France	Defeat Extension of the rights of German electors (Cujus regio, ejus religio) Treaty of Passau (1552) Peace of Augsburg (1555) Abdication of Charles V The bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun pass to France Cancellation of the Spanish Succession idea
Third Austro-Turkish War (1552–1559) Battle of Szeged Siege of Temeswar Part of German-Ottoman war 1550–1562 and Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) Location: Central Europe and Eastern Europe (modern Hungary and Romania)	Holy Roman Empire Bohemia Habsburg monarchy Archduchy of Austria Kingdom of Hungary Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (until 1556) Spain Spanish Italy	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate Wallachia Moldavia Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (since 1556) Kingdom of France	Stalemate Treaty of Constantinople (1562) Banat became part of the Ottoman Empire.
Rebellion of Buria (1555) Location: Venezuela	Spain Captaincy General of Venezuela	Slave rebels loyals to "Kingdom of Buría"	Victory The self-proclaimed King, Miguel de Buría, is punished
Bandeirantes raids from Brazil to Spanish domains (1557–18th century) Location: South America (mostly Amazon rainforest)	Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroyalty of New Granada (since 1717) Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (since 1777)	Bandeirantes from Colonial Brazil	Stalemate The Amazon is divided between Spain and Portugal with the Treaty of Madrid (1750), as both countries compromissed to stop and punish bandits expeditions from bandeirantes.
Spanish-Ottoman War (1559–1565)^[18] Battle of Djerba Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir Sack of Granada Great Siege of Malta Part of Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 Location: Mediterranean Sea, Iberian Peninsula, North Africa	Spain Spanish Italy Kingdom of Sicily Knights of Malta Duchy of Savoy Republic of Genoa Grand Duchy of Tuscany Papal States	Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers Regency of Tunis Kingdom of Beni Abbas Kingdom of Kuku Kingdom of France	Victory Dragut dies in action leading to conflict between remaining Ottoman generals Myth of Ottoman Invincibility in Europe destroyed
Calchaquí Wars (1560–1667) Part of Spanish conquest of Argentina Location: South America (modern Argentine Northwest)	Spanish Empire Peru Tucuman Governorate Real Audiencia of Charcas	Diaguita Confederation	Victory Conquest of Tucuman.
Lope de Aguirre Insurrection^[19](1560–61) Location: South America (Orinoco-Amazon basin and Venezuelan Caribbean)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Venezuela Province Indian auxiliaries	Marañones mutineer army Encomenderos	Inconclusive, the self proclaimed "Prince of Peru, Tierra Firme and Chile", Lope de Aguirre, is killed by his own followers due to his brutality and madness. Mutineer initial victory by sabotaging Pedro de Ursúa's Peruvian expedition to Marañón and Amazon River, harming Spanish claims over Atlantic Amazon coasts. Royalist victory against secessionists and bandits by stopping their raids over Margarita Island and Barquisimeto, with most of them being condemned to death by Trial of residence.
French Wars of Religion (1562–98) Battle of Arques Battle of Ivry Siege of Paris Siege of Rouen Siege of Caudebec Battle of Craon Battle of Blaye Siege of Morlaix Siege of Fort Crozon Location: France and Low Countries	Catholics: Catholic League Spain Portugal Papal States Duchy of Savoy Kingdom of France (until 1588)	Protestants: Huguenots England Scotland Navarre Politiques Kingdom of France (since 1588) Tuscany	Inconclusive Uneasy truce. The Edict of Nantes granted the Huguenots substantial rights in certain areas. Paris and other defined territories were declared to be permanently Catholic. Failure of France's enemies to weaken France or to gain territories.
Battle of Gibraltar (1563) Location: Gibraltar	Spain	England	Victory
Rebellion of the Guamares (1564–1568)Location: Mexico	Spanish Empire New Spain	Guamare people	Victory Spaniards built Presidios in the zone.
Spanish-Chiriguana War (1564–17th century) Location: South America (Eastern Bolivia)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of Santa Cruz de la Sierra Governorate of Paraguay	Ava Guaraní people	Victory Conquest of Eastern Bolivia for the Real Audiencia of Charcas.
Spanish assault on French Florida (1565) Location: North America, Florida	Spain	Kingdom of France French Florida Huguenots	Victory
Spanish conquest of the Philippines (1565–1575) Capture of Cebu Conquest of Madja-as Battle of Manila (1570) Battle of Bangkusay Channel Siege of Cainta (August 1571) Battle of Manila (1574) Location: Southeast Asia, Philippine Islands	Spain Allied Visayan forces Indian auxiliaries from Mexico (mostly Tlaxcalans)^[20]	Rajahnate of Maynila Macabebe Tondo polity Rahjanate of Cebu	Victory Establishment of the Captaincy General of the Philippines by Miguel López de Legazpi. Start of Spanish–Moro conflict
Spanish–Moro conflict (1565–1900) Battle of Cebu (1569) Spanish-Moro Incident (1570) Limahong campaign (1574–1576) Battle of Manila (1574) Castilian War (1578) Jolo Jihad (1578–1580) Mindanao expedition (1596) Cotabato Revolt (1597) Raid of Visayas (1599–1600) Spanish-Moro Incident (1602) Jolo expedition (1602) Basilan Revolt (1614) Kudarat Revolt (1625) Battle of Jolo (1628) Sulu Revolt (1628) Jolo expedition (1630) Lanao Lamitan Revolt (1637) Spanish occupation of Jolo (1638–1646) Battle of Punta Flechas (1638) Sultan Bungsu Revolt (1638) Mindanao Revolt (1638) Lanao Revolt (1639) Sultan Salibansa Revolt (1639) Corralat Revolt (1649) Spanish-Moro Incident (1876) Location: Southeast Asia, Southern Philippine Islands and Borneo Island	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of the Philippines	Sultanate of Sulu Sultanate of Maguindanao Confederation of sultanates in Lanao Supported by: Sultanate of Ternate Bruneian empire Ottoman Empire Dutch East India Company	Stalemate Failure to conquer the Moros, but seizure of Spanish East Indies. Start of Sino-Spanish conflicts due to Spanish attacks on Chinese tributary states.
Philippine revolts against Spain (1567–1872) Dagami revolt (1567) Tagalog Revolt (1574) Pampanga Revolt (1585) Tondo Conspiracy (1587) Dingras Revolt (1589) Cagayan Revolt (1589) Magalat revolt (1596) Igorot revolt (1601) Sangley Rebellion (1603) Caquenga's Revolt (1607) Irraya or Gaddang Revolt (1621) Tamblot uprising (1621–1622) Bankaw revolt (1621–1622) Itneg Revolt (1625–1627) Second Chinese Insurrection (1639–1640) Ladia Revolt (1643) Sumuroy Revolt (1649–1650) Maniago Revolt (1660–1661) Malong Revolt (1660–1661) Almazan Revolt (January 1661) Chinese Revolt (1662) Panay Revolt (1663) Zambal Revolt (1681–1683) Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1829) Agrarian Revolt (1745) Silang Revolt (1762–1763) Palaris Revolt (1762–1765) Basi Revolt (1807) Novales Revolt (1823) Palmero Conspiracy (1828) Pule Revolt (1840–1841) Cavite mutiny (1872) Location: Philippines	Spain New Spain Filipino loyalists	Filipino rebel groups Muslim resistance British supporters Bruneian and Ottoman supporters Japanese and Chinese supporters	Victory Most revolts failed
Spanish expeditions to the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu (1567–1606) First Spanish expedition to Solomon Location: Oceania (Mostly Polynesia)	Spanish Empire Peru Philippines	Hostile inhabitants of Polynesia	Stalemate Failed colonization attempts due to disease and belligerence of the inhabitants, as well as war crimes by explorers that discouraged the enterprise.
Battle of Maracapana (1567/68) Location: Caribbean islands	Spain Indian auxiliaries Jirajaran	Kalinago	Decisive Spanish victory, dissolution of the Caribbean alliance and flight of the chief Guaicaipuro to Suruapo to be assassinated in 1569.
Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568) Location: Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico	Spain New Spain	England	Victory
Blockade of Cebu (1568) Part of Portuguese–Spanish colonial rivalry Location: Philippines	Spain Filipino loyalists	Portuguese Empire	Victory
Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) Western Europe Battle of Oosterweel Battle of Dahlen Battle of Heiligerlee Battle of Jemmingen Battle of Jodoigne Capture of Brielle Siege of Mons Relief of Goes Sack of Mechelen Siege of Middelburg Siege of Haarlem Siege of Alkmaar Capture of Geertruidenberg Siege of Leiden Battle of Delft Capture of Valkenburg Battle of Mookerheyde Siege of Oudewater Siege of Schoonhoven Siege of Zierikzee Sack of Antwerp Battle of Gembloux Battle of Rijmenam Siege of Deventer Battle of Borgerhout Siege of Maastricht Capture of Mechelen Siege of Steenwijk Battle of Kollum Capture of Breda Battle of Noordhorn Siege of Niezijl Siege of Lochem Siege of Lier Siege of Eindhoven Battle of Steenbergen Capture of Aalst Fall of Antwerp Siege of IJsseloord Battle of Empel Battle of Boksum Siege of Grave Siege of Venlo Capture of Axel Destruction of Neuss Siege of Rheinberg Battle of Zutphen Siege of Sluis Siege of Bergen op Zoom Capture of Geertruidenberg Capture of Breda Siege of Zutphen Siege of Deventer Capture of Delfzijl Siege of Knodsenburg Siege of Hulst Siege of Nijmegen Siege of Rouen Siege of Caudebec Siege of Steenwijk Siege of Coevorden Siege of Geertruidenberg Siege of Coevorden Siege of Huy Siege of Groenlo Battle of the Lippe Siege of Calais Siege of Hulst Battle of Turnhout Siege of Rheinberg Siege of Meurs Siege of Groenlo Siege of Bredevoort Capture of Enschede Capture of Ootmarsum Siege of Oldenzaal Siege of Lingen Siege of Schenckenschans Siege of Zaltbommel Siege of Rees Battle of Nieuwpoort Siege of Rheinberg Siege of Ostend Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch Siege of Grave Mutiny of Hoogstraten Siege of Sluis Siege of Lingen Siege of Groenlo Siege of Aachen Siege of Jülich Siege of Bergen op Zoom Battle of Fleurus Siege of Breda Siege of Groenlo 2nd 's-Hertogenbosch Battle of the Slaak Capture of Maastricht Siege of Leuven Siege of Schenkenschans Siege of Breda Siege of Venlo Battle of Kallo Siege of Hulst European Waters Battle of Flushing Battle of Borsele Battle of Haarlemmermeer Battle on the Zuiderzee Battle of Reimerswaal Battle of Lillo Battle of Bayona Islands Battle of the Gulf of Almería Islands Voyage Battle of the Narrow Seas Battle of Sluis Battle of Gibraltar (1607) Battle of Gibraltar (1621) Battle off Lizard Point Action of 18 February 1639 Action of 18 September 1639 Battle of the Downs Battle of Cape St. Vincent Americas Dutch expedition to Magellan Strait Battle of Castro Recapture of Bahia Battle in the Bay of Matanzas Capture of Saint Martin Battle of San Juan Battle of Abrolhos Attack on Saint Martin Action of 12–17 January 1640 Dutch expedition to Valdivia East Indies Battle of Playa Honda First Battle of San Salvador Second Battle of San Salvador Battles of La Naval de Manila Battle of Puerto de Cavite	Spanish Empire Spanish Netherlands Dunkirkers New Spain Peru Holy Roman Empire Portuguese Empire (since 1580) State of Brazil	United Provinces Dutch East Indies Dutch West Indies England Nassau France	Defeat Peace of Münster Independence of the Dutch Republic Spanish retention of the Southern Netherlands
Morisco Revolt (1568–1571) part of Mudejar revolts Location: Iberian Peninsula	Spain Kingdom of Granada	Morisco rebels With the support of: Regency of Algiers Wattasid dynasty	Victory
Spanish-Ottoman War (1569–1580)^[18] Capture of Tunis (1569) Battle of Lepanto Siege of Navarino (1572) Conquest of Tunis (1574) Part of Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 Location: Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Peloponnese) and North Africa	Spain Spanish Italy Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sardinia Knights of Malta Duchy of Savoy Republic of Genoa Grand Duchy of Tuscany Republic of Venice Papal States Hafsid dynasty	Ottoman Empire Egypt Eyalet Regency of Tunis Regency of Algiers Kingdom of Beni Abbas Kingdom of Kuku	Pirric Victory Stop of the Ottoman advance in Europe after the end of its naval superiority. But lost of Spanish conquests in North Africa. Division of the Mediterranean sea into areas of influence: western for Spain (from Iberian Peninsula to Italy) and eastern for the Ottomans (From the Balkans to Anatolia, and North Africa). End of the Spanish-Ottoman proxy conflict for the control of the Mediterranean Sea and Maghreb since 1515.
Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573) Battle of Lepanto (1571) Part of Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 Location: Ionian Islands and Aegean Sea	Holy League: Republic of Venice Spain Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Papal States Republic of Genoa Grand Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Urbino Duchy of Savoy Knights of Malta	Ottoman Empire	Defeat Cyprus under Ottoman rule Spanish-Ottoman truce since 1581.
Anti-Ottoman revolts of 1565–1572 Albanian revolt of 1566–1571Location: Balkans and Eastern Mediterranean	Greeks and Albanians Supported by: Holy League (since 1571)	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Albania Ottoman Greece	Defeat
Spanish conquest of Mesopotamia (1573–1583) Location: South America, Mesopotamia, Argentina	Spanish Empire Peru Río de la Plata and Paraguay Governorate Jesuit missions among the Guaraní Indian auxiliaries	Charrúan Complex Querandí Guaraní	Victory Death of Juan de Garay
Limahong raids on the South China Sea^[21] (1572–1575) Battle of Manila (1574) Location: Philippines, Luzon (Pangasinan)	Ming China^[22] Spanish Empire New Spain Spanish East Indies Indian auxiliaries from Mexico and Philippines	Wokou (Chinese and Japanese pirates) Moro people revolters	Victory Start of China–Spain relations. Fujian viceroys offer the Spaniards a colonial port in Xiamen in exchange of capturing Limahong, but was never fulfilled.^[23] Development of Anti-Chinese sentiment in Spain and Philippines due to fear of future Chinese colonization or attempts to expel Spaniards.^[24]
Castilian War (1578) Part of Ottoman-Habsburg Wars on Southeast Asia and Spanish-Moro Wars Location: Southeast Asia (Borneo, Mindanao, Sulu)	Spanish Empire Spanish Philippines Indian auxiliaries from Mexico and Peru Bruneians who defected to Spain	Bruneian Empire Sultanate of Sulu Maguindanao Supported by: Ottoman Empire^[25] Turks, Egyptians, Swahilis, Somalis, Sindhis, Gujaratis, and Malabars forces Sultanate of Aceh	Status quo ante bellum Bruneian military victory to seize its independence from Spanish Empire. Becoming a city-state until today. Spanish tactical Victory in ending Bruneian empire at sea and its influence on Philippines.
Battle of Alcácer Quibir (1578) Part of Moroccan–Portuguese conflictsLocation: North Africa	Portuguese Empire Saadi allies Supported by: Spanish Empire Holy Roman Empire Papal States	Saadi Morocco Supported by: Ottoman Empire	Defeat Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi is still depossed by Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi King of Portugal Sebastian I dies and, starting War of the Portuguese Succession. End of the Aviz dynasty
Expeditions to Chile hostile to Spain during the colony (1578–18th century) Location: Chile	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Chile	European Pirates and Corsairs (mostly English, Dutch and French)	Stalemate Mostly repelled
Second Desmond Rebellion (1579–1583) Siege of Carrigafoyle Castle Siege of Smerwick Part of Desmond Rebellions Location: British Isles (Ireland)	FitzGeralds of Desmond O'Byrnes Spain Papal States allied Irish clans	Kingdom of England Kingdom of Ireland allied Irish clans	Defeat Famine throughout Munster Plantation of Munster Irish military diaspora in Spain
Revolution of the Seven Chiefs (1580)	Spanish Empire Peru Río de la Plata and Paraguay Governorate	Rebel Criollos	Victory
War of the Portuguese Succession (1580–1583) Battle of Alcântara Capture of Oporto Battle of Salga Battle of Ponta Delgada Conquest of the Azores Location: Iberian Peninsula (mostly Portugal) and Atlantic Ocean	Spain Portugal loyal to Philip of Spain	Portugal loyal to Prior of Crato France England Dutch Republic	Victory The Iberian Union: Acquisition of the Kingdom of Portugal and its colonial possessions by Philip II of Spain
Ribagorza War (1580–91) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Spanish Crown	County of Ribagorza	Victory Fernando de Gurrea y Aragón renounce to his claims in favour to the Crown
Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition (1581–82) Location: North America (modern New Mexico)	Spain New Spain Indian auxiliaries Tiwa Puebloans	La Junta Indians Jumanos Apache Querecho Indians Pueblo Indians Acoma Pueblo Zuni people Uto-Aztecan Hopi	Stalemate Spaniards lose some soldiers and could not make great demands to the Indigenous peoples in the zone, but success in establishing some settlements in the region.
Viltipoco Rebellion (1582) Location: South America (modern Argentine Northwest)	Spanish Empire Peru Tucuman Governorate	Omaguacas	Victory
Conflicts against Pirates in Argentina (1582–1724) Location: Modern Argentina	Spanish Empire Río de la Plata and Paraguay Governorate	European Pirates and Corsairs (mostly English, French, Danish and Portuguese)	Stalemate Mostly repelled The island Martín García remains in Spanish control Foundation of Montevideo
1582 Cagayan battles (1582) Location: Philippines	Spain New Spain Spanish Philippines Indian auxiliaries from Mexico (mostly Tlaxcalans)^[26]	Wokou (Japanese, Chinese, and Korean pirates)	Victory
Ternate expedition (1582) Location: Maluku Islands	Spain Spanish Philippines	Sultanate of Ternate	Defeat
Cologne War (1583–88) Location: Germany	Ernst of Bavaria Prince-Elector, Cologne, 1583–1612 House of Wittelsbach Free Imperial City of Cologne Philip of Spain, and for him: House of Farnese House of Isenburg-Grenzau House of Mansfeld (main line) House of Berlaymont-Flyon and others	Gebhard, Truchsess von Waldburg, Prince-Elector, Cologne 1578–1588 House of Neuenahr-Alpen House of Waldburg House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken House of Nassau House of Solms-Braunfels and others	Victory
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Newfoundland expedition (1585) Battle of San Juan de Ulúa Battle of São Vicente Battle of Cornwall Battle of Santo Domingo Battle of Cartagena de Indias Raid on St. Augustine Battle of Pantelleria (1586) Singeing the King of Spain's Beard Spanish Armada Spanish Armada in Ireland Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition Blockade of Western Cuba Raid on Puerto Caballos Action of Faial Action of San Mateo Bay Capture of Recife Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition Action off Bermuda Battle of Las Palmas Capture of Santiago Preston–Somers Expedition Battle of the Guadalupe Island Battle of San Juan Battle of Pinos Capture of Cádiz 2nd Spanish Armada 3rd Spanish Armada Battle of San Juan English Armada Raid on Tabasco Battle of Flores Battle of Flores Capture of Portobello Battle of Sesimbra Bay Battle of Puerto Caballos Raid on Santiago de Cuba Battle of the Gulf of Cadiz Location: British Isles, Low Countries, France, Italian Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean and Americas	Spanish Empire Spanish Netherlands Spanish American colonies Kingdom of Portugal State of Brazil Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Parma Grand Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Savoy Duchy of Castro Order of Saint John co-belligerent French rebels Irish rebels	Kingdom of England Ireland co-belligerent United Provinces France Portuguese rebels	Indecisive Status quo ante bellum Treaty of London
War of the Three Henrys (1585–1589) Part of French Wars of Religion and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Location: France	Catholics (Henry I, Duke of Guise): Catholic League Spain Duchy of Savoy	Politiques (Henry III of France): Kingdom of France Protestants (Henry of Navarre): Huguenots England	Military stalemate Political defeat House of Bourbon replaces the House of Valois as the Royal House of France. Isabella Clara Eugenia claims to the throne in the Estates General of 1593 are rejected by Parlement of Paris.
Sack of Lanzarote (1586) Location: Canary Islands	Spain	Regency of Algiers	Defeat
Revolt of the Lakans (1587–1588) Location: Philippines	Spanish Empire Spanish encomenderos	Tondo polity Tagalog maginoos	Victory Tondo dissolved and became a direct territory under the Spanish Empire
War of the Succession of Henry IV of France (1589–1594) Part of French Wars of Religion and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Location: France and Low Countries	Catholics: Catholic League Spain Spanish Netherlands	Politiques and Protestants: Huguenots England	Militarily inconclusive Start of a Franco-Spanish War in 1595 in defense of Catholic resistance remnants. Political defeat Protestant favorite, Henry IV of France, is recognised as king in most of France after converting to Catholicism, instead of catholic favorite and pro-Spanish, Isabella Clara Eugenia.
Brittany Campaign (1590–1598) Part of Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and French Wars of Religion Location: France (Brittany)	Spanish Empire Catholic League	Kingdom of France Huguenots Kingdom of England	Inconclusive Spaniards retreated after Peace of Vervins and the claims of succession over the Duchy of Brittany are ignored.
Alterations of Aragon (1591–92) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Spanish Crown Kingdom of Aragon	Diputación del General del Reino de Aragón	Victory Courts of Tarazona solves Problem of the foreign vice-roy.
Battle of Cape Paracel (1591) part of Lê–Mạc WarLocation: Cochinchina (near of Paracel Islands)	Kingdom of Champa Supported by: Lê dynasty Spanish Empire	Ming China Supported by: Mạc dynasty Kingdom of Cambodia	Victory Pedro Ordóñez de Ceballos defeat the hostile navies raiding Tonkin.
Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)^[27] Location: Southeast Asia (modern Cambodia)	Kingdom of Cambodia Supported by: Spanish Empire Kingdom of Portugal	Ayutthaya Kingdom	Defeat Satha I is destroyed by Siam forces. He then sought a Spanish protectorate, starting Cambodian–Spanish War.
Luxemburg campaigns (1593–1595) Part of Eighty Years' War and French Wars of Religion Location: Low Countries (Modern Luxembourg and Belgium)	Spain Spanish Netherlands Prince-Bishopric of Liège (1595)^[28]	Dutch States Army Duchy of Bouillon Kingdom of France (1595)	Victory
Sino-Spanish conflicts (1593–18th century) Location: Philippine Sea	Spanish Empire Philippines	Ming China Kingdom of Tungning Supported by: Chinese in the Philippines^[29] Sultanate of Sulu	Victory Chinese attempts to conquer the islands are cancelled. Anti-Spanish revolts from Chinese colonies in the Philippines are defeated. Pagan chineses are expelled from the islands after Anti-Chinese paranoia on Spanish governors.
Cambodian–Spanish War (1593–99) Location: Southeast Asia (modernCambodia)	Spanish Empire Spanish protectorate in Cambodia Philippines Mexican recruits Kingdom of Portugal Cambodian allies Japanese mercenaries	Cambodia Supported by: Ayutthaya Kingdom Johor Sultanate (Muslim Malay merchants) Kingdom of Champa (Muslim Cham merchants)	Defeat
Long Turkish War (1593–1606) includes Bocskai uprising Location: Eastern Europe (mostly modern Romania)	Holy Roman Empire Habsburg Monarchy Saxony Grand Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Ferrara Duchy of Mantua Duchy of Savoy Knights of St. Stephen Kingdom of Hungary^[30] Kingdom of Croatia^[30] Duchy of Carniola Principality of Transylvania Wallachia Moldavia France Spain Spanish Netherlands Spanish Italy Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Zaporozhian Cossacks Serbian hajduks Papal States	Ottoman Empire Khanate of Crimea	Inconclusive Peace of Zsitvatorok
Humana and Leyva expedition (1594–1595) Location: North America (modern New Mexico)	Spain Pueblo Indians	Apache	Defeat
Irish Nine Years' War (1594–1603) Siege of Kinsale Battle of Castlehaven Part of Tudor conquest of Ireland and Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) Location: Ireland (island)	Alliance of Gaelic Irish clans Spain Scottish Gaelic mercenaries	Kingdom of England Kingdom of Ireland	Defeat Treaty of Mellifont (1603) Flight of the Earls (1607)
Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598) Battle of Fontaine-Française Siege of Le Catelet Siege of Doullens Siege of Calais Siege of Amiens Part of French Wars of Religion and Eighty Years' War Location: France and Low Countries	Spanish Empire County of Burgundy	Kingdom of France Huguenots Kingdom of England Dutch Republic	Defeat Peace of Vervins
Himara Revolt of 1596 Part of Long Turkish War Location: Albania and Adriatic Sea	Himariots Supported by: Greek revolters Spanish Empire Spanish Italy Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples	Ottoman Empire Ottoman Albania	Defeat
Conquest of New Mexico (1598–1606) Location: North America (Great Plains)	Spanish Empire New Spain Indian auxiliaries	Pueblo Indians Acoma Pueblo Hopi Zuni Apache Wichita people Escanjaque Spanish slavers and mutineers	Victory
Acoma War (1598–99) Location: North America	Spanish Empire New Spain	Acoma	Victory
Destruction of the Seven Cities (1598–1600) Part of Arauco War Location: Southern Chile	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Chile	Mapuche people Huilliche people	Defeat Spaniards are expelled of the region, being Biobío River the new frontier between Spanish Empire and Araucan indigenous domains.
Spanish-Portuguese conflict on China (1598–1600) Location: China	Spanish Empire El Piñal Captaincy General of the Philippines	Portuguese Empire Macau Portuguese India	Defeat End of Spain's attempts to circumvent the restrictions placed on them from reaching China. Portuguese monopoly on the 16th century China trade seizured.
Franco-Savoyard War (1600–1601) Location: Northern Italy	Duchy of SavoySupported by: Spain	France	Treaty of Lyon Marquisate of Saluzzo goes to Savoy in exchange for territorial cessions in the Alps, blocking the Spanish Road.
Apache–Mexico Wars (1600–1915) Part of Mexican Indian Wars and American Indian Wars Location: North America	Crown of Castile (1600–1716) Spain (1716–1821) Mexico (1821–1915) United States (1850–1924) Confederate States (1861–1865)	Apache	Spanish/Mexican victory
Navajo Wars (1600–1866) Part of American Indian Wars Location: North America	Crown of Castile (1600–1716) Spain (1716–1821) Mexico (1821–1848) United States (1849–1866)	Navajo	United States victory Navajo moved to reservations and United
Acaxee Rebellion (1601–1603) Part of Indigenous rebellion on Mexico and Central America Location: North America	Spanish Empire New Spain	Acaxee Indians	Victory
Spanish expedition to Florida of 1601 Location: North America, Spanish missions in Georgia	Spanish Empire Spanish Florida	Hostile Indians	Victory
Igorot revolt (1601) part of Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization Location: Philippines	Spanish Empire Filipino loyalists (Pangasinan, Kapampangan)	Igorot people rebel forces Bontoc Ibaloi Ifugao Ibilao	Defeat
Dutch–Portuguese War (1602–63) Recapture of Bahia Battle of Abrolhos Siege of Salvador Action of 12–17 January 1640 Part of Eighty Years' War and Thirty Years' War outside Europe Location: South America (mostly Modern Brazil), Atlantic Ocean, Africa (mostly Modern Angola), Asia (mostly Modern India, China, Indonesia)	Kingdom of Portugal Brazilian colonial forces Portuguese Angola Supported by: Spanish Empire (until 1640) Kingdom of Cochin Ming China Hormuz Potiguara Tupis	Dutch Republic Dutch East Indies Dutch West Indies Dutch Brazil Supported by: Kingdom of England (until 1640) France (until 1640) Johor Sultanate Ternate Ayutthaya Kingdom of Kandy Sitawaka Jaffna Kingdom of Kongo Kingdom of Ndongo Rio Grande Tupis Nhandui Tarairiu Tribe	Pirric Victory Treaty of Hague Formation of the Dutch Empire Causes of Portuguese Restoration War against Spain. Portuguese-Spanish victory in South America and Africa Dutch victory in the east
Battle of L'Escalade (1602) Location: Geneva, Switzerland	Duchy of Savoy Spanish Empire Duchy of Milan	Old Swiss Confederacy Canton of Geneva	Defeat Savoy fails in their attempt to conquer Geneva, and the Spanish Road is closed in the Western Alps route.
Ternate expedition (1603) Location: Southeast Asia, Maluku Islands (modern Indonesia)	Spanish Empire Spanish East Indies
Sangley Rebellion (1603) Location: Philippines	Spanish Empire New Spain Spanish East Indies Japanese mercenaries	Chinese rebels Sangley	Victory
Antarctic Expedition of the Armada del Mar del Sur to the South Seas and Terra Australis (1603) Location: South America and Antarctic seas	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile	Dutch corsairs	Inconclusive First western sightings of Antarctica Peruvian presence on Antarctica.
Moroccan civil war (1603–1627)^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35] Location: North Africa, Morocco	Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun and Abdallah al-Ghalib II forces from Fez Supported by: Iberian Union Tuscany	Zidan Abu Maali forces from Marrakesh Sidi al-Ayachi rebel forces Republic of Salé independentists^[36] Supported by: Kingdom of England Dutch Republic France Morisco Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli rebel forces^[37] anti-Saadi Marabouts	Military Defeat Death of Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun. Independence of morisco Republic of Salé and minor emirates (Illigh, Alawi, Zawiya Dila'iya, etc.). Conflict ceases with Mohammed esh-Sheikh es-Seghir reign. Economical Victory Moroccan Cession of Larache and Mehdya to Spain.^[38] Zaydani Library is placed in possession of Spaniards and moved to El Escorial.
Spanish-Barbary Wars (1605–1792) Battle of Hammamet Raid on La Goulette (1609) Raid on La Goulette (1612) Raid on La Goulette (1615) Raid on La Goulette (1617) Sack of Lanzarote Battle of Chios (1621) Battle of Palermo (1624) Battle of the Gulf of Tunis Battle of the Dalmatian Coast Action of 3 October 1624 Battle of Larache (1631) Battle of Maâmora (1631) Siege of Larache (1655) Siege of Larache (1657) Siege of Larache (1666) Siege of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1675–1678) Siege of Maâmora (1681) Siege of Larache (1689) Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727) Siege of the Peñón de Vélez (1702) Siege of Oran (1707–1708) Spanish conquest of Oran (1732) Action of 28 November 1751 Battle of Cape Palos (1758) Siege of Melilla (1774–1775) Invasion of Algiers (1775) Bombardment of Algiers (1783) Bombardment of Algiers (1784) Siege of Ceuta (1790–1791) Algerian reconquest of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1790–1792) Location: North Africa (Barbary Coast)	Spanish Empire Spanish Italy Supported by: Papal States Kingdom of France Knights Hospitaller Kingdom of Sicily Tuscany Kingdom of Portugal	Barbary Coast Regency of Algiers Regency of Tunis Sultanate of Morocco Republic of Salé Supported by: Ottoman Empire Barbary pirates Great Britain	Stalemate and mostly Status quo ante bellum
Devastations of Osorio (1605–1606) Location: Hispaniola	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Santo Domingo	Pirates	Defeat Pirate settlements aren't dismantled.
Spanish conquest of Ternate and Jailolo (1606–1611) Spanish conquest of the Moluccas Location: Southeast Asia, Maluku Islands (modern Indonesia)	Spanish Empire New Spain Spanish East Indies Filipino loyalists (Boholanos) Sultanate of Tidore Japanese mercenaries	Sultanate of Ternate Jailolo Sultanate Moro people Dutch Empire Dutch East India Company	Victory Sultan Saidi Berkat captured by Pedro Bravo de Acuña and exiled to Manila. Mole Majimu took over or received back a number of territories previously held by Ternate, such as parts of Makian, Mayu island, and a section of Morotai. Start of Spanish-Ternatean conflicts until the 1660s, through Mudafar Syah I proclamation of Sultan of Ternate with Dutch recognition. The island was divided between the two powers: the Spaniards were allied with Tidore and the Dutch with their Ternaten allies. Spanish colonization until 1663.
Japanese insurrection in Philippines (1606) Location: Philippines	Spanish Empire Spanish East Indies	Japanese in the Philippines	Inconclusive
War of the Jülich Succession (1609–1614) Siege of Aachen Location: Germany	1610: Supporting Emperor Rudolf: Holy Roman Empire Principality of Strasbourg Prince-Bishopric of Liège 1613–1614: Supporting Wolfgang William: Spain Palatinate-Neuburg Catholic League	1610: Opposed to Emperor Rudolph: Margraviate of Brandenburg Palatinate-Neuburg United Provinces Kingdom of France England Protestant Union 1613–1614: Supporting John Sigismund: Margraviate of Brandenburg United Provinces England Protestant Union	Victory Treaty of Xanten Cleves-Mark and Ravensberg to John Sigismund.^[39] Jülich-Berg and Ravenstein to Wolfgang William.^[39] Wesel under Spanish control.^[40]
Spanish-Ottoman War (1610–1614)^[18] Battle of Cape Corvo Rebellion of Osarto Justiniano (1611)^[41]^[42] Location: Mediterranean Sea and Balkans (near modern Turkey and Greece)	Spain Spanish Italy Kingdom of Sicily Greek and Albanian rebels	Ottoman Empire Egypt Eyalet Regency of Tunis Ottoman Greece Ottoman Albania	Spanish victory
Arganda Revolt (1613) Location: Arganda del Rey	Spain Duke of Lerma	Mutiners of Arganda del Rey village	Inconclusive
War of the Montferrat Succession (1613–1617) Spanish-Savoian War (1615–1617)^[18] Location: Italian Peninsula	Supporting the Duke of Mantua: Duchy of Mantua Montferrat Tuscany (1613) Spanish Empire France (1613–14) Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Naples Genoa	Supporting the Duke of Savoy: Duchy of Savoy Montferrat Tuscany (1613) France (1615–17) Venice	Peace of Asti
Dutch-Ternatean invasions of Spanish Tidore (1613–1614) Location: Molucca Sea, Maluku Islands (Modern Indonesia)	Spanish Empire Spanish East Indies Sultanate of Tidore	Dutch Empire Dutch East India Company Sultanate of Ternate Sultanate of Bacan	Victory Dutch presence on Tidore Island ended in 1621.
Conquest of La Mamora (1614) Location: North Africa (Morocco)	Spain	Saadi dynasty	Victory
Slaying of the Spaniards (1615) Part of Basque Whalin in Iceland Location: Iceland, Westfjords	Spain	Denmark–Norway Norwegian Iceland	Defeat
Uskok War (1615–1617) Location: Adriatic Sea (near modern Croatia)	Kingdom of Croatia Spanish Empire Kingdom of Naples Holy Roman Empire	Republic of Venice United Provinces England	Victory Treaty of Madrid (1617) Many Uskok pirates executed or exiled Start of Spanish-Venetian War (1617–1621)
Battle of Cape Celidonia (1616) Location: Mediterranean Sea (near modern Turkey)	Spanish Empire Kingdom of Naples	Ottoman Empire	Victory
Raid on Constantinople (1616) Location: Mediterranean Sea, Bosporus and Egypt	Spanish Empire Kingdom of Naples	Ottoman Empire	Victory
Tepehuán Revolt (1616–1620) Part of Indigenous rebellion on Mexico and Central America Location: North America	Spanish Empire New Spain	Tepehuánes	Victory
Spanish-Venetian War (1617–1621)^[18]^[43] Battle of Ragusa Battle of Gibraltar (1618) part of Venetian-Habsburg conflicts Location: Adriatic Sea (near modern Croatia)	Spanish Empire Kingdom of Naples	Republic of Venice Supported by: United Provinces Ottoman Empire	Inconclusive due to Conspiracy of Venice.
Spanish conquest of Petén (1618–1697) Location: Central America	Spain	Independent Maya, including: Itza people Kowoj people Kejache people Yalain people Lakandon Chʼol people Manche Ch'ol people	Victory Incorporation of the Petén Basin into the Captaincy General of Guatemala.
Spanish–Ottoman War (1618–1619)^[18] Attack on Sousse (1619) Location: Mediterranean Sea	Spanish Empire Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily Grand Duchy of Tuscany Knights Hospitaller Papal States	Ottoman Empire Tunisia	Inconclusive
Thirty Years' War (1618–48) Thirty Years' War outside Europe Part of the Religious wars in Europe and Eighty Years' War Location: All Europe: Central Europe (modern Czech Republic, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Hungary), Eastern Europe (modern Romania), Italian Peninsula, Low Countries, France, Scandinavia, Iberian Peninsula, English Channel, Baltic Sea and Mediterranean Sea. Also the Americas	Pro-Habsburg alliance prior to 1635 Habsburg Monarchy Spanish Empire Bavaria Catholic League Post-1635 Peace of Prague Holy Roman Empire Spanish Empire	Anti-Habsburg alliance prior to 1635^[a] Bohemia Sweden Palatinate Savoy Dutch Republic Denmark–Norway Heilbronn League Hesse-Kassel Brandenburg-Prussia Saxony Post-1635 Peace of Prague France Sweden Dutch Republic Hesse-Kassel	Defeat Spain continues to be at war with France Peace of Westphalia and Peace of Münster Major territorial gains for France, Sweden and Brandenburg Reduction in Habsburg Power
Bündner Wirren (1618–1639) Part of Thirty Years' War and Franco-Spanish War Location: Switzerland (Grisons)	Grison rebels Holy Roman Empire Archduchy of Austria Spain Duchy of Milan	The Three Leagues France Venice Savoy	Stalemate Capitulation of Milan The subjugated territories were returned to the Three Leagues after expelling the French, but with restrictions on the sovereign rights of the leagues (the Three Leagues effectively became a protectorate of Austria and Spain). The Spanish representative in the Duchy of Milan was granted a right of supervision over the administration of Graubünden and a right of protection over Catholic subjects. Spain also received permission to recruit mercenaries and the right to use roads and mountain passes. These should remain closed to all enemies of Spain
Valtellina War (1620–26) Part of Thirty Years' War and Bündner Wirren Location: Switzerland and Northern Italy	Papal States Holy Roman Empire Archduchy of Austria Spain Duchy of Milan Republic of Genoa	The Three Leagues France Venice Savoy	Treaty of Monzón
Tamblot Uprising (1621) Location: Philippines	Spanish Empire Filipino loyalists	Pagans forces (mostly Boholanos) lidered by the babaylan Tamblot	Victory Repression against Filipino shamans.
Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz^[44](1622) Part of Safavid–Portuguese conflicts Location: West Asia, Strait of Hormuz	Iberian Union Council of Portugal Kingdom of Ormus	Safavid Persia East India Company	Defeat
War of the Vicuñas and Basques (1622–1625) Location: South America (modern Bolivia)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Basques	"Vicuñas" non-Basque elite (Castillians, Andalusians, Extremadurans, Criollos, Mestizos and Indigenous)	Victory of the Government
Sacalum Rebellion (1624) Location: Mesoamerica	Spanish Empire New Spain Captaincy General of Yucatán	Maya peoples	Victory
Spanish-Siam War (1624–1636)^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48] Location: Southeast Asia (modern Thailand)	Iberian Union Spanish East Indies Council of Portugal Macau Goa Malacca	Siam Dutch East India Company	Defeat Dutch hegemony on Southeast Asia.
First Genoese–Savoyard War (1625) Part of Thirty Years' War Location: Italian Peninsula	Spain Republic of Genoa	Kingdom of France Duchy of Savoy	Victory France surrenders its claims on Savoy and withdraws its troops from the Piedmont and the Republic of Genoa, stipulated by the Treaty of Monzón^[49]^[50] Reconquest of some territories in the French Riviera by the combined forces of Spain and the Republic of Genoa^[51]
Anglo-Spanish War (1625–30) Part of Thirty Years' War Location: Low Countries, Atlantic Ocean (English Channel), Americas (Spanish Main) and Iberian Peninsula	Spain	England United Provinces	Victory^[52] Treaty of Madrid Spain seeks and signs peace treaty with England in light of imminent war with France Treaty of Madrid, similar to previous Anglo-Spanish treaty although somewhat less strict regarding trade
Spanish expedition to Formosa (1626) Location: Modern Taiwan	Spanish Empire Spanish East Indies	Kingdom of Middag	Victory Spanish establishment in Formosa until Dutch conquest in 1642.
3rd Huguenot rebellion (1627–29) Siege of La Rochelle Part of Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) and Anglo-French War (1627–1629) Location: France	France Spain	Huguenots England	Victory Peace of Alès
War of the Mantuan Succession (1628–31) Battle of Veillane Part of Thirty Years' War Location: Italian Peninsula	Supporting the Duke of Guastalla: Holy Roman Empire Spain Duchy of Savoy	Supporting the Duke of Nevers: France Republic of Venice	Defeat, Treaty of Cherasco Duke of Nevers recognized as ruler of Mantua
Polish-Spanish joint fleet operations in the North (1628–32)^[53]^[54]^[55] Part of Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629), Dutch–Portuguese War and Thirty Years' War/Eighty Years' War Location: North and Baltic Sea, North European Plain	Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Iberian/Spanish Empire Spanish Netherlands Kingdom of Portugal Supported by: Holy Roman Empire Catholic League	Sweden Denmark–Norway United Provinces England Supported by: Kingdom of Scotland Protestant German States Stralsund Hanseatic League	Defeat Both powers are incapable to avoid the Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War or defy the policy of Dominium maris baltici from Nordic Powers and Hanseatic League, being unable to challenge their naval dominance in the Baltic Sea. Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy is destroyed by Danish forces. Also House of Vasa's plans to invade Sweden (to re-catholicize them and restore Polish–Swedish union) with Habsburg help are cancelled. Spanish Habsburg plans over the Baltics (attempts to gain fiefs on Imperial occupied Götaland, Jutland or Pomerania for the Council of Flanders) are cancelled. Also proposals to develop a Hanseatic-Iberian Company are rejected. Spain ceases to be a dominant power in the remote Baltic Sea region, strengthening the Dutch and English power. Habsburg plans to develop a pro-Imperial and Catholic Navy in Northern Germany are cancelled after conflicts with Albrecht von Wallenstein.
Motim das Maçarocas (1629) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Iberian Union Council of Portugal	Portuguese independentists	Victory
Jolo expedition (1630) Part of Spanish–Moro conflict Location: Jolo, Philippines	Spanish Empire Spanish East Indies	Sultanate of Sulu	Defeat
Republic of Salé Internal conflicts (1630–1668)^[36]^[56]^[57]^[58]^[59]^[60]^[61] Location: North Africa	Morisco/Andalusians party Supported by: Spain Ottoman Algiers Zawiya Dila'iya Saadi Sultanate	Republic of Salé Hornacheros elite party Supported by: England Dutch Republic Alawi	Stalemate Sidi al-Ayachi (pro-Hornacheros Divan) dies after Morisco rebellion, but Al Walid ben Zidan fails to reconquer Republic of Salé for Saadi Morocco. Dila'iya establish a sphere of influence for a short time during reign of Mohammed al-Hajj ibn Mohammed al-Dila'i. Al-Rashid of Morocco conquers from Dila'iya the Salé territory. Then annex it for Alawi Morocco. Spain fails to make a Protectorate over a Morisco controlled Republic of Salé.
Salt Tax Revolt (1631–34) Location: Iberian Peninsula (Portugal)	Spain	Biscayan rebels	Victory
Naval war on Lake Constance (1632–1648) Part of Thirty Years' War Location: Lake Constance	Holy Roman Empire Austria Bavaria Spanish Empire Milan Old Swiss Confederacy Catholic Cantons	Württemberg Sweden France Old Swiss Confederacy Protestant Cantons	Stalemate
War of Ten Years (1634–1644) Part of Thirty Years' War and Franco-Spanish War Location: Franche-Comté	Spanish Empire County of Burgundy Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Lorraine Electorate of Bavaria	France Weimar Army Saxony Sweden	Statu quo ante bellum Spain maintains the control of the Franche-Comté, but the region was devastated and in economic ruin.
Franco-Spanish War (1635–59) Part of Thirty Years' War and Wars of Louis XIV Location: Iberian Peninsula (mostly Catalonia and Pyrenees), Italian Peninsula, Northern France, Rhineland, Low Countries, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea	Spanish Empire Spanish Netherlands Spanish Italy New Spain Modena and Reggio (1635–46) Holy Roman Empire (until 1648) English Royalists (from 1657)^[62]	France Dutch Republic (until 1648) Duchy of Savoy Duchy of Modena (1647–1649 and 1655–1659) Duchy of Parma (1635–1637) Commonwealth of England (1654–59) Principality of Catalonia (from 1640) Kingdom of Portugal (1640–59)	Defeat, Treaty of the Pyrenees France gains Artois and Roussillon
Capture of Tortuga (1635) Location: Caribbean	Spanish Empire	France England	Victory
Manuelinho Revolt (1637) Location: Iberian Peninsula (Portugal)	Iberian Union Council of Portugal	Portuguese independentists	Victory
Sack of Calpe (1637) Location: Iberian Peninsula (Valencia)	Spain	Algerian Barbary pirates	Defeat
Spanish campaigns in Lanao (1637–1639) Spanish occupation of Jolo Location: Philippines	Spanish Empire New Spain Philippines Peru^[63] Panama Supported by: Republic of Genoa^[63]	Confederate States of Lanao Supported by: Dutch Empire	Stalemate Failure of the conquest and Christianize the Maranao people Truce is reached to stop Muslim raids against Zamboanga and Chavacano people. Fort Pilar is seizured.
2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) Part of Sino-Spanish conflicts and Philippine revolts against Spain Location: Philippines, Luzon	Spanish Empire Philippines Sultanate of Sulu Jolo Japanese in the Philippines	Chinese rebels Sangley	Victory
Piedmontese Civil War (1639–42) Siege of Turin Part of Thirty Years' War and Franco-Spanish War Location: Italian Peninsula	Spain Prince Thomas faction	France Regency faction	Stalemate
Christianshavn Incident (1640) Location: Canary Islands	Spanish Empire	Denmark-Norway	Victory
Catalan Revolt (1640–59) Battle of Cambrils Battle of Montjuïc Naval Battle of Tarragona Battle of Tarragona Battle of Montmeló Siege of Perpignan Battle of Barcelona Battle of Lerida Siege of Lleida Siege of Barcelona Part of Thirty Years' War, Crisis of 1640 and Franco-Spanish War Location: Iberian Peninsula (Catalonia) and Pyrenees	Spain	Principality of Catalonia France	Victory Revolt crushed Treaty of the Pyrenees County of Roussillon and the northern half of Cerdanya ceded to France
Portuguese Restoration War (1640–68) Siege of São Filipe Battle of Montijo Battle of Vilanova Siege of Badajoz Battle of the Lines of Elvas Siege of Arronches Battle of Ameixial Siege of Évora Battle of Castelo Rodrigo Battle of Montes Claros Battle of the Berlenga Part of Thirty Years' War, Crisis of 1640 and Franco-Spanish War Location: Iberian Peninsula	Castile and Aragon	Kingdom of Portugal Supported by: France (1641–59)^[64] Kingdom of England (after 1662)^[65]	Defeat Treaty of Lisbon Charles of Spain recognizes the sovereignty of the House of Braganza over Portugal and its colonial possessions^[66] Portugal cedes Ceuta to Castile
Iberian capture of Providencia (1641)Location: Providencia Island, Colombia	Spanish Empire Portuguese Empire	Providence Island colony Caribbean pirates and Privateer	Victory Providence Island Company is dismantled.
Andalusian alterations (1647–52) Córdoba hunger riot (1652) Part of Crisis of 1640	Spain Four Kingdoms of Andalusia	Peasant rebels	Stalemate The king, aware of the situation, helps the city by buying wheat to make it cheaper and amnestying all the mutineers.
Neapolitan Revolt (1647–48) Part of Thirty Years' War, Crisis of 1640 and Franco-Spanish War Location: Italian Peninsula	Spain	Neapolitan Republic France	Victory Revolt crushed
The Fronde (1648–1653) Part of The General Crisis and Franco-Spanish War Location: France	Parlements (1648–1649) Princes of the Blood (1650–1653) Parti Dévot Spanish Empire^[67]	Kingdom of France	Defeat Revolt suppressed and instauration of Absolutism in France.
Wreckage of Kattan (1649) part of Swedish expedition to New Sweden (1649) Location:[Caribbean	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Pirates	Swedish Empire	Victory
Communera rebellion of Paraguay (1649–1650) Location: South America, Río de la Plata (modern Paraguay)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of the Río de la Plata	Paraguayan comunero rebels	Victory
Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60) Siege of Santo Domingo Invasion of Jamaica Raid on Málaga Battle of Cádiz Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Battle of Ocho Rios Battle of Rio Nuevo Henry Morgan's raid on Puerto del Príncipe Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello Henry Morgan's raid on Lake Maracaibo Henry Morgan's Panama expedition Part of the Franco-Spanish War and British Interregnum Location: Low Countries, Iberian Peninsula, Atlantic Ocean and Americas (Spanish Main)	Spain New Spain Spanish Venezuela Peru New Kingdom of Granada Royalists of England, Ireland and Scotland^[68]	Commonwealth of England France (1657–59)	Defeat Treaties of Madrid (1667 and 1670) Acquisition of Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Dunkirk and Mardyck by the Commonwealth of England
VOC-Tidore war (1653–1654) Location: Modern Indonesia	Sultanate of Tidore Spanish Empire Spanish East Indies	Dutch East India Company	Inconclusive
Mapuche uprising of 1655 (1655–1656) Part of Arauco War Location: Southern Chile (Araucanía Region)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile	Mapuche rebels	Defeat Beginning of a ten-year period of warfare between the Spanish and the Mapuche, led by Mestizo Alejo. Start a civil war among the Spanish due to the deposition of Acuña from Royal Governor of Chile.
Tehuantepec Rebellion (1660–61)Location: Mexico	Spanish Empire New Spain	Cabildo de Indios under Zapotec peoples Huaves Zoques Mixes	Victory Indigenous and Spaniards are reconciled by the publication of a Real cédula against forced labors Leaders of the rebellion are executed by the oidor Juan Francisco de Montemayor Cordoba and Cuenca.
Chinese piracy incursions and rebellions to the Philippines (1662–63) Location: Philippines	Spanish Empire Spanish East Indies	Koxinga's Chinese-Japanese pirate forces	Inconclusive Koxinga's forces raided effectively several towns in the Philippines, but demanded tribute from the colonial government never accomplished and threatened invasion cancelled due to his death. Spanish forces withdrawal from Spanish Formosa, Tidore, south Ternate, Mindanao. Then, permanently abandon their colony in the Maluku Islands and their fortress on Zamboanga, being an important factor in the Spanish failure to conquer the Muslim Moro people
Raid of Tangier (1662) Location: North Africa	Khadir Ghaïlan forces Supported by: Crown of Spain Saadi Morocco	Portuguese Empire Portuguese Tangier Supported by: Kingdom of England	Stalemate Start of English occupation of Tangier.
Sack of Campeche (1663) Location: Mexico	Spain New Spain	Kingdom of England	Defeat
Piracy attacks on Lake Nicaragua (1665–1857) Location: Central America	Spain New Spain Captaincy General of Guatemala Nicaragua Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala	West Indies Pirates American Filibusters	Stalemate Piracy and filibustering suppressed by 1857
Piracy attack on Maracaibo (1666) Location: Lake Maracaibo (Modern Venezuela)	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Venezuela	French pirates	Defeat
War of Devolution (1667–68) Part of Wars of Louis XIV Location: Low Countries	Spanish Empire Spanish Netherlands Triple Alliance: Dutch Republic Kingdom of England Swedish Empire	France	Defeat Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) France gains Armentières, Bergues, Charleroi, Kortrijk, Douai, Veurne, Lille, Oudenaarde and Tournai
Revolts of the Angelets (1667–1675) Location: Roussillon	Northern Catalonia's peasants Supported by: Spain Principality of Catalonia	France Conseil souverain de Roussillon	Defeat Consolidation of French hegemony in the Eastern Pyrenees.
Spanish–Chamorro Wars (1670–99) Location: Micronesia, Mariana Islands (Modern Guam and Northern Mariana Islands)	Spanish Empire Chamorro loyalists	Chamorros	Victory
Franco-Dutch War (1672–78) Second conquest of Franche-Comté Siege of Maastricht Siege of Bonn Siege of Besançon Battle of Seneffe Battle of Stromboli Battle of Augusta Battle of Palermo Siege of Cambrai Siege of Ypres Battle of Saint-Denis Part of Wars of Louis XIV Location: Western Europe (mostly Low Countries and Rhineland), North Sea, Americas, Caribbean Sea	Dutch Republic Holy Roman Empire (from 1673) Electorate of Brandenburg-Prussia Lorraine Spain (from 1673) Spanish Netherlands County of Burgundy Denmark–Norway (from 1675) England (1678)	France Sweden (from 1674) England (1672–74) Bishopric of Münster (1672–1673) Archbishopric of Cologne (1672–1673)	Defeat Treaty of Nijmegen: France gains Franche-Comté Treaty of Westminster
Second Genoese–Savoyard War (1672–73) Location: Northern Italy	Republic of Genoa Supported by: Spain	Duchy of Savoy	Victory Status quo ante bellum
Messina revolt (1672–78) Part of Franco-Dutch War Location: Southern Italy	Spanish Empire Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Naples Republic of Genoa	Messina city Partito dei Malvizzi France	Victory
Anti-Spanish rebellion in Franche-Comté (1673–1674) Part of Franco-Dutch WarLocation: Franche-Comté	Holy Roman Empire Spain County of Burgundy Spanish Netherlands	Comtois rebels France	Defeat
Siege of Orán and Mers el-Kébir (1675–1678) Part of Spanish-Algerian conflicts	Spanish Empire Spanish Oran	Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers	Inconclusive
Moulay Ismail Ibn Sharif Campaigns (1678–1727)^[69] Conquest of Medhya (1681) Siege of Larache (1689) Siege of Melilla (1694–1696) Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727) Part of Spanish–Moroccan conflicts Location: North Africa	Spanish Empire Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers Kingdom of England English Tangier	Sultanate of Morocco	Stalemate
Chepo expedition (1679) Location: Central America	Spanish Empire New Spain Captaincy General of Guatemala Peru New Kingdom of Granada	England Piracy	Defeat. Looting and then burning the town of Chepo, Panama.
First occupation of Sacramento Colony (1680) Location: Río de la Plata Basin (Modern Uruguay)	Spanish Empire Peru Río de la Plata Governorate Tucuman Governorate Paraguay Governorate Jesuit missions among the Guaraní	Portuguese Empire Colonial Brazil Colonia del Sacramento	Military victory Political defeat Spain temporary give back the territory to Portugal in the Lisbon Provisional Treaty of 1681. Then the Treaty of Lisbon (1701) makes it an absolute cession. José de Garro is punished by his actions against luso-Brazilians.
Pueblo Revolt (1680) Part of Indigenous rebellion on Mexico and Central America Location: North America	Spanish Empire New Spain	Puebloans	Defeat Expulsion of Spanish settlers
Combat of San Marcos de Arica (1681) Location: Modern Chile	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile	England Piracy	Victory
Spanish-Brandenburg War (1680–1682) Action of 30 September 1681 Location: Atlantic Ocean (Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Caribbean Sea)	Spanish Empire	Brandenburg-Prussia Supported by: Denmark–Norway	Victory
Great Turkish War (1683–1699) Location: Central Europe and Eastern Europe	Holy Roman Empire Habsburg monarchy Bavaria Franconia Saxony Swabia Duchy of Styria Royal Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Duchy of Mantua Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Tsardom of Russia Cossack Hetmanate Republic of Venice Spanish Empire Montenegro Albanian rebels Serbian rebels Greek rebels Bulgarian rebels Romanian rebels Croatian rebels	Ottoman Empire Vassal states: Crimean Khanate Shamkhalate of Tarki^[70] Upper Hungary (1683–5) Moldavia Wallachia Transylvania	Victory Treaty of Karlowitz Ottoman decline in Europe The Habsburg monarchy wins lands in Hungary, the Principality of Transylvania and the Balkans. Poland-Lithuania captures Podolia. Russia captures the port of Azov. Venice captures Morea and inner Dalmatia. Montenegro gains de facto independence.
War of the Reunions (1683–1684) Part of Wars of Louis XIV Location: Western Europe (Mostly Low Countries)	Spanish Empire Spanish Netherlands Holy Roman Empire Republic of Genoa	France	Defeat Truce of Ratisbon Spain cedes Luxembourg to France Holy Roman Empire cedes Strasbourg to France
Raid on Charles Town (1684) Location: The Bahamas	Spanish Empire Spanish Cuba	England English West Indies	Victory
Revolt of the Barretinas (1687–1689) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Spain Kingdom of Aragon	Peasant rebels of Catalonia	Spanish Crown victory.
Nine Years' War (1688–97) Battle of Walcourt Battle of Fleurus Battle of Staffarda Battle of Sabana Real Siege of Mons Siege of Cuneo Siege of Namur Battle of Marsaglia Raid on Cartagena de Indias (1697) Part of Wars of Louis XIV Location: Western Europe, British Isles, Americas, West Africa and India	Grand Alliance: Dutch Republic England New England Holy Roman Empire Spain Spanish Netherlands Viceroyalty of Peru New Kingdom of Granada Piedmont-Savoy Scotland	France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Irish and Scottish Jacobites	Indecisive Treaty of Ryswick Louis XIV recognizes William III of Orange as King of England, Scotland and Ireland France retains Alsace (including Strasbourg) and surrenders Freiburg, Breisach and Philippsburg to the Holy Roman Empire, regains Pondicherry (after paying the Dutch a sum of 16,000 pagodas) and Nova Scotia Spain recovered Catalonia from France, and the barrier fortresses of Mons, Luxembourg and Kortrijk The Duchy of Lorraine was restored to Leopold Joseph from France Spain officially ceded the western third of Hispaniola to France, establishing the Saint-Domingue colony on modern Haiti.
Second Brotherhood (1693) Location: Iberian Peninsula	Spain Kingdom of Valencia	agermanats (peasant rebel forces)	Victory
Siege of Oran (1693) Part of Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco Location: North Africa (Algeria)	Spanish Empire Spanish Oran Regency of Algiers	Sultanate of Morocco	Algerian-Spanish victory
Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727) Location: North Africa	Spain Bourbons (1704–1713)	Morocco Supported by: England (from 1707)	Victory
Arena Massacre (1699) Part of Social unrest in Trinidad and Tobago Location: Trinidad	Spanish Empire Catholic amerindians	Amerindian rebels	Pirric Victory
Darien scheme (1699–1700) Location: Panama	Spanish Empire New Kingdom of Granada	Kingdom of Scotland Company of Scotland	Victory Failed attempt of Scottish colonization of the Americas, which were expelled of "New Caledonia".

Bourbon Spain

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Casualties
War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) Part of Wars of Louis XIV Location: Western Europe, Central Europe, Americas, West Africa, East Indies and India	Kingdom of France New France French East India Company Spain loyal to Philip Crown of Castile Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily New Spain Peru Bavaria (until 1704) Duchy of Mantua (until 1708) Cologne (until 1702) Liège (until 1702) co-belligerent:^[71] Kuruc (Kingdom of Hungary) Principality of Transylvania	Holy Roman Empire: Austria Prussia (from 1702) Hanover Great Britain (formed in 1707)^[72] England (until 1707) Scotland (until 1707) British America British East India Company Dutch Republic Duchy of Savoy (after 1703) Kingdom of Portugal (from 1703) State of Brazil Spain loyal to Charles Crown of Aragon Spanish Netherlands Danish Auxiliary Corps co-belligerent:^[71] Hungarian Royalists Kingdom of Croatia	Political victory for Spain loyal to Philip Military victory for Spain loyal to Charles Treaty of Utrecht (1713) Treaty of Rastatt (1714) Treaty of Baden (1714) Philip is recognised as King of Spain, but once more renounces any claim to the throne of France. Spain and Britain sign the Asiento Spain cedes the Spanish Netherlands, Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Sardinia to the Habsburg monarchy, Sicily to the Duchy of Savoy and Gibraltar and Menorca to Britain France recognizes British sovereignty over Rupert's Land and Newfoundland and cedes Acadia and its half of Saint Kitts to Great Britain. The Dutch Republic retains various forts in the Southern Netherlands and annexes a part of Spanish Guelders. Spain cedes the Colony of Sacramento to the Portuguese Empire Catalan constitutions are abolished due to the Nueva Planta decrees as a punishment for the War of the Catalans.
Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) Battle of Flint River^[73] Siege of St. Augustine Apalachee massacre Lefebvre's Charles Town expedition Siege of Pensacola Part of War of the Spanish Succession Location: North America	France New France Spain New Spain Wabanaki Confederacy Caughnawaga Mohawk Choctaw Timucua Apalachee Natchez	England (before 1707)^[74] English America Great Britain (after 1707)^[74] British America Muscogee (Creek) Chickasaw Yamasee Iroquois Confederacy	Defeat France cedes control of Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Saint Kitts to Britain.
Protests and rebellions of the 18th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru (1700s)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru	Rebellions of peruleros	Pyrrhic victory of the Viceroyalty authorities. Partial reforms are given to appease the rebels, as well as severe punishments for repeat offender leaders, to prevent future insurrections among the local population. Multiple social groups, dissatisfied with the Bourbon Reforms, would continue to rebel under the motto of "Long live the King, death to the bad government" for an improvement of the Spanish state in its compliance with the colonial pact between subject and monarch, longing for the previous "fueros" and local autonomies of the traditional Monarchy of the House of Austria against the thriving Bourbon Absolutism. First notions of anti-colonial political independence in the most radical groups, usually influenced by the Spanish-American Enlightenment.
Battle of the Yi (1702) Location: South America, Yí River (Modern Uruguay)	Spanish Empire Río de la Plata Governorate Guaraní Tribes	Charrúa Tribes	Stalemate 300 Charrúas died during the negotiations Decisive weakening of the Charrúa forces
Second occupation of Sacramento Colony (1705) Part of the War of the Spanish Succession Location: Río de la Plata Basin (Modern Uruguay)	Spanish Empire Peru Río de la Plata Governorate	Portuguese Empire Colonial Brazil	Victory Spaniards occupied Colonia del Sacramento until 1715.
Comanche Wars (1700s–1870s) Part of the Texas–Indian wars Location: North America	Spanish Empire (until 1820) Mexico (since 1821) Republic of Texas (since 1836) Choctaw Republic^[75] United States (since 1845)	Comanche Other Indigenous nations	Defeat
Apache Wars (1700s) Part of Mexican Indian Wars Location: North America	Spanish Empire New Spain	Apache	Defeat
Siege of Oran (1707–1708) Location: North Africa (Algeria)	Kingdom of Spain Spanish Oran	Regency of Algiers Beylik of Mascara	Defeat Algerians conquers Oran.
Pablo Presbere's insurrection (1709–1710) Part of Mexican Indian War and Indigenous rebellion on Mexico and Central America Location: Central America	Spanish Empire New Spain Captaincy General of Guatemala	Talamanca Teribe Cabécare	Victory
Huilliche rebellion (1712) Location: South America	Spanish Empire Peru Chiloé	Huilliches of Chiloé	Victory Key encomenderos killed Suppression of the rebellion Encomienda mildened
Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712 (1712–1713) Part of Mexican Indian Wars and Indigenous rebellion on Mexico and Central America Location: Central America	Spanish Empire New Spain Guatemala	Maya communities	Victory
Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–18) Location: Peloponnese, Aegean Sea, Ionian Islands, Dalmatia	Republic of Venice Austria (from 1716) Portugal Order of Malta Papal States Spain^[76] Himariotes	Ottoman Empire	Defeat Treaty of Passarowitz Morea ceded back to Ottoman Empire
Spanish-French anti-piracy expedition in the Pacific (1716–28) Location: South Pacific (Cape Horn to Panama)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Kingdom of France (until 1720)	Pirates from England, Netherlands and France	Victory of the Armada del Mar del Sur.
Basque rebellion of 1718 Location: Basque Country	Spanish Empire	Basques Supported by: Kingdom of France	Defeat of the Spanish state Royal decree of August 21, 1717 is abolished. It negotiated new customs and taxes according to the Fueros of the Basque señoríos, leading to the Capitulation of 1727.
War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–20) Spanish conquest of Sardinia Battle of Cape Passaro Battle of Milazzo Capture of Eilean Donan Castle Battle of Glen Shiel Battle of Francavilla Capture of Pensacola Capture of Vigo Battle of Cape St. Vincent Battle of Nassau Villasur expedition Location: Western Europe, Americas	Spain New Spain Spanish Florida Spanish Texas Jacobites	Great Britain British West Indies France New France Holy Roman Empire Austria Viceroyalty of Naples Viceroyalty of Sardignia Dutch Republic Savoy Viceroyalty of Sicily	Defeat Treaty of The Hague: Spain renounces claims to its former Italian possessions. Savoy and Austria swap Sicily for Habsburgs and Sardinia for Savoy.	4,350 killed or wounded^[77]
Jacobite rising of 1719 Part of Jacobite risings and War of the Quadruple Alliance Location: Scotland	Jacobites Spain	Great Britain Dutch Republic	Defeat
Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay) (1721–25/1730–35) Location: South America (Paraguay)	Spanish Empire Peru Río de la Plata Paraguay Jesuit Province	Paraguayan comunero rebels	Victory Paraguayans lose their right to vote for their Cabildo.
Mapuche uprising of 1723 Part of Arauco War Location: South America (Araucanía, Chile)	Spanish Empire Peru	Mapuche rebels	Victory Parliament of Negrete (1726)
Anglo-Spanish War (1727–29) Blockade of Porto Bello Siege of Gibraltar Action of 11 March 1727 English Channel Campaign Location: Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean, Mediterranean Sea, English Channel)	Spain	Great Britain	Indecisive Treaty of Seville (1729)	20,000 killed (both sides)^[78]
Spanish-Algerian War (1732) Location: North Africa (Algeria)	Spain	Ottoman Empire Regency of Algiers Beylik of Oran	Victory Spanish reconquest of Oran Spanish reconquest of Mers-el-Kébir	30 dead
Swedish invasion of the Esequibo (1732–37) Location: South America, Esequibo	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Venezuela	Swedish Empire	Victory Swedes are expelled by Carlos Francisco Francois Sucre y Pardo (grandfather of Venezuelan independence leader Antonio José de Sucre).
War of the Polish Succession (1733–38) Bourbon conquest of Two Sicilies Battle of Bitonto Siege of Gaeta Siege of Capua Location: Italian Peninsula, Rhineland, Poland-Lithuania	Poland loyal to Stanisław I France Spain Sardinia Duchy of Parma	Poland loyal to Augustus III Russian Empire Habsburg Empire of Austria Saxony Kingdom of Prussia	Victory Treaty of Vienna Augustus III ascends the throne of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Bourbon territorial gains. Both Naples and Sicily were conquered by the Spanish Bourbons. France guaranteed Lorraine following death of Stanisław Leszczyński. The Spanish infant, Charles VII of Sicily, founds the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.	3,000 killed or wounded^[79]
Rebellion of the Pericúes (1734) Location: Mexico	Spanish Empire New Spain Spanish missions in Baja California Indian auxiliaries	Pericúes Cochimíes	Defeat Spaniards retreat from the region until 1737, then establish Presidios.
Neapolitan–Papal War (1735–1738) Location: Central Italy	Kingdom of Naples Spanish Empire	Papal States Supported by: Holy Roman Empire	Victory Is formally De jure recognised the end of Feudal homage from Naples to the Papacy by Papal States and Holy Roman Emperors.
Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–37) Location: South America, Río de la Plata Basin (Banda Oriental)	Spanish Empire Peru Río de la Plata	Portuguese Empire State of Brazil	Defeat
War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–48) Spanish Alarm Battle of Porto Bello (1739) Siege of Fort Mose Siege of St. Augustine (1740) George Anson's voyage around the world Attacks on Fuerteventura in 1740 Action of 8 April 1740 Battle of Cartagena de Indias Invasion of Cuba Action of 14 June 1742 Invasion of Georgia Battle of Bloody Marsh Battle of Gully Hole Creek Battle of La Guaira Battle of Puerto Cabello Battle of Toulon Voyage of the Glorioso Action of 18 March 1748 Battle of Santiago de Cuba Battle of Havana Part of War of the Austrian Succession Location: Americas, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean (mostly Caribbean and Mediterranean Sea)	Spanish Empire New Spain Cuba Florida New Granada Venezuela Province	Great Britain British America	Victory Status quo ante bellum British offensive in the Caribbean theatre defeated British invasion of Florida repulsed Spanish invasion of Georgia repulsed Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) leading to Treaty of Madrid (1750) The British suffer 20,000 casualties and lose 407 ships (1739–1741)^[80]
War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48) Italian Theater Expedition to Naples Battle of Campo Santo Battle of Toulon Battle of Villafranca Battle of Velletri Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo Battle of Bassignano Battle of Piacenza Battle of Rottofreddo Siege of Genoa Location: Western Europe, Americas, Atlantic Ocean (mostly Caribbean, Mediterranean Sea and North Sea), Pacific Ocean and India	France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Prussia Spain Bavaria (1741–45) Saxony (1741–42) Sicily and Naples Republic of Genoa (1745–48) Sweden (1741–43) Savoy-Sardinia (1741–42)	Habsburg Monarchy Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Hanover Dutch Republic Saxony (1743–45) Savoy-Sardinia (1742–48) Russia (1741–43, 1748)	Victory Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Maria Theresa retains the Austrian throne Prussian control of Silesia confirmed Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla restored to the Spanish Bourbons	3,000 killed or wounded^[81]
Juan Santos Rebellion (1742–1752) Location: Peru	Spanish Empire Spanish Peru	Juan Santos Atahualpa rebel group Asháninka Yanesha Shipibo Piro Quechua	Defeat Spanish missionaries expelled from the Yungas of Peru
Dagohoy rebellion (1744–1829) Location: Philippines	Spanish Empire Spanish Philippines	Dagohoy rebel group Boholano people	Victory Pardoned 19,420 survivors and permitted them to live in new villages at the lowlands
Great Gypsy Round-up (1749) Location: Spain	Spain	Gitanos	Defeat The raid against Gypsi people fails to do a total Cultural genocide, most of the gitanos are released shortly after.
Pima Revolt (1751) Part of Mexican indian war and Indigenous rebellion on Mexico and Central America Location: North America	Spanish Empire New Spain (Spanish Arizona)	Pima Indians	Victory
Action of 28 November 1751 (1751) Location: North Africa	Spain	Regency of Algiers	Victory
Guaraní War (1754–56) Location: South America, Misiones Orientales ( Paraguay-Brazil-Argentina borders)	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of the Río de la Plata Portuguese Empire State of Brazil	Guaraní Tribes Jesuits Jesuit missions among the Guaraní	Spanish-Portuguese victory. Ratification of the Exchange Treaty. Declaration of the border between Spain and Portugal in South America Treaty of El Pardo. Total abandonment of the eastern missions by the Guarani (Transfer of the Guarani out of the territories ceded to Portugal.). Subsequent Expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal in 1759 and then of the Expulsion of the Jesuits from Spanish Empire of 1767.
Gipuzkoa revolt of 1755 Part of Crisis of the Ancien Régime in the Southern Basque CountryLocation: Basque Country	Spain	Basques	Defeat of the Spanish government
Mutiny of the Ceclavineros (1755) Location: Spain	Spain	Ceclavín	Defeat Ceclavine smugglers continue with their activities
Seven Years' War (1756–63) Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) Location: Europe, Americas, West Africa, India, Southeast Asia.	France Holy Roman Empire Austria Russia (until 1762) Spanish Empire (from 1762) Sweden (1757–62) Saxony Mughal Empire (from 1757)	Great Britain Prussia Hanover Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel Iroquois Confederacy Portugal (from 1762) Hesse-Kassel Schaumburg-Lippe	Defeat Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762) Treaty of Hamburg (1762) Treaty of Paris (1763) Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763) Status quo ante bellum in Europe Transfer of colonial possessions between Great Britain, France, and Spain after French-Indian war.	3,000 killed or wounded^[82]
Cisteil Rebellion (1761) Location: Mesoamerica	Spanish Empire New Spain Captaincy General of Yucatán	Maya peoples	Victory
Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63) Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua Battle of Havana Action of 31 May 1762 Spanish invasion of Portugal Battle of Valencia de Alcántara Battle of Manila Battle of Vila Velha Action of 30 October 1762 Battle of Marvão Location: Iberian Peninsula, North America (Florida and French Louisiana), Central America, South America (Río de la Plata), Caribbean (Cuba), East Indies (Philippines)	Spanish Empire New Spain Viceroyalty of Peru France French West Indies New France Abenaki nation	Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Portugal Filipino rebels	Defeat Spain cedes Florida to Britain in exchange for return of Havana. Spain received Louisiana from France.
Silang Revolt (1762–1763) Guagua Revolt Part of Seven Years' War and British occupation of Manila Location: Philippines	Spanish Empire Filipino loyalist	Diego Silang and Gabriela Silang rebel forces Supported by: Great Britain Chinese rebels	Victory
Fantastic War (1762–63) First Cevallos expedition Mojeño War Anglo-Portuguese invasion of the Río de la Plata (1763) Location: Iberian Peninsula and South America (Río de la Plata and Amazon Forest)	Spain Peru New Granada France	Portuguese Empire State of Brazil Great Britain	Stalemate Spanish victory on River Plate. In present-day Uruguay, Spanish captured Colónia do Sacramento and advanced into Rio Grande do Sul. The thesis of the Portuguese Empire prevailed that the Guaporé river should serve as a border between the two Empires in the Amazon Jungle on present-day Bolivia. The Portuguese conquered most of the valley of Rio Negro, expelling the Spaniards from S. Gabriel and S. josé de Maribatanas.
Quito Revolt of 1765 Location: South America (modern Ecuador)	Spain Viceroyalty of New Granada	Quito rebels	Victory
Esquilache Riots (1766) Location: Spain	Spain	Madrid revolters	Compromise The King accept popular demands
Real del Monte riots (1766) Location: Mexico	Spain New Spain	Real del Monte protesters	Compromise The King accept popular demands
Gipuzkoa revolt of 1766 Part of Crisis of the Ancien Régime in the Southern Basque Country Location: Basque Country	Spain Basque señoríos	Basques	Victory of the Spanish government Physiocracy is imposed against Basque Fueros.
Mapuche uprising of 1766 (1766) Part of Arauco War Location: Chile	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile Mapuche allies Pehuenche	Mapuche rebels	Defeat
Louisiana Rebellion (1768) Location: North America	Spanish Empire New Spain Louisiana	Louisiana Creole people	Victory
Manila conflict (1769) Part of North Borneo dispute Location: Southeast Asia	Sultanate of Sulu Spanish Empire Spanish East Indies	Bruneian empire	Defeat Bruneian occupation of Manila
Guajira Rebellion (1769–1776) Location: Venezuela	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Venezuela	Guajiros Taironas Caribes	Indecisive
Communera Revolution of Paraguay (1770) Location: South America, Paraguay	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Río de la Plata	Paraguayan comunero rebels	Victory
Capture of Port Egmont (1770) Location: Atlantic Ocean, Falkland Islands	Spanish Empire Río de la Plata	Great Britain	Victory Start of Falklands Crisis of 1770.
Spanish expeditions to Tahiti (1772–75 )^[83]^[84] Location: Pacific Ocean, Polynesia	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Allied Christianized Tahitians	Pagan Tahitians Spanish and Peruvian mutineers	Victory, but withdrawal due to anti-clerical policies of Charles III and economical problems in Peru to support the stability of the catholic missions.
Mutiny of the Barcelona quintas (1773) Location: Spain, Catalonia	Spain Captain General of Catalonia	Diputación de Cataluña	Stalemate Victory of the Absolutist monarchy and failure to restore the Fueros of the Generalitat and Catalan constitutions Partial victory of the rebels in the deposition of the captain general and to avoid the quintas in Barcelona
Siege of Melilla (1774) Location: North Africa	Spain	Morocco Supported by: Great Britain	Victory	600
Spanish expeditions against Algiers (1775, 1783, 1784) Bombardment of Algiers (1783) Bombardment of Algiers (1784) Location: North Africa (Algeria)	Spain Kingdom of Naples Tuscany Hospitaller Malta Two Sicilies Portugal	Regency of Algiers	Defeat Signed a definitive Peace Treaty with the Ottoman Empire on 1782.^[85]	500 dead (1775) 26 dead (1783) 53 dead (1784)
Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–77) Second Ceballos Expedition Location: South America, Río de la Plata Basin	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata	Portuguese Empire Brazilian colonial forces	Victory First Treaty of San Ildefonso Portugal remains neutral during the American Revolutionary War
Spanish expedition to Fernando Poo and Annobón (1778–80) Location: Africa, Gulf of Guinea	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata	Bubi people loyal to Portuguese rule Spanish mutineers of Jerónimo Martín Great Britain	Defeat The rebels apprehend the highest authority (Lieutenant Colonel Primo de Rivera), passing command to the second in command, Sergeant Martín. The new chief evacuated the colony, directing the survivors to São Tomé, where he was captured by the Portuguese who restored the Ten. Cor. Primo de Rivera in his position. The Spanish city of Concepción is razed by the native Africans. Due to the adversity of the climate, the tropical diseases that decimated the soldiers, the hostility of the nearby British fleet and the fear of an attack by the Bubi population. The Spanish leave the colony after taking possession in the name of Carlos III of Spain of the Territories of the Gulf of Guinea. Later British occupation of Fernando Poo since 1827 to 1843
American Revolutionary War (1775–1782) Spain and the American Revolutionary War Western theater of the American Revolutionary War Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War Gulf Coast campaign Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War Anglo-French War (1778–1783) Location: North America, Central America, Atlantic Ocean	United States Spain (since 1779) New Spain Louisiana France (since 1778) Canadian Auxiliaries Iroquois Oneida Tuscarora Watauga Association Catawba Lenape Choctaw Dutch Republic Mysore	Great Britain Loyalists of Thirteen Colonies British Canada Iroquois Onondaga Cayuga Seneca Cherokee German Auxiliaries	Victory Treaty of Paris (1783) Britain recognizes the independence of the United States of America and the Thirteen Colonies.
Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83) Part of the American Revolutionary War Europe & Atlantic Armada of 1779 Great Siege of Gibraltar Action of 14 September 1779 Action of 11 November 1779 Action of 20 November 1779 Action of 8 January 1780 Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780) Action of 9 August 1780 Action of 25 February 1781 Action of 1 May 1781 Invasion of Minorca (1781) Action of 16 March 1782 Battle of Cape Spartel Louisiana and the Gulf Coast Spanish conquest of West Florida Battle of St. Louis Siege of Pensacola Battle of Arkansas Post Central America Capture of Río Hondo Capture of Cayo Cocina Battle of San Fernando de Omoa Action of 12 December 1779 San Juan Expedition (1780) Battle of Roatán Battle of the Black River West Indies Action of 15 January 1782 Capture of the Bahamas (1782) Action of 17 February 1783 Capture of the Bahamas (1783)	Spain New Spain Captaincy General of Guatemala Captaincy General of Cuba Captaincy General of Santo Domingo Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Viceroyalty of New Granada	Great Britain British West Indies	Victory Peace of Paris East Florida, West Florida, the Mosquito Coast, Campeche, the San Andrés archipelago and Menorca recovered by Spain; The Bahamas, the island of Grenada, and Montserrat captured by Spain but returned to Britain. Spanish empire achieves its maximum territorial expansion.	5,000 killed or died of disease
Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (1780–83) Oruro Rebellion Part of Protests and rebellions of the eighteenth century in the Viceroyalty of Peru Location: South America, Andes (Modern Peru and Bolivia)	Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Peruvian Royalists Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Real Audiencia of Charcas	Túpac Amaru II forces Aymara and Quechua rebels Spanish rebels, mostly peasants, including creoles, mestizos and blacks	Victory	100,000 Indians and 10,000–40,000 non-Indians^[86]^[87]
Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada) (1781) Location: South America, Colombia	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of New Granada	Comunero rebels of New Granada	Victory
Insurrection of the comuneros of Venezuela (1781) Location: South America, Venezuela	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of New Granada	Comunero rebels of Captaincy General of Venezuela	Victory
Cherokee–American wars [2nd phase post-revolution]^[88] (1783–1795) Part of American Indian Wars Location: North America (United States, Old Southwest)	Spanish Empire New Spain Louisiana Cherokee Co-belligerent: Northwestern Confederacy^[89]	United States	Spanish withdrawal due to Coalition Wars. Defeat of Cherokees Treaty of Tellico
Nootka Crisis (1789–1790) Part of Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest and Russo-Spanish Rivalry in the Pacific Location: North America, Nootka Sound (modern Canada)	Spanish Empire New Spain	Great Britain British North America (The Canadas) Nuu-chah-nulth people Russian Empire Russian Alaska United States	Defeat Nootka Convention
Hispano-Moroccan War (1790–1791) Siege of Ceuta (1790–1791) Bombardment of Tangier (1791) Location: North Africa	Spain	Sultanate of Morocco	Victory
Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) Battle of Saint-Raphaël Battle of Gonaïves Part of French Revolutionary Wars Location: Caribbean, Hispaniola	1791–1793 Ex-slaves French royalists Spanish Empire (from 1793) Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 1793–1798 French royalists Great Britain Spanish Empire (until 1795) Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 1798–1801 Louverture Loyalists 1802–1804 Ex-slaves United Kingdom	1791–1793 Slave owners Kingdom of France (until 1792) French Republic 1793–1798 French Republic Ex-slaves 1798–1801 Rigaud Loyalists French Republic Polish Legions	Defeat
Huilliche uprising of 1792 Location: Chile	Spanish Empire Governorate of Chiloé	Huilliche people of Futahuillimapu	Victory Parliament of Las Canoas
Algerian conquest of Oran (1792) Location: North Africa (Algeria)	Spanish Empire Spanish Oran	Regency of Algiers	Defeat Spain cedes Oran to Algiers in exchange of economical privileges.
War of the First Coalition (1792–97) Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796 Part of French Revolutionary Wars and French Revolution Location: Europe, Mediterranean Sea	Kingdom of France (until 1792) French First Republic (from 1792) Spain (from 1796) Batavian Republic (from 1795) Sister republic Polish Legions (from 1797)	First Coalition: Holy Roman Empire Habsburg monarchy Prussia (until 1795) Great Britain Army of Condé Spain (until 1795) Dutch Republic (until 1795) Portugal Sardinia (until 1796) Naples Other Italian states	Victory Peace of Basel, Treaty of Campo Formio Establishment and survival of the French First Republic French annexation of the Austrian Netherlands, the Left Bank of the Rhine and other smaller territories Several French "sister republics" established Hostilities resume in 1798 with the formation of a Second Coalition against France
War of the Pyrenees (1793–95) Battle of Mas Deu Capture of San Pietro and Sant'Antioco Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Perpignan Battle of Peyrestortes Battle of Truillas Battle of Collioure Capture of Fort-Dauphin Battle of Sans Culotte Camp Battle of Boulou Siege of Collioure Battle of the Baztan Valley Battle of San Lorenzo de la Muga Battle of Orbaitzeta Battle of the Black Mountain Siege of Roses Action of 14 February 1795 Battle of Bascara Part of French Revolutionary Wars Location: Pyrenees, Hispaniola	Spain Santo Domingo Portugal French Émigrés	France Saint-Domingue	Defeat Peace of Basel The Spanish give up the colony of Santo Domingo in exchange for recovering the lost peninsular territories Second Treaty of San Ildefonso
French expedition to Sardinia (1792–1793) Part of French Revolutionary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea, Sardinia	Sardinia Spain (since 1793)	France	Spanish-Sardinian victory
Federalist revolts (1793) Siege of Toulon (1793) Part of French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars Location: France	Fédéralistes French Royalists Vendeans Chouans Great Britain Kingdom of Spain Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Sardinia	France Convention montagnarde	Defeat
East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars (1793–1801) Raid on Manila Macau Incident (1799) Part of French Revolutionary Wars Location: Asia–Pacific	French Republic French India Spanish Empire Spanish East Indies Batavian Republic Dutch East Indies	Great Britain British East India Company Portugal Coalition forces	Defeat
Insurrection of Negros de Coro (1795) Location: Venezuela	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Venezuela	Slaves and Maroons	Victory
1796 Boca de Nigua slave revolt Location: Hispaniola	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Santo Domingo	Slaves	Victory
Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) Part of French Revolutionary Wars Atlantic Action of 25 January 1797 Battle of Cape St Vincent Action of 26 April 1797 Assault on Cádiz Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife Action of 16 October 1799 Action of 6–7 April 1800 Ferrol Expedition Action of 5 October 1804 Action of 25 November 1804 Action of 7 December 1804 Battle of Cape Finisterre Battle of Trafalgar Action of 4 April 1808 Mediterranean Action of 13 October 1796 Action of 19 December 1796 Capture of Minorca Action of 15 July 1798 Action of 19 January 1799 Action of 6 February 1799 Action of 7 July 1799 Action of 10 December 1800 Action of 6 May 1801 Algeciras campaign Americas Newfoundland expedition Invasion of Trinidad Battle of San Juan Battle of St. George's Caye Cutting out of the Hermione Battle of Diamond Rock British invasions of the Río de la Plata Action of 23 August 1806	Spain Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Viceroyalty of New Granada Captaincy General of Venezuela Viceroyalty of New Spain Captaincy General of Santo Domingo Captaincy General of Puerto Rico France	Great Britain British America British Honduras Cape Colony	Inconclusive Treaty of Amiens (1802) Belligerence resumed in May 1804 Cessation of hostilities and de facto Anglo-Spanish alliance upon outbreak of the Peninsular War (1808) Trinidad ceded to Britain (1802) Menorca returned to Spain (1802)	7,000 killed or wounded (1796–1802)^[79]
Gual and España conspiracy (1797) Location: Venezuela	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Venezuela	Independentists	Victory
War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) Mediterranean campaign of 1798 Algeciras campaign Part of French Revolutionary Wars Location: Europe, Atlantic Ocean (Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean), Middle East	France Spain Polish Legions Denmark–Norway French client republics: Batavian Republic Helvetic Republic Cisalpine Republic Roman Republic (until 1799) Parthenopaean Republic (1799)	Second Coalition: Holy Roman Empire Austria Great Britain (until 1801) United Kingdom (from 1801) Russia (until 1801)^[90] Septinsular Republic Portugal Naples Sanfedismo Grand Duchy of Tuscany Order of Saint John (1798) Malta (1798–1800) Ottoman Empire French Royalists United States (Quasi-War) (until 1800)	Victory Treaty of Lunéville, Treaty of Amiens Survival of the French Republic Previous annexations by France confirmed Hostilities resume in 1803 between France and Great Britain; Third Coalition later formed against France
Spanish-Russian War (1799–1801) Part of French Revolutionary Wars Location: North Pacific Ocean and Mediterranean Sea	Spain	Russia	Inconclusive Treaty of Paris (1801)	0
Battle of Puerto Plata Harbor (1800) Part of Quasi-WarLocation: Hispaniola	France Saint-Domingue Spain Santo Domingo	United States	Defeat
War of the Oranges (1801) Portuguese conquest of the Eastern Missions Part of French Revolutionary Wars Location: Iberian Peninsula (mostly Portugal) and South America (mostly Brazil and Río de la Plata)	France French Guiana Spain Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata	Portugal State of Brazil	Victory Treaty of Badajoz Question of Olivença Portuguese territory returned, except Olivenza, and border territories, which remained in Spanish possession France territorial guarantees in Trinidad, Port Mahon (Menorca) and Malta, as well as lands north of Brazil
War of the Third Coalition (1803–06) Trafalgar campaign Part of Napoleonic Wars Location: Europe, Mediterranean Sea and West Indies	French Empire Etruria Batavian Republic Napoleonic Italy Spain Electorate of Bavaria Württemberg	Third Coalition: Holy Roman Empire Russian Empire United Kingdom Kingdom of Naples Kingdom of Sicily Sweden French counter-revolutionaries French royalists	Victory Treaty of Pressburg Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine Hostilities resume few months later with the formation of a Fourth Coalition against France
Caribbean campaign of 1803–1810 Battle of Diamond Rock Battle of Palo Hincado Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo Part of Napoleonic Wars Location: Caribbean	United Kingdom British America Portugal State of Brazil Spain (since 1808) Santo Domingo Cuba Puerto Rico	French Empire French Antilles Spain (until 1808) Santo Domingo Cuba Puerto Rico Batavian Republic Dutch West Indies Denmark–Norway (since 1808) Danish West Indies	Coalition Victory West Indies were in total control of British and Spanish naval forces.
Zamakolada (1804–1807) Location: Basque Country	Spain Lordship of Biscay	Basques	Military victory Occupation of Biscay by the Spanish Army, centralising administration of the region against Fuero.Political Compromise: Abolition of the project for a new port on Biscay, in benefice of Bilbao monopoly. Abolition of project of conscription for Basques to serve on Napoleonic Wars.
Franco-Swedish War (1805–10) Siege of Stralsund (1807) Part of Napoleonic Wars Location: Northern Europe	French Empire Holland Denmark–Norway (1808–1809) Spain (until 1808) Division of the North Russian Empire (since 1808)	Sweden Swedish Pomerania United Kingdom Prussia Austria Saxony Russian Empire (until 1807)	Spanish retreat of the conflict due to Peninsular War. Evacuation of La Romana's division French victory Treaty of Paris (1810)
War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–07) Part of Napoleonic Wars Location: Europe	French Empire Spanish Empire Etruria Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Württemberg Saxony (after 11 December 1806) Italy Naples Holland Switzerland Polish Legions	Fourth Coalition: Prussia Russian Empire United Kingdom Saxony (until 11 December 1806) Sweden Sicily	Victory Treaties of Tilsit Prussia loses half of its territory Creation of the Duchy of Warsaw Saxony joins the Confederation of the Rhine Franco-Russian alliance Creation of the Continental System Hostilities resume later in 1807 with the commencement of the Peninsular War and expanded in 1809 with the formation of a Fifth Coalition against France
British invasions of the River Plate (1806–1807) 1st Battle of Buenos Aires Battle of Perdriel Battle of Cardal Battle of Montevideo (1807) Battle of Colonia del Sacramento (1807) Action of 2 June 1807 Battle of San Pedro (1807) Battle of Miserere 2nd Battle of Buenos Aires Part of Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) and Napoleonic Wars Location: Río de la Plata Basin (Modern Argentina and Uruguay)	Spain Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Buenos Aires Intendency Montevideo Government	United Kingdom Cape Colony	Spanish-Rioplatense Victory
Invasion of Portugal (1807) Part of Napoleonic Wars Location: Iberian Peninsula	French Empire Spain	Portugal	Victory Franco-Spanish occupation of Portugal Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil Start of French occupation of Spain
English Wars (Scandinavia) (1807–1814) Part of Napoleonic Wars and Gunboat War Location: Northern Europe	Denmark–Norway Supported by: French Empire Spain (until 1808)	United Kingdom Supported by: Sweden	Spanish retreat of the conflict after Evacuation of La Romana's division. Start of "Huéscar-Danish War". Anglo-Swedish Victory
Tumult of Aranjuez (1808) Location: Spain	Spanish Government (Manuel Godoy)	Rebels led by Ferdinand VII	Defeat Fall of Godoy and abdication of Charles IV of Spain. French intervention on Spain.
Peninsular War (1808–14) Part of Napoleonic Wars Battle of Évora Dos de Mayo Uprising Combat of El Bruch Battle of Alcolea Bridge Battle of Cabezón Battle of Gerona Evacuation of the La Romana Division First siege of Zaragoza Second siege of Gerona Battle of Medina de Rioseco Battle of Valencia Capture of the Rosily Squadron Battle of Bailén Battle of Valmaseda Battle of Burgos Siege of Roses Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros Battle of Tudela Battle of Somosierra Battle of Cardadeu Battle of Molins de Rey Second Siege of Zaragoza Battle of Castellón Battle of Mansilla Battle of Villafranca Battle of Puente Sanpayo Battle of Uclés Battle of Miajadas Battle of Los Yébenes Battle of Ciudad Real Battle of Medellín Battle of Talavera Battle of Arzobispo Battle of Almonacid Battle of Puerto de Baños Battle of Tamames Battle of Ocaña Battle of Carpio Battle of Alba de Tormes Siege of Cádiz Battle of Valls Third Siege of Gerona Battle of Alcañiz Battle of María Battle of Belchite Battle of Mollet Battle of Vich Battle of Manresa Siege of Lérida Siege of Mequinenza Battle of La Bisbal Siege of Tortosa Battle of Pla Siege of Tarragona (1811) Battle of Montserrat Siege of Figueras Battle of Cervera Battle of Saguntum Siege of Valencia Battle of Altafulla Battle of Castalla (1812) Battle of Castalla Siege of Tarragona (1813) Siege of Astorga Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo Siege of Cádiz Battle of Fuengirola Battle of Baza Battle of Barrosa Battle of Zújar Battle of Bornos (1811) Battle of Bornos (1812) Battle of the Gebora Battle of Albuera Battle of Usagre Battle of Arlabán (1811) Battle of Cogorderos Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos Siege of Tarifa Battle of Arlabán (1812) Battle of Salamanca Siege of Burgos Battle of Tordesillas Battle of San Millan-Osma Battle of Vitoria Battle of Tolosa Battle of the Pyrenees Battle of Sorauren Battle of San Marcial Battle of the Bidassoa Siege of Pamplona Battle of Nivelle Battle of the Nive Battle of Garris Battle of Toulouse Battle of Bayonne Location: Iberian Peninsula, Southern France	Bourbon Spain Cortes of Cádiz United Kingdom Portugal	French Empire Bonapartist Spain Afrancesado Duchy of Warsaw Italy Naples Holland Confederation of the Rhine Swiss Confederation	Victory Treaty of Valençay Treaty of Paris	300,000 military deaths 200,000 civilian deaths^[91]
Spanish American revolts against Bonapartist rule (1808–10) Part of Napoleonic WarsLocation: Latin America	Supreme Central Junta Spanish American Royalists Supported by: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves Spanish American Juntas Supported by: United Kingdom	Spain under Joseph Bonaparte Supported by: French Empire	Pirric Victory Start of Spanish American wars of independence.
Conjuration of the Mantuanos (1808) Location: Venezuela	Supreme Central Junta Captaincy General of Venezuela	Mantuanos (autonomists or separatist) Supported by: United Kingdom Bonapartists	Victory
Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo (1808–09) Battle of Palo Hincado Part of Napoleonic Wars Location: Caribbean, Hispaniola	Spain United Kingdom	French Empire	Victory
War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) Part of Napoleonic Wars Location: Europe, Atlantic Ocean	Fifth Coalition: Austria Hungary Tyrol United Kingdom Spain Sicily Sardinia Black Brunswickers	France Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Saxony Württemberg Westphalia Italy Duchy of Warsaw Naples Switzerland Holland	Defeat Treaty of Schönbrunn Franco-Austrian Alliance Napoleon marries Marie Louise of Austria Hostilities in the Peninsular War maintained General hostilities across Europe resume in 1812 with the French Invasion of Russia and expand in 1813 with the formation of a Sixth Coalition against France
Bolivian War of Independence (1809–25) Battle of Cotagaita Battle of Suipacha Battle of Huaqui Battle of Pequereque Battle of Vilcapugio Action of Tambo Nuevo Battle of Ayohuma Battle of Sipe-Sipe Battle of la Tablada de Tolomosa Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: South America (Bolivia, Southern Peru, Argentine Northwest)	Spain Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Real Audiencia of Charcas Viceroyalty of Peru Peruvian Royalists Royalists	United Provinces of the River Plate Republiquetas Republic of Peru (since 1821) Gran Colombia (since 1824)	Defeat Independence of Bolivia and instauration of Criollo nationalism.
Ecuadorian War of Independence (1809–22) Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: South America (Ecuador)	Spain Viceroyalty of New Granada Real Audiencia of Quito Viceroyalty of Peru Governorate of Guayaquil Peruvian Royalists Royalists	Independentist Armies Government Junta of Quito Free Province of Guayaquil Gran Colombia Republic of Peru	Defeat Independence of Ecuador from Spain
Mexican War of Independence (1810–21) Battle of Monte de las Cruces Battle of Calderón Bridge Battle of Puerto de Piñones Battle of Zacatecas Battle of El Veladero Battle of El Maguey Battle of Llanos de Santa Juana Battle of Zitácuaro Battle of Tecualoya Battle of Tenancingo Siege of Cuautla Battle of Izúcar Siege of Huajuapan de León Battle of Tenango del Valle Battle of Escamela Battle of Zitlala Capture of Orizaba Capture of Oaxaca Battle of Rosillo Creek Siege of Acapulco Battle of La Chincúa Battle of Alazan Creek Battle of Medina Battle of Lomas de Santa María Battle of Puruarán Battle of Temalaca Battle of Azcapotzalco Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: North America (Mexico) and Central America	Spain New Spain Mexican royalists	Insurgents Army of the Three Guarantees (1821)	Defeat First Mexican Empire gains independence from Spain
Argentine War of Independence (1810–18) Battle of Campichuelo Battle of Paraguarí Battle of San Nicolás Battle of Tacuarí Battle of Tucumán Siege of Montevideo Battle of Cerrito Battle of San Lorenzo Battle of Salta Battle of Martín García Battle of Buceo Battle of Yavi Crossing of the Andes Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: South America (Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and Chile)	Royalists Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata Viceroyalty of Peru Peruvian Royalists	Patriots United Provinces of the River Plate Chilean exiles Supported by: United Kingdom^[92]	Defeat Argentine victory and emancipation from Spanish colonial rule Slavery partially abolished
Chilean War of Independence (1810–26) Battle of Yerbas Buenas Battle of San Carlos Siege of Chillán Battle of El Roble First Battle of Talca Battle of El Quilo Battle of Membrillar First Battle of Cancha Rayada Battle of Quechereguas Battle of Las Tres Acequias Battle of Rancagua Battle of Chacabuco Battle of Curapalihue Second Battle of Cancha Rayada Battle of Maipú Battle of Píleo Battle of Tarpellanca Capture of Valdivia Battle of Agüi Battle of El Toro Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: South America (Chile and Neuquén Basin, Argentina), South Pacific	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru Captaincy General of Chile Governorate of Chiloé Chilean and Chilota royalists Peruvian Royalists Mapuche allies	Chile United Provinces Mapuche allies Supported by: United Kingdom^[92]	Defeat Chilean emancipation from Spanish colonial rule
US Occupation of West Florida (1810) Location: West Florida	Kingdom of Spain Spanish Florida	United States	Stalemate
Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812) Part of Napoleonic Wars and Spanish American wars of independence Location: South America, Banda Oriental (Uruguay)	Kingdom of Spain Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata	United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves United Provinces	Inconclusive
Venezuelan War of Independence (1811–23) Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: South America (Venezuela and Colombia), Caribbean Sea	Kingdom of Spain Viceroyalty of New Granada Captaincy General of Venezuela	Venezuela Gran Colombia New Granada Haiti British Legions	Defeat Venezuelan independence
Peruvian War of Independence (1811–26) Callao affair Battle of Zepita Battle of Junín Battle of Ayacucho Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: South America (Peru, Western Bolivia, Southern Ecuador)	Kingdom of Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Real Audiencia of Charcas Real Audiencia of Quito Peruvian Royalists	United Liberating Army United Army (Argentine-Chilean) Gran Colombia Republic of Peru Peruvian patriots British Legions (from 1824)	Defeat Peru becomes independent of the Spanish monarchy. End of mainland South American war of independence.
Creole nationalists Revolts in Central America against Spanish rule (1811–20s) 1811 Independence Movement Belén Conjuration 1811-1812 Nicaragua Movements 1814 Independence Movement Location: Central America	Kingdom of Spain New Spain Captaincy General of Guatemala	Central American revolutionaries First Mexican Empire (since 1821)	Inconclusive Militar defeat of Central American revolutionaries. Treason of pro-Mexican Gabino Gaínza to consolidate Central American secession. Mexican annexation from 1822, starting another independentist campaign without Spanish participation.
Huánuco rebellion (1812) Part of Peruvian War of Independence Location: South America, Peru	Kingdom of Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Peruvian Royalists	Huánuco rebels	Victory
Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition (1812) Part of Mexican War of Independence Location: North America (modern southwestern United States)	Spain Viceroyalty of New Spain	Republican Army of the North Filibuster	Victory
French invasion of Russia (1812) Part of the Napoleonic Wars Location: Eastern Europe	French Empire Duchy of Warsaw Napoleonic Italy Naples Confederation of the Rhine Baden Bavaria Berg Saxony Westphalia Bonapartist Spain Swiss Confederation Allies: Austria Prussia Denmark–Norway	Russian Empire	Defeat Destruction of French Allied Army Start of the War of the Sixth Coalition
Anglo-American war (1812–1815) Gulf Theater 1813–1815 Battle of Pensacola Part of Napoleonic Wars Location: North America, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean	United Kingdom British North America (The Canadas) Tecumseh's Confederacy Kingdom of Spain (from 1813) Spanish Florida	United States Choctaw Nation Cherokee Nation Creek Allies	Inconclusive Treaty of Ghent Spain loses West Florida to the United States.
Aponte conspiracy (1812) Part of Slave Revolts in North America and Age of Revolution Location: Cuba	Kingdom of Spain Spanish Cuba	Slave conspirators	Victory
Mendoza and Mojarra conspiracy (1812) Part of Slave Revolts in North America and Age of RevolutionLocation: Dominican Republic	Kingdom of Spain Santo Domingo	Slave conspirators Supported by: Haiti	Victory
War of the Sixth Coalition (1813–1814) Campaign in south-west France (1814) Part of Napoleonic Wars Location: Europe	Russia Prussia Austria United Kingdom Sweden Spain Portugal Sicily Sardinia	French Empire Napoleonic Italy Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Warsaw Denmark–Norway Confederation of the Rhine United States (War of 1812)	Victory
Cuzco Rebellion of 1814 (1814) Part of Peruvian War of Independence Location: South America, Peru	Kingdom of Spain Viceroyalty of Peru Peruvian Royalists	Government Junta of Cuzco Supported by: United Provinces	Victory
Spanish-Russian Skirmishes on California and Alaska^[93] (1814–15) Spanish raid on Tarasov's ship (1814)^[94]^[95] Part of Russo-Spanish Rivalry in the Pacific Location: North Pacific Ocean (near Aleutian Islands and Pacific Northwest)Location: North Pacific Ocean (near Aleutian Islands and Pacific Northwest)	Spain New Spain Colonial California Indian auxiliaries	Russian Empire Russian-America Fort Ross Aleuts Kodiaks United States	Victory Spaniards capture baidarkas (navys) of the Russian-American Company and expel them from expanding in California. Spaniards takes as prisoners the Russians, and its native allies, on the mission of San Pedro and Mission Santa Barbara until 1819. Some of them defected from Russians and stayed in the Spanish missions in California. Possible martyrdom of Saint Peter the Aleut.^[96]^[95]
War of the Seventh Coalition (1815) Part of Napoleonic Wars Location: Western Europe	Seventh Coalition: United Kingdom Prussia Austrian Empire Russian Empire Hanover Nassau Brunswick Sweden Netherlands Spain Portugal Sardinia Sicily Tuscany Switzerland French Kingdom	French Empire Kingdom of Naples	Victory Second Treaty of Paris End of Napoleonic Wars Second exile of Napoleon and second Bourbon Restoration Beginning of the Concert of Europe
Spanish reconquest of New Granada (1815–16) Part of Colombian War of Independence Location: South America, (Colombia) and Caribbean Sea	Kingdom of Spain	United Provinces of New Granada	Victory Reconquest of New Granada by the Spanish monarchy
Seminole Wars (1817–18) Location: Florida	Seminole Kingdom of Spain Spanish Florida	United States	Defeat Spain cedes Spanish Florida to the United States in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 The United States forcibly relocates Seminole in northern Florida to a reservation in the center of the peninsula in the Treaty of Moultrie Creek of 1823
Amelia Island affair (1817) Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: Florida	Kingdom of Spain Spanish Florida United States	Republic of the Floridas Venezuela	No victor United States annexation of Florida.
Guerra a muerte (1819–32) Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: Chile	Kingdom of Spain Captaincy General of Chile Mapuche allies Lafkenches Wenches Pehuenches Boroans	Chile	Defeat
Rebellion of Rafael de Riego (1820) part of Revolutions during the 1820s Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain	Liberal Rebels of Rafael del Riego Supported by: United Provinces of the River Plate	Defeat Victory for the Spanish veinteañistas and the River Plate agents. End of Sexenio Absolutista. Cancellation of the gran expedición de Ultramar and withdrawal of Spanish European support to the royalists from Spanish American wars of independence.
Totonicapán Uprising of 1820 Part of Independence of Central America and Indigenous rebellion on Mexico and Central America Location: Central America, Guatemala	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of Guatemala	K'iche of Totonicapán	Victory
Spanish reconquest attempts in Mexico (1821–29) Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: Mexico	Spanish Empire	Mexico	Defeat Spain recognizes the independence of the United Mexican States in 1836
Dominican War of Independence (1821–22) Location: Hispaniola	Spanish Empire	Republic of Spanish Haiti Haiti	Political defeat, Militarily inconclusive due to Haitian Invasion of Santo Domingo.
Royalist War (1822–23) part of Revolutions during the 1820s Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain Royalists forces Spanish absolutists Ultras/Apostolics (traditionalists) Supported by: Quintuple Alliance^[97]	Junta Provisional Consultiva Liberals (constitucionals) forces Doceañista/Moderados (liberal conservatives) Exaltados (radical liberals)	Absolutist victory End of the Trienio Liberal Intervention of France.
French invasion of Spain (1823) Location: Spain	Kingdom of France Armée de la Foi	Partisans of the Cortes	Royalist victory Start of Ominous Decade A part of the French army would remain occupying Spain until 1828 to save the Counter-revolutionary regime. Scandal of the Spanish Marketers in France.
Novales Revolt (1823) Part of Philippine revolts against SpainLocation: Philippines	Kingdom of Spain Philippines	Filipino and Hispanic American Rebels	Royalist Victory Death of Mariano Fernández de Folgueras (royalist), Andrés Novales (liberal) and other persons. Expulsion of Luis Rodríguez-Varela and other liberal conspirators.
Chilean conquest of Chiloé (1824–26) Part of Spanish American wars of independence Location: Chile, Chiloé Island	Kingdom of Spain Governorate of Chiloé	Chile	Defeat. End of Spanish presence in South America.
Capture of the sloop Anne (1825) Part of West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States Location: Caribbean	Tri-national anti-piracy alliance Denmark Danish West Indies Spain Puerto Rico United States	Roberto Cofresí's pirates	Victory
War of the Aggrieved (1827) Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain Spanish absolutists (moderate royalists) Supported by: Kingdom of France	Cuerpo de Voluntarios Realistas rebel forces Ultra-royalits/Apostolics (traditionalists)	Victory The Agraviados, who rose up against the "reformist" Enlightened absolutism government that supposedly had King Ferdinand VII "kidnapped", lay down their arms when Ferdinand VII had to go to Catalonia to demonstrate that he enjoyed full freedom.
Portuguese Civil War (1828–34) Part of Revolutions of 1830 Location: Portugal	Liberal Forces of Queen Maria II and Pedro IV Supported by: Spain (Since 1834) United Kingdom France (Since 1830) Belgian volunteers (1832–1834)^[98]	Traditionalist Forces of King Miguel Supported by: Spain (Until 1833) Papal States Russia	Liberal victory Concession of Evoramonte: Constitutional monarchy is restored Dom Miguel renounces all his claims to the throne and goes into exile.
First Carlist War (1833–1839) Part of Carlist Wars Part of Revolutions of 1830 Location: Spain	Christinos: Forces of Queen Isabella II Supported by: United Kingdom French Kingdom Forces of Queen Maria II	Carlists: Forces of Infante Carlos Forces of King Miguel Supported by: Portugal (until 1834) Holy Alliance^[99]	Liberal victory British mediated Convention of Vergara.	135,000 dead^[100]
Riot of La Granja de San Ildefonso (1835) Location: Spain	Forces of Queen Isabella II Moderate Party	Progresivists	Defeat End of Estamento de los Procuradores and reinstauration of Constitution of 1812 in sustition of Spanish Royal Statute of 1834.
Second Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839–1841) Part of Oriental Crisis of 1840 Location: Levant	Eyalet of Egypt Kingdom of France Kingdom of Spain	Ottoman Empire British Empire Austrian Empire Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia	Defeat Egypt renounces claim on Syria, Britain recognizes Muhammad Ali and his descendants as the legitimate rulers of Egypt.
Bullanges Revolt (1835–1843) Anti-clerical riots of 1835 Octubrada Bombardment of Barcelona (1842) JamánciaLocation: Catalonia and Basque Country	Carlist Kingdom of Spain (until 1840) Isabelline Kingdom of Spain	Catalan Bullanges (Radical-liberals) Revolutionary Junta of Barcelona	Victory of moderate liberals. Abolition of Protectionism in the Spanish economy to benefit Foreign trade against Local Catalan industry. Increasement of the Centralisation of the Government.
Revolt of the indigenous Benga against their king Bonkoro I (1843–1858) Location: Africa, Gulf of Guinea	Spain Benga people, from Corisco Bay, loyal to Bonkoro I and under Spanish protectorate	Benga people rebels led by Imunga	Stalemate The throne of the ndowés (Kingdom of Corisco) remains separated into two branches (Cabo San Juan and the north of the Corisco island) since 1843. Bonkoro I flee to Cape san juan and complies the arrangement with Juan José Lerena y Barry (Treaty of Tika) of establishing a Spanish protectorate. His son, king Bonkoro II recognized Spanish sovereignty over Cabo San Juan, including several towns that had not been ceded by his father, such as Corisco and Elobey. Imunga proclaims himself as king Munga I of Kombe people, then reigned in Corisco between the years 1848 and 1858, date on which he received the support of the first Spanish governor, Carlos de Chacón y Michelena, who appointed him lieutenant governor of Corisco, transforming also in a Spanish protectorate. In 1906 the two parts of the kingdom (Cabo San Juan and northern Corisco) were reunited under the kingdom of Santiago Uganda.
Second Carlist War (1846–49) Part of Carlist Wars and Revolutions of 1848 Location: Spain	Spain	Carlist insurgents	Liberal victory	10,000 dead^[100]
Patuleia (1846) part of Revolution of Maria da Fonte Location: Portugal	Forces of Queen Maria II Cartista (conservative liberals) Quadruple Alliance Spain United Kingdom	Junta in Porto forces Septembrists (radical liberals) Miguelist (traditionalists)	Victory Convention of Gramido
Solís Uprising (1846) Location: Galicia (Spain)	Spanish Government	Provincialistas Rebels led by Colonel Miguel Solís y Cuetos	Victory Revolt suppressed
Italian Revolution of 1848^[101] (1848–49) part of Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states and Unification of Italy Location: Italy	Austrian Empire^[102] Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia Grand Duchy of Tuscany Kingdom of Two Sicilies Papal States Spain (1849) French Republic (1849)	Kingdom of Sicily Provisional Government of Milan Republic of San Marco Roman Republic Supported by: Kingdom of Sardinia^[102]	Victory Papal rule restored in Rome
Spanish expedition to Balanguingui (1848) Location: Philippines (Sulu Sea)	Spain Philippines	Moro Pirates	Victory
Lopez Expedition (1850–1851) Location: Cuba	Spain Cuba	Filibusters	Victory
Spanish Revolution of 1854 Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain Moderate Party	Rebel troops Democratic Party Progressive Party	Rebel victory of Leopoldo O'Donnell and Baldomero Espartero. End of Década moderada and start of Bienio progresista. Expulsion of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies from Spain.
Carlist Insurrection of 1855 Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain Liberals	Carlist insurgents	Victory of the government
Cibaenian Revolution (1848–49)Location: Dominican Republic	Dominican Republic Liberals Supported by: Conservatives Kingdom of Spain	Revolutionary Government of Cibao	Victory
El Arahal insurrection (1857) Location: Spain (Seville)	Kingdom of Spain	Peasant rebels Republicans Freemasonry	Victory of the government
Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62) Siege of Tourane Siege of Đà Nẵng Siege of Saigon Battle of Ky Hoa Capture of Mỹ Tho Capture of Biên Hòa Capture of Vĩnh Long Location: Southern Vietnam	Spain Philippines French Empire	Đại Nam	Victory Treaty of Saigon: Cochinchina becomes a French colony.
Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) Battle of Castillejos Battle of Tétouan Location: North Africa (Morocco)	Spain	Morocco	Victory Treaty of Wad-Ras: Morocco recognises Spanish sovereignty over Sidi Ifni and Western Sahara. Morocco pays 400 million reales as war reparations	1,152 killed^[103] 2,888 died of disease^[103]
Carlist Landing of 1860 Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain Liberals	Carlist insurgents	Victory of the government
Post-Unification Italian Brigandage (1861–1865) Borges Expedition Acinello Battle Location: Southern Italy	Brigandage Bourbon legitimists in Southern Italy Italian Gangs Carlist partisans from Bourbon Spain Supported by Papal States Spain	Kingdom of Italy Supported by: French Empire	Defeat Francis II of the Two Sicilies isn't restored to the throne. José Borges is arrested and fusiled by House of Savoy.
Franco-Mexican War (1861–67) Location: Mexico	French Empire Mexican Empire Supported by: Austrian Empire Spain (until 1862) United Kingdom (until 1862) Belgium Eyalet of Egypt Confederate exiles Polish exiles	Mexican republicans Supported by: United States	Withdrawal Establishment, then fall, of the Second Mexican Empire French withdrawal Execution of Emperor Maximilian I, Miguel Miramon, and Tomas Mejia.
Loja uprising (1861) Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain	Socialists	Victory of the government
Dominican Restoration War (1863–65) Battle of Monte Cristi Location: Hispaniola, Dominican Republic	Spain Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (Dominican annexationists) Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Captaincy General of Cuba	Dominican Republic	Defeat Restoration of Dominican sovereignty	10,888 killed or wounded 30,000 died of disease
Chincha Islands War (1864–66) Battle of Papudo Battle of Abtao Capture of the Paquete de Maule Valparaíso bombardment Battle of Callao Action of 22 August 1866 Location: Peru and Chile Coasts	Spain	Chile Peru Nominal participation: Ecuador Bolivia	Indecisive, both sides claimed victory The state of war is maintained between the belligerent parties until the signing of an indefinite armistice in 1871. Peace treaties between Spain and Perú (1879), Bolivia (1879), Chile (1883) and Ecuador (1885).	300^[103]
Glorious Revolution (1868) Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain Moderate Party	Revolutionaries Liberal Union Progressive Party Democratic Party	Defeat Expulsion of Isabella II and Establishment of a Provisional Government Start of Sexenio Democrático

Restoration

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Casualties
Ten Years' War (1868–78) Battle of Pino de Baire Battle of Las Guasimas Location: Cuba	Spain Captaincy General of Cuba	Cuban rebels Supported by: Hispanic American Volunteers	Victory Pact of Zanjón	90,000 dead^[100]
Grito de Lares (1868) Battle of El Pepino (1868) Location: Puerto Rico	Spain Captaincy General of Puerto Rico	Puerto Rico rebels	Victory
Carlist insurrection of 1869 Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain Liberals	Carlist insurgents	Government victory
Carlist insurrection of 1870 Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain Liberals	Carlist insurgents	Government victory
Cavite mutiny (1872) Location: Philippines	Spain Captaincy General of the Philippines	Filipino mutineers	Victory
Third Carlist War (1872–76) Part of Carlist Wars Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain (1872–73) I Republic (1873–74) Kingdom of Spain (1875–76)	Carlist insurgents	Royal Victory	50,000 dead^[100]
Cantonal rebellion (1872–74) Location: Spain	I Republic	Canton of Cartagena Cantonalist	Victory of the Republican Government
Petroleum Revolution (1873) Location: Spain	I Republic Alcoy City Hall	Committee of Public Health Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA	Victory of the Republican Government
Little War (1879–1880) Location: Cuba	Spain	Cuban rebels	Victory
Carolines Question (1885) Location: Western Pacific Ocean (Caroline islands and Palau)	Spain Spanish East Indies	Germany German New Guinea	Victory
Spanish-Oulad conflict (1887–1898)^[104]^[105] Álvarez Pérez, del Draa Expedition Cervera-Rizzo-Quiroga Expedition Location: Western Sahara and Mauritania	Spain Spanish Sahara Pro-Spanish tribes Oulad Bou Sbaa	Anti-Spanish tribes Oulad Delim	Defeat Spanish Africanist temporally retreat of Villa Cisneros. Spain renounces territorial expansion (on Adrar Plateau) in favour of France.
Jerez uprising (1892) Location: Spain	Spain	Anarchist peasants	Victory of the Spanish State
Verduleras' Mutiny (1892) Location: Spain	Spain	Madrid verduleras	Victory and revolt repressed
Gamazada (1893–1894) Sanrokada The night of the Sagasta shootingLocation: Basque Country	Spain	Basques Supported by: Carlist	Defeat of the Spanish government Fueros of Navarre aren't abolished by liberals.
First Melillan campaign (1893–1894) Location: North Africa	Spain	Kingdom of Morocco	Victory Treaty of Fez: Morocco pays war reparations of 20 million pesetas and pledges to pacify northern provinces. Melilla hinterlands ceded to Spain.
Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898) Action of 25 April 1898 First Battle of Cárdenas Battle of Cárdenas Battle of Cienfuegos Battle of Guantánamo Bay Action of 13 June 1898 Battle of Las Guasimas First Battle of Manzanillo Battle of Tayacoba Battle of the Aguadores Battle of El Caney Battle of San Juan Hill Second Battle of Manzanillo Battle of Santiago de Cuba Siege of Santiago Third Battle of Manzanillo Battle of Nipe Bay Battle of Rio Manimani Part of Spanish–American War Location: Cuba	Spain Captaincy General of Cuba	Cuban rebels United States	Defeat American Intervention; Expulsion of the Spanish colonial government during Spanish–American War (1898). Treaty of Paris Protectorate over Cuba Cuban independence	45,100 dead^[100]
Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) Cry of Pugad Lawin Battle of Manila Battle of Sambat Cry of Tarlac Battle of Pasong Tamo Battle of San Juan del Monte Battle of San Mateo and Montalban 1896 Manila mutiny Battle of San Francisco de Malabon Battle of Noveleta Kawit revolt Cry of Nueva Ecija Battle of Imus Battle of San Francisco de Malabon Battle of Talisay Battles of Batangas Battle of Binakayan–Dalahican Battle of Pateros Battle of Kakarong de Sili Battle of Zapote Bridge Battle of Perez Dasmariñas Retreat to Montalban Battle of Aliaga Raid at Paombong Battle of Tres de Abril Battle of Camalig Battle of Calamba Battle of Alapan Siege of Baler Battle of Tayabas Battle of Manila Siege of Masbate Negros Revolution Battle of Barrio Yoting Battle of Sapong Hills Siege of Zamboanga Part of Spanish–American War Location: Philippines	Spain Philippines loyalists Guardia Civil	Katipunan Revolutionaries 1896–1897 Tagalog Republic 1897 Republic of Biak-na-Bato (until 1897) Filipino rebels (1898) United States (1898)	Peace Treaty (1897) Signing of Pact of Biak-na-Bato. Defeat (1898) Resumption of hostilities during Spanish–American War. Expulsion of the Spanish colonial government. Establishment of First Philippine Republic with Emilio Aguinaldo as the first President (1899) Outbreak of the Philippine–American War (1899).
Intentona de Yauco (1897) Location: Puerto Rico	Spain Captaincy General of Puerto Rico	Puerto Rican rebels	Victory
Spanish–American War (1898) Puerto Rico campaign Capture of Guam Part of Banana Wars Location: Caribbean and Philippine Sea	Spain Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Captaincy General of Cuba Spanish East Indies	United States	Defeat Treaty of Paris (1898): USA gains Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines. German–Spanish Treaty (1899): Spain sells its last colonies to German Empire. End of Spanish Empire in America, Asia and Oceania	1,000 killed 800 wounded 15,000 died of disease 30,000 captured
1898 Guinean rebellion led by Sas-Ebuera (1898) Location: Bight of Biafra, Bioko Island (Modern Equatorial Guinea)	Spain Spanish Guinea	Bubis rebels	Victory
1900 Carlist Sublevation (1900) Location: Spain (near Badalona)	Kingdom of Spain	Carlist insurgents	Alfonsist Victory
Siege of the International Legations (1900) Part of Boxer Rebellion Location: China, Peking	Eight-Nation Alliance France British Empire Australia New Zealand India Russia Japan Germany United States Italy Austria-Hungary Netherlands Belgium Spain Mutual Protection of Southeast China	Qing dynasty Yìhéquán	Victory Boxer Protocol
Venezuelan Crisis of 1902–1903 (1902–1903) Location: Venezuela and Caribbean Sea	United Kingdom Germany Italy Support: Spain Mexico Belgium Netherlands Denmark	Venezuela Support: Argentina United States	Compromise European fleet withdraws after Washington Protocols.
1906 Carlist insurrection Location: Spain ( Valls, Calella, Rajadell)	Kingdom of Spain	Carlist insurgents	Alfonsist Victory
French conquest of Morocco (1907–1934) Bombardment of Casablanca Chaouia campaign Ma al-'Aynayn and Ahmed al-Hiba uprising Wayaha Uld Ali Uld Cheij raids^[106] Part of Scramble for Africa Location: Maghreb (Morocco and Western Sahara)	France French Algeria Spain	Morocco Chaouia tribes Zaian Confederation Various other tribes	Victory Partition of Morocco into French and Spanish zones
Second Melillan campaign (1909–1910) Part of Spanish-Moroccan conflicts and Scramble for Africa Location: North America	Spain	Rif tribes	Victory Melilla territory extended to Cape Three Forks and the Bḥar Ameẓẓyan lagoon
Tragic Week (1909) Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain	Anarchists Socialists Republicans Freemasons	Victory of the Spanish government
Bubi uprising of 1910 (1910) Location: Bight of Biafra, Bioko Island (Modern Equatorial Guinea)	Spain Spanish Guinea	Bubis rebels	Victory Colonial forces pressured King Malabo to influence local chiefs and prevent further confrontation
Agadir Crisis (1911) Moroccan Rebellion Location: North Africa (Morocco)	France Spain British Empire	Morocco Germany	Military Victory Spain occupy Larache and Ksar el-Kebir. Diplomatic Failure Due to Morocco–Congo Treaty, a Franco-Spanish Treaty was concluded on 27 November 1912, slightly revising the previous Franco-Spanish boundaries in Morocco, in favour to France.
Mutiny on the frigate Numancia (1911) Location: North Africa (Tangier)	Government	Frigate Numancia mutiners and republicans	Victory of the monarchical Government
Kert campaign (1911–1912) Part of Spanish-Moroccan conflicts and Scramble for Africa Location: North Africa (Morocco)	Spain	Riffian tribes	Victory Consolidation of the Spanish-controlled territory in Kelaïa east of the Kert River
Royalist attack on Chaves (1912) Location: Iberian Peninsula (Galicia and Portugal)	Royalist supporters Supported by: Spain	Portugal	Defeat Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro runs to Galicia, Spain. Then proclaim the Monarchy of the North years later.
Spanish liberal state crisis (1917–1923) 1917 Spanish general strike Pistolerismo Bolshevik triennium Faeneras rebellion Canadenca strike 1919 Spanish general strike Tarancón mutiny part of Revolutions of 1917–1923 and Background of the Spanish Civil War Location: Spain	Government Conservative Party Armed Forces Defense Councils Spanish police Somatén Employers Paramilitary militia Defensa Ciudadana Unión Ciudadana Sindicatos Libres Carlists	Spanish workers' movement UGT PSOE CNT Anarchist action groups Marxists action groups	Stalemate Left-wing and Syndicalist movements fails in their attempts to make a Socialist Revolution, but the demands of working classes (Social question) are attended by Regenerationist reformers with laws about Workers' Retirement, Eight-hour working day, Sunday Rest, etc. Institutions like the Ministry of Labour are also made. The Reign of Alfonso XIII enters on the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera after 1923 Spanish coup d'état, ending Caciquism and political oligarchy. Thus making a crisis on the Spanish Conservatism due to conflicts between Ciervists, Datists and Maurists after the crisis in the turnist system between Conservative Party and the Liberal Party, as also heterogeneous influence from Catholic social teaching, Maurrassisme, Integralismo Lusitano and Fascist Italy to solve Social question by their own way. Ascension of Carlism (Traditionalist) as a mass movement in reactionary circles, due to crisis on liberal monarchists (Alfonsism) and the right-wing after authoritarian politics. Apparition of Spanish fascists.
Río Muni Punishment Expedition (1918) Location: Africa, Guinea region (Modern Equatorial Guinea)	Spain Spanish Guinea	Fang people Mawomo	Victory Colonial Guard of Spanish Guinea will do military campaigns to subdue the indigenous Fang people in Río Muni until 1929.
Spanish conquest of Continental Guinea^[107]^[108]^[109] (1920s–1930s) Location: Africa, Guinea region (Modern Equatorial Guinea)	Spain Spanish Guinea Askari	Fang people Osumu Bubi people	Victory Spanish presence was consolidated in Río Muni, establishing missions, plantations and military posts throughout the interior of the Guinean territory. Ángel Barrera, and then Miguel Núñez de Prado, were replaced after denounciation of abuse against indigenous peoples (which were raided and put to forced labor in the Prestaciones). The General Government, under pressure from the General Directorate of Morocco and Colonies, passed a law in 1929 that punished abusers.
Rif War (1920–1926) Location: North Africa (Morocco)	Spain Spanish protectorate in Morocco France French protectorate in Morocco	Republic of the Rif	Victory Debellation of the Republic of the Rif	18,000 killed or died of disease 5,000 wounded or missing
Anarchist uprising in Berane (1924)Location: Basque Country	Kingdom of Spain	Anarchists	Victory
Jaca uprising (1930) Location: Spain	Kingdom of Spain	Spanish republicans	Victory

Second Spanish Republic

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Casualties
Anarchist insurrections against Spanish Republic (1932–37) Alt Llobregat insurrection (1932) Anarchist insurrection of January 1933 Casas Viejas incident Anarchist insurrection of December 1933 Anarchist revolt in Labastida (1933) Bujalance incidents(1933) May Days (1937) Spanish political violence during 1931-1936 and Spanish Civil War Location: Spain	Spanish Republic Generalitat of Catalonia Communist Party of Spain Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia Supported by Soviet Union	CNT-FAI FIJL Friends of Durruti Group POUM Confederal militias Anarchist commune (1937) Regional Defence Council of Aragon Popular Executive Committee of Valencia Sovereign Council of Asturias and León Santander Defense Council Gijón War Committee Junta de Seguretat Interior de Catalunya Madrid Defense Council	1° Victory of the Spanish State and repression of Spanish Anarchists. Divission between moderates which wanted to collaborate with Spanish Republic (Treintists and Possibilists of the Syndicalist Party) and Radicals opposed to the State (Faístas). 2° Truce between Anarchists and Republicans during Spanish Revolution of 1936. 3° Anarchists, Anarcho-Syndicalists Libertarian socialist and Libertarian Communism are defeated by Marxists Communists, Leninists and Stalinists during the internal conflict between left-wing groups during Spanish Civil War.
Communists revolts during Spanish Republic (1932) La Villa de Don Fadrique Revolt Villalpande incident Part of Spanish political violence during 1931-1936	Spanish Republic	Communist Party of Spain	Victory of the Spanish moderate left
Military reactions against Spanish Republic (1932) Sanjurjada Part of Background of the Spanish Civil War	Spanish Republic	Monarchical and Right-Wing rebel forces CEDA Renovación Española Requetés/CT Decurias Spanish Military Union	Victory of the Spanish Republic
Revolution of 1934 Asturian miners' strike of 1934 Events of 6 October Part of Spanish political violence during 1931-1936 Location: Spain	Spanish Republic	Asturian Workers Alliance PSOE UGT CNT Militias Catalan State Mossos d'Esquadra Escamots	Victory The Spanish Republican government effectively eliminates the rebellions in Asturias and Catalonia.
Extremaduran peasant rebellion (1936) Location: Spain (Extremadura)	Spanish Republic	UGT National Federation of Land Workers	Peasant victory	0
Spanish Civil War (1936–39) (See Category:Battles of the Spanish Civil War for battles) Locations: Spain, Morocco, Western Sahara, and Guinea	Republicans People's Army Popular Front UGT CNT-FAI POUM^[b] Generalitat de Catalunya Euzko Gudarostea^[c] International Brigades Foreign volunteers Soviet Union	Nationalists FET y de las JONS^[d] FE de las JONS^[e] Requetés/CT^[e] CEDA^[e] Spanish Renovation^[e] Army of Africa Viriatos Foreign volunteers Italy Germany	Nationalist victory End of the Second Spanish Republic Establishment of the Spanish State under the rule of Francisco Franco Post-war Francoist mass killings and repression Spanish Maquis continue irregular warfare sporadically until 1965	500,000–1,000,000 dead
1936 uprising in Spanish Guinea (1936) Part of Spanish Civil War Location: Spanish Guinea	Spanish Republic	Nationalist Spain	Nationalist victory Hispanicization of the zone and legally unification of Fernando Poo and Río Muni with the rest of Spain. Gradual Emancipation of the natives.

Francoist Spain

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Spanish Maquis (1939–1965) Invasion of Val d'Aran Location: Spain	Francoist Spain Supported by: Nazi Germany (1939–1945) Fascist Italy (1939–1943) United States (after 1953)	Republican Partisans Supported by: French Resistance (1940–1944) Italian Resistance (1943–1945) Soviet Union (until 1956)	Francoist Victory. Decline and eventual extinction of Maquis activity
Carlist-Falangist internal conflict and conspiracies inner Francoist Regime (1939-1950s) May 1941 Crisis Begoña Bombing August 1942 Crisis Location: Spain	Francoist Spain FET y de las JONS	Requetés/CT Supported by: Vatican City United Kingdom Anti-Francoist Falangists Supported by: Nazi Germany	Government victory Fall of Ramón Serrano Suñer (pro-falangist) and Valentín Galarza (pro-carlist) on Franco's regime. End of Fascistization politics and First Francoism. Fascistization Repression of both National-syndicalist and Traditionalist-monarchists.
Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945) Location: North Africa (Morocco)	Spain Spanish protectorate in Morocco	Tangier International Zone	Inconclusive Spanish withdrawal after the end of World War II
Eastern Front (World War II) (1941–1945) Volunteers only Siege of Leningrad Battle of Krasny Bor Location: Europe	Axis powers Germany Romania (until 1944) Italy (until 1943) Hungary Axis puppet states Slovakia Croatia Co-belligerents Finland (until 1944) Bulgaria (until 1944) Spain Spanish Volunteers Blue Division (until 1944)	Allies Soviet Union Poland Czechoslovakia (from 1943) Yugoslavia (from 1944) Tuva (until 1944) Former Axis powers or co-belligerents Romania (from 1944) Bulgaria (from 1944) Finland (from 1944) Aerial and naval only United States United Kingdom Free France (1943–45) Volunteers Exiled Spanish Republic Volunteers La Nueve	Soviet-allied victory	22,700
Ifni War (1957–1958) Siege of Sidi Ifni Battle of Edchera Operation Écouvillon Location: North Africa (Morocco and Western Sahara)	Spain Ifni Spanish Sahara France Colonial Mauritania	Morocco Liberation Army Allied Sahrawi tribes	Victory Treaty of Angra de Cintra	190 dead
Basque conflict (1959–1975) Location: Spain (Basque Country)	Spain	Euskadi Ta Askatasuna	Inconclusive ETA continued its terrorist activities during the Spanish transition to democracy period and the subsequent Spanish Democracy pursuant to the 1978 Constitution
Pro-Moroccan Guerrilla Warfare against Spanish North-Africa^[110] (1968–1975) 1975 Hausa Post Attack Attack against Ceuta (1975) Location: Africa (Western Sahara and Plazas de soberanía)	Spain Spanish Sahara Ceuta Melilla	FLU (Frente de Liberación y Unidad) MOREHOB (Mouvement révolutionnaire des hommes bleus) Supported by: Morocco	Victory Successful repression against Greater Morocco aspirations until Moroccan direct intervention. Moroccan apologies for the terrorism against Spain in 1976.^[111]
Zemla Intifada (1970)^[112] Part of Western Sahara conflict Location: Africa, Western Sahara	Spain Spanish Sahara	Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab	Victory Repression and end of the Harakat Tahrir movement.
Western Sahara Revolt (1973–75) Part of Western Sahara conflict Location: Africa, Western Sahara	Spain Spanish Sahara Djema'a Sahrawi National Union Party	Polisario Front of National Liberation Deserters from Tropas Nómadas Limited Support: Algeria Libyan Arab Republic	Inconclusive Proclamation of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Spanish unilateral withdrawal from the Sahara pursuant to the 1975 tripartite Madrid Accords. The Polisario Front continued the struggle for self-determination against Mauritania and Morocco, beginning the Western Sahara War.
Anti-Spanish Terrorist Warfare in Western Sahara^[113] (1974–75) Attack on the Tifariti Government Post (1974) Assassination of Ahmed Ould Brahim Ould Bachir (1975) Kidnapping of Antonio Martin Hernandez (1975) The hijacking of the Mahbes and Smara patrols (1975) Location: Western Sahara, Canary Islands and Mauritania	Spain Spanish Sahara	Polisario Front Pro-Moroccan Sahrawi nationalists FLU (Frente de Liberación y Unidad)	Inconclusive, mostly defeat
Green March (1975) Part of Western Sahara conflict Location: Africa(Western Sahara and Morocco)	Spain Spanish Sahara	Morocco Supported by: Mauritania	Inconclusive Operation Golondrina: Spanish withdrawal.^[114] Moroccan annexation of Western Sahara and start of Western Sahara War.

Modern

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results
Basque conflict (1975–2011) Location: Basque Country region (Spain and France)	Spain France Supported by: European Union United Kingdom United States Canada	Euskadi Ta Askatasuna	Victory ETA declares definitive cessation of its terrorist activities.
Anti-Spanish Terrorist Warfare in Western Sahara^[113]^[115] (1975–1987) Fos Bucraa attack (1976) Attack on the fishing vessel Cruz del Mar (1978) Attack on the fishing boat Junquito (1985) Attack on the Tagomago patrol car (1985) Location: Western Sahara, Canary Islands and Morocco	Spain Morocco	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Polisario Front	Stalemate Spain broke relationships with Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 1985 to 1986, then Polisario Front are forced to stop raiding Spaniards.^[116]
As Encrobas Conflict (1975–2007) Location: Spain (Galicia)	Spain	Peasant revolters	Inconclusive Most of the residents abandoned their homes.
Búnker's Confrontations (1975–early 1980s) Operation Gladio Operation Reconquista (1976) Montejurra massacre (1976) 1977 Atocha massacre Operation Galaxia (1978) 1981 Spanish coup attempt 1982 Spanish coup attempt 1985 Spanish coup attempt Part of Far-right terrorism in Spain and Cold War Location: Spain	Spain Opposition to Francoism Democratic Junta of Spain Limited Support: European Union Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (1976–1978)	Neo-Francoists Warriors of Christ The King Fuerza Nueva Spanish Basque Batallion Anti-Communist Apostolic Alliance Spanish Armed Groups	Democratic victory Spanish transition to democracy success
War of the Fleas (1976–1979) Location: Canary Islands	Spain	Canary Islands Independence Movement Fuerzas Armadas Guanches Destacamentos Armados Canarios Limited Support: Algeria Libya	Victory Fuerzas Armadas Guanches dissolve
Bonito War (1990s) Location: Atlantic Ocean	Spain	United Kingdom France Ireland	Inconclusive The efforts of all the governments involved managed to end the tension between the fleets, but there would still be protests from the Spanish fishing fleet.
Gulf War (1991) Location: Persian Gulf (Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia)	Kuwait United States United Kingdom Spain Saudi Arabia France Egypt Syria Other Allies	Ba'athist Iraq	Victory Kuwait regains its independence
Somali Civil War (1992–1995) Location: East Africa (Somalia)	United States United Kingdom Spain Saudi Arabia Malaysia Pakistan Italy India Greece Germany France Canada Botswana Belgium Australia	Somalia	Victory UN humanitarian mandate fulfilled. About 100,000 lives were saved by outside resistance. Civil war is ongoing.
Bosnian intervention (1992–1996) Operation Deliberate Force Operation Deny Flight 1995 Pale air strikes Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina Part of Yugoslav Wars and Bosnian War Location: Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina)	NATO United Nations Protection Force	Yugoslavia	Victory Dayton Accords: Siege of Sarajevo lifted. Bosnian Serbs return to negotiations.
Turbot War (1994–1996) Location: Grand Banks of Newfoundland and English Channel	Spain European Union	Canada	Defeat Canadian Position Recognized In 1996, Canada agrees not to apply its laws to Spanish fishing vessels with criteria of extraterritoriality.
Kosovo War (1998–99) part of Yugoslav Wars Location: Balkans (Kosovo and Albania)	KLA NATO	Yugoslavia	Victory Kumanovo Treaty Yugoslav forces pull out of Kosovo
1999 East Timorese crisis (1999–2005) part of Decolonisation of Asia	East Timor INTERFET UNTAET	Pro-Indonesia militias Aitarak Besi Merah Putih Laksaur Mahidi Supported by: Kopassus (alleged) BIN^[117] Jakarta lobby^[118]^[119]^[120]	Victory Independence of East Timor is seizured
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Battle of Sabzak Resolute Support Mission Operation Harekate Yolo Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Estaca Operation Ontur Part of the war on terror Location: Afghanistan	Afghanistan ISAF	Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan	Defeat Fall of Taliban regime Osama bin Laden killed Renewed Taliban offensive in 2021 Taliban forces capture Kabul on 15 August 2021
Operation Active Endeavour (2001–2016) Part of the war on terror	NATO Non-NATO: Georgia Israel^[121] Morocco New Zealand^[122] Russia (2006) Ukraine Bulgaria (until 2004) Estonia (until 2004) Latvia (until 2004) Lithuania (until 2004) Romania (until 2004) Slovakia (until 2004) Slovenia (until 2004) Albania (until 2009) Croatia (until 2009)	Unspecified terrorist and smuggling groups	"Victory" Continued by Operation Sea Guardian
Perejil Island crisis (2002) Location: North Africa, Perejil Island	Spain	Morocco	Victory Moroccan soldiers removed by Spanish military
Iraq War (2003–04) Operation Falconer 2003 Latifiya ambush 2004 Iraq spring fighting Battle of Nayaf Plus Ultra Brigade actions Multinational Division Central-South Part of Iraqi conflict Location: Middle East (Iraq)	MNF–I United States United Kingdom Poland Denmark Australia (2003–09) Italy (2003–06) Spain (2003–04) Dominican Republic (2003–04) Honduras (2003–04) Nicaragua (2003–04) El Salvador (2003–09) Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein Iraqi Kurdistan	Iraq under Saddam Hussein Various insurgents	Coalition victory Fall of Ba'athist rule in Iraq Deployment in Najaf Spanish withdrawal in 2004, escalation of sectarian insurgency after U.S. withdrawal in 2011
Attacks over UN peacekeeping mission during Hezbollah–Israel conflict (2006–present) International incidents during the 2006 Lebanon War 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon Israeli attack on Ramyah UNIFIL post Part of Israeli–Lebanese conflict Location: Middle East (Southern Lebanon)	UNIFIL	Israel Hezbollah	Ongoing
Operation Atalanta (2008–) Attack on Spanish oiler Patiño Tribal Kat Operation Part of counter-piracy efforts off the Horn of Africa	European Union (European Union Training Mission in Somalia) Non EU: Colombia Iceland Liechtenstein Montenegro New Zealand Norway Serbia Switzerland United Kingdom	Somali pirates	Ongoing
Boko Haram insurgency (2009–) Location: Sub-Saharan Africa (Mostly Nigeria)	Nigeria Cameroon Chad Niger Supported by: African Union Belgium Benin Canada China Colombia France Iran Israel Italy Spain United Kingdom United States	Boko Haram	Ongoing
Libyan intervention (2011) Operation Unified Protector Part of Libyan Civil War Location: North Africa, Libya	Many NATO members acting under UN mandate and Anti-Gaddafi forces several Arab League states Sweden	Pro-Gaddafi forces	Victory Fall of Gaddafi regime Muammar Gaddafi killed National Transitional Council take control
2012 Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera incident (2012) Location: North Africa, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera	Spain	Morocco	Victory Moroccan activists arrested
Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war (2012–2022) Operation Active Fence Part of Syrian civil war and Turkey–Islamic State conflict	NATO-led coalition^[123]^[124] Czech Republic^[125] (September 2014–January 2015) Germany^[126] (Until January 2016) Italy^[127] (since 2016) Netherlands^[128] (until October 2015) Spain^[126] (since January 2015) Turkey United States^[129]^[130] (until January 2016)	Syria Russia^[131] (Since 2015) Iran ISIS^[132]	Border clashes ended.
Mali War (2012–) Operation Serval Kangaba attack Kulikoro attack Part of Islamist insurgency in the Sahel Location: West Africa (Mostly Mali)	France Mali Chad Spain^[133] Poland United Kingdom Germany	Ansar Dine Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb ISIL Azawad	Ongoing
Central African Republic Civil War (2012–) European Union Military Operation in the Central African Republic Location: Central Africa	Central African Republic Central African Armed Forces MINUSCA (since 2014) Rwanda (since 2020)^[134] Russia (since 2018)^[134] Wagner Group^[135] Russian Imperial Movement^[136] Black Russians^[137] Formerly: South Africa (2013) MISCA (2013–2014) MICOPAX (2008–2013) Angola Cameroon Chad Morocco^[138] Uganda Congo-Brazzaville DRC Gabon Burundi Equatorial Guinea São Tomé and Príncipe France (2013–2021)^[139] EUFOR RCA (2014–2015)	Coalition of Patriots for Change (since 2020) Anti-balaka MPC 3R UPC FPRC PRNC Lord's Resistance Army Azande Ani Kpi Gbe (since March 2023)^[140] Support: Chad (alleged)^[141]^[142] RSF^[143] Defunct groups: Séléka (2012–2014) CPJP CPSK UFDR FDPC FPR RJ (2013–2018) MNLC (2017–2019) MLCJ (2008–2022) RPRC (2014–2022)	Ongoing
Military intervention against ISIL (2014–) Operation Inherent Resolve^[144] NATO Mission-Irak (NIM) Part of the war on terror Location: Muslim world (Middle East and North Africa, Caucasus and Southeast Asia)	United States Belgium (2014–17) Denmark Sweden France Germany Italy Turkey (2014–17) Netherlands Jordan Morocco (2014–16) Spain^[145]^[146] United Kingdom	ISIL	Ongoing
2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon Part of Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present), Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Israeli–Lebanese conflict, Israeli–Palestinian conflict and Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) Location: Lebanon	UNIFIL^[f]	Israel Hezbollah Allies: Amal Movement^[148] Islamic Group^[149] SSNP-L^[150] Houthi movement^[151] Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine^[152] Palestinian Islamic Jihad^[153] Islamic Resistance in Iraq^[154] Lebanon^[g]^[156]	2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement
2026 Iran war (2026) Spain in the 2026 Iran war 2026 Iranian strikes on Cyprus Part of Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) and 2026 Iran war regional mobilizations Location: Eastern Mediterranean, Persian Gulf	Israel United States CPFIK^[157] Supported by: Iranian opposition^[158] Monarchists^[159] NCRI^[160] Salafi jihadists^[161] NATO^[162] Canada^[163] France^[164]^[165] Germany^[166]^[167] Greece^[168] Italy^[169] Netherlands^[170] Turkey^[171] United Kingdom^[172] Akrotiri and Dhekelia Ukraine^[173]^[174] In-defense only: Azerbaijan^[175] Bahrain^[176] Cyprus^[177] Iraq^[178] Kurdistan Region^[179] Jordan^[180] Kuwait^[181] Oman^[182] Saudi Arabia^[183] Syria^[184] Qatar^[185] United Arab Emirates^[186] Spain	Iran Supported by: Axis of Resistance Hezbollah Houthi movement^[187] Kata'ib Hezbollah Popular Mobilization Forces Islamic Resistance in Iraq^[188] Palestinian Islamic Jihad Islamic Group^[189] Russia (intelligence only)^[190] In-defense only: Lebanon^[191]^[192] Houthi-controlled Yemen^[193] Sri Lanka^[194]	Ongoing 2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations 2026 United States military buildup in the Middle East Iranian officials killed during the 2026 Iran conflict Assassination of Ali Khamenei 2026 Israeli state of emergency Iran Prosperity Project propossed by the National Union for Democracy in Iran and House of Pahlavi. Anti-War people and Shiite communities around the world protests in defense of Iran. 2026 Strait of Hormuz crisis leads to an effective halt in shipping traffic of Oil in the region. Israel closed all crossings at the Egypt–Gaza border, suspending the humanitarian aid for the Gazans.^[195]^[196] Economic impact of the 2026 Iran war around the world

Notes

^ States that fought against the emperor at some point between 1618 and 1635.
^ The POUM fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until 16 June 1937, when the POUM was illegalized and suppressed by the Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister Juan Negrín, with the government suppression of the POUM supported by Joseph Stalin, the Comintern and the PCE.
^ The Euzko Gudarostea fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until it surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement on 24 August 1937.
^ The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS
^ Although UNIFIL is a peacekeeping force and is not actively engaged in hostilities, its positions have been targeted and its peacekeepers have suffered casualties.^[147]
^ The Lebanese government stated they will stay out of the conflict between Hezbollah and Israel, but would respond to Israeli attacks on their positions.^[155]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Jaques, Tony (19 January 2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313335396. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Nicholson, Helen J. (19 January 2004). The Crusades. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313326851. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Proyectos, HI Iberia Ingeniería y. "Historia Hispánica". historia-hispanica.rah.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 March 2025.
^ Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, pp. 288–289
^ Ramerini, Marco (16 February 2014). "The Portuguese in the Moluccas: Ternate and Tidore". Colonial Voyage. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
^ Ramerini, Marco (16 February 2014). "The Spanish Presence in the Moluccas: Ternate and Tidore". Colonial Voyage. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ Ramerini, Marco (15 May 2023). "Moluccas 2 – The conquest of Ternate, 1606". Colonial Voyage. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ Ramerini, Marco (1 January 2005). "The Spanish presence in the Moluccas: The fortifications of Ternate – Ramerini Marco". colonialvoyage.com (First published: 2005). Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
^ 1527 election in Cetin
^ "medieval Archives • History of the Germans Podcast". History of the Germans Podcast. 14 October 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
^ Postel, Rainer (2010). "Jürgen Wullenwever - Demokrat oder Demagoge?". Zeitschrift des Vereins für Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. 90: 11–26.
^ Sandklef, Albert (1963). Varbergs historia (in Swedish). Varbergs Stad.
^ Norwegian Catholic nobles supported Christian II.
^ Norwegian nobles supported, fought and send troops to aid in the war.
^ "Tribes - Native Voices". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
^ Ruff, Paul (15 October 1998). "La campagne de Tlemcen (1543)". La domination espagnole à Oran sous le gouvernement du comte d'Alcaudete, 1534-1558 (in French). Editions Bouchène. pp. 74–101. ISBN 978-2-35676-083-8.
^ "Политический кризис в Чехии в первой четверти XVII в. и начало Тридцатилетней войны". www.dslib.net. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Levy, Jack S. (15 July 2014). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495–1975. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813163659. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2023 – via Google Books.
^ Ayala Tafoya, Eduardo (December 2016). "Lope de Aguirre: rebelión y contraimagen del mundo en Perú". Latinoamérica. Revista de estudios Latinoamericanos (in Spanish). 63 (63): 13–36. doi:10.1016/j.larev.2016.11.003. ISSN 1665-8574.
^ "MÉXICO EN LA CONQUISTA DE FILIPINAS". exploramex.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ Igawa, Kenji. "2010, At the Crossroads: Limahon and Wako in Sixteenth-Century Philippines".
^ Shutz, J. Travis (2019). "Limahong's Pirates, Ming Mariners, and Early Sino– Spanish Relations: The Pangasinan Campaign of 1575 and Global History from Below". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 67 (3): 315–342. doi:10.1353/phs.2019.0019. ISSN 2244-1638.
^ Pinto, Paulo Jorge de Sousa (2008). "Enemy at the Gates Macao, Manila and the "Pinhal Episode" (end of 16th Century)". Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies. 16: 11–43. ISSN 0874-8438.
^ Guingona (顧恒), Phillip B. (17 February 2017). "A Ghost and His Apparition Roam the South China Sea: Limahong and the Dream of a Hokkien Nation (南中國海上陰魂不散的鬼魅及其幻影：林鳳和一個閩南民族的夢)". Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives. 11 (1): 90–124. doi:10.1163/24522015-01101006. ISSN 2452-2015.
^ Ottoman embassy to Aceh
^ Tampico, Vladimir Meza | El Sol de. "La batalla de Cagayán, tlaxcaltecas contra piratas y ¿samuráis?". El Sol de Tampico | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre México, Tamaulipas y el Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
^ "Intrigue in Longvek- Iberians in 16th Century Cambodia ⋆ Cambodia News English". Cambodia News English. 14 December 2019. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
^ Neutrality violated by Holland during the Siege of Huy (1595)
^ Borao, José Eugenio. "The massacre of 1603: Chinese perception of the Spaniards in the Philippines" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
^ ^a ^b Csorba, Csaba; Estók, János; Salamon, Konrád (1998). Magyarország Képes Története. Budapest: Hungarian Book-Club. ISBN 963-548-961-7. 62.-64. p.
^ Véronne, Chantal de la (2012). "Saʿdids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill
^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–220. ISBN 0-521-33767-4
^ Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1970). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ "محمد بن أحمد العياشي". مغرس. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ Maziane, Leila (23 October 2017). "Salé au xviie siècle, terre d'asile morisque sur le littoral Atlantique marocain". Cahiers de la Méditerranée (79): 359–372. doi:10.4000/cdlm.4941. S2CID 129250942. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b "دعوة الحق - جمهورية أبي رقراق". Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2011). Apocalypse in Islam. Translated by DeBevoise, M. B. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26431-1
^ "تاريخ تطوان: تسليم العرائش للإسبانيين". 22 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b Hayden p.22
^ The Spanish army under Spinola refused to give up the key fortress of Wesel. Hayden p.22
^ Duro, Cesáreo Fernández (2006). El gran duque de Osuna y su marina: jornadas contra turcos y venecianos (1602-1624) (in Spanish). Editorial Renacimiento. ISBN 978-84-8472-126-0. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
^ Juan, Víctor San (15 April 2018). Breve historia de las batallas navales del Mediterráneo (in Spanish). Nowtilus. ISBN 978-84-9967-936-5. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
^ Jan Glete, La guerra sul mare 1500–1650, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2010, p. 161.
^ "نبرد برای آزادی هرمز". پرتال جامع علوم انسانی (in Persian). Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ "History of Ayutthaya – Foreign Settlements – Portuguese Settlement". ayutthaya-history.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
^ "History of Ayutthaya – Essays – Spain". ayutthaya-history.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
^ "History of Ayutthaya – Historical Events – Timeline 1600–1649". ayutthaya-history.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
^ Com, The Phuket News (20 September 2019). "Phuket History: Siam's conflict with Portugal". The Phuket News Com. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
^ Parker p.146
^ Thion p.18
^ Kirk p.100
^ "Charles I and the Spanish Plot: Anglo-Habsburg Relations and the Outbreak of the War of Three Kingdoms, 1630–1641" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018. The Anglo-Spanish War of 1625–1630 proved a miserable and ill-led affair for England and wholly unprofitable for English merchants
^ Staněk, Karel; Wanner, Michal (2018). "Wallenstein, Dinastía Vasa y armada hispano-polaca en el Mar Báltico, 1628-1632". Brocar: Cuadernos de investigación histórica (42): 31–66. doi:10.18172/brocar.3713. ISSN 1885-8309.
^ Skowron, Ryszard. "Olivares, los Vasa y el Báltico. Polonia en la política intrenacional de España en los años 1621-1632". Wydawnictwo DiG, Varsovia 2008, Ss. 321.
^ Skowron, Ryszard (2009). "El Mar Báltico en la estrategia española de guerra en los Países Bajos, 1568-1648". El mar en los siglos modernos, eds. Manuel-Reyes García Hurtado, Domingo L. González Lopo, E. Martínez Rodríguez. T. 2, Santiago de Compostela, 2009, s. 345-358. doi:10.20350/DIGITALCSIC/13290.
^ "inabima.org" (PDF). archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ "Rabat República de piratas españoles MV092". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ "Moriscos de Hornachos y República de Rabat". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ Coindreau, Roger (2006). Les corsaires de Salé (in French). Eddif. ISBN 978-9981-896-76-5. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ Dan, Pierre (1649). Histoire de Barbarie, et de ses corsaires: Des royavmes, et des villes d'Alger, de Tvnis, de Salé, & de Tripoly. Divisée en six livres. Ov il est traitté de levr govvernement, de leurs mœurs, de leurs cruautez, de leurs brigandages, de leurs sortileges, & de plusieurs autres particularitez remarquables. Ensemble des grandes miseres et des crvels tourmens qu'endurent les Chrestiens captifs parmy ces infideles (in French). Chez P. Rocolet. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vincent, Bernard (1993). Historia de los moriscos: vida y tragedia de una minoría. Alianza Universidad. Madrid: Alianza ed. ISBN 978-84-206-2415-0.
^ Lord Wentworth's Regiment was integrated into the Spanish army.
^ ^a ^b "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."
^ Treaty of alliance between France and Portugal concluded at Paris, 1 June 1641. Davenport, Frances Gardiner: European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2012. ISBN 9781584774228, pp. 324–328
^ English expedition to Portugal (1662–1668)
^ Birmingham, p.51
^ Amigo Vázquez, Lourdes (2019). "Un nuevo escenario de la guerra con Francia. La intervención española en la Fronda (1648–1653)". Studia historica. Historia moderna (in Spanish). 41 (1). España: 153–188. doi:10.14201/shhmo2019411153188. hdl:10366/142076. S2CID 198725766. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
^ Lord Wentworth's Regiment served as part of the Spanish Army.
^ "دعوة الحق – السلطان المولى إسماعيل". 5 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ "Абдусаламов Магомед-паша Балашович Феодальные междоусобицы кумыкских владетелей во второй половине XVII века", ИСОМ, no. 4, C.33, 2014, archived from the original on 26 May 2023, retrieved 26 May 2023
^ ^a ^b From 1703 started the Rákóczi's War of Independence as a proxy conflict of the Habsburg-Bourbon conflict during Spanish Succession War. Spanish mercenaries fought in the Hungarian conflict for both sides due to alliances.
^ The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.
^ "Spanish-Indian Battle (1702) - Georgia Historical Society". www.georgiahistory.com/. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
^ ^a ^b In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified as the Kingdom of Great Britain, sharing a single Parliament at Westminster under the Act of Union 1707. After this, Scottish troops joined their English counterparts in all colonial wars.
^ From H.M.C. Brown to Peter P. Pitchlynn. Re: rumors of a band of Comanches and Apaches of hostile nature gathering. "Peter P. Pitchlynn Collection" Archived 17 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Western Histories Collection, University of Oklahoma Libraries
^ Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 118
^ "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ Nash, Jay Robert (18 May 1976). Darkest Hours. M. Evans. ISBN 9781590775264. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ Newman, Gerald; Brown, Leslie Ellen; Graham Cummings, A. J.; Fruchtman (Jr.), Jack; Tasch, Peter A. (1997). Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815303961. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
^ "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ "Tahití hubiera podido ser española". vivatacademia.web.uah.es. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
^ Jorge Ortiz Sotelo (2005). "Expediciones peruanas a Tahití, siglo XVIII" [Peruvian expeditions to Tahiti, 18th century] (PDF). Derroteros de la Mar del Sur (in Spanish) (13): 95–103. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
^ Tabakoğlu, Hüseyin Serdar. "The re-establishment of Ottoman-Spanish relations in 1782". citeseerx.ist.psu.edu.
^ Serulnikov, Sergio (2013). Revolution in the Andes: The Age of Túpac Amaru. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822354833.
^ Robins, Nicholas A. (19 January 2002). Genocide and Millennialism in Upper Peru: The Great Rebellion of 1780-1782. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275975692. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Berry, Jane M. (1917). "The Indian Policy of Spain in the Southwest 1783-1795". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 3 (4): 462–477. doi:10.2307/1889139. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1889139.
^ Northwest Indian War
^ Ushakov expedition
^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. Retrieved 22 September 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
^ ^a ^b British intervention in Spanish American independence
^ nps.gov
^ Ogden, A. (1 September 1933). "Russian Sea-Otter and Seal Hunting on the California Coast, 1803-1841". California History. 12 (3): 217–239. ISSN 0162-2897. JSTOR 25178218.
^ ^a ^b "The Contexts of Religion and Violence". Archived from the original on 24 September 2024.
^ Namee, Matthew (2 February 2011). "Primary sources on St. Peter the Aleut". Orthodox History. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
^ Congress of Verona
^ "Belgian Corps 1832–35 in Portugal's Liberal Wars". 11 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
^ Bullón de Mendoza y Gómez de Valugera, Alfonso (1992). La primera guerra carlista. Actas. ISBN 978-84-87863-08-0. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Victimario Histórico Militar". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ * Evans, Robert; Pogge von Strandmann, Hartmut (3 January 2002). The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249978.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-924997-8.
^ ^a ^b First Italian War of Independence
^ ^a ^b ^c "Nineteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ "histoire". www.sahara-occidental.com. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
^ Salom, Julio (1 January 2003). "Los orígenes coloniales del Sahara occidental en el marco de la política española". Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea (in Spanish): 247–272. ISSN 1988-2734.
^ Martìn, Juan Carlos Gimeno; Picón, Juan Ignacio Robles (1 January 2015). "Hacia una contrahistoria del Sahara Occidental". Les Cahiers d'EMAM. Études sur le Monde Arabe et la Méditerranée (in Spanish) (24–25). doi:10.4000/emam.872. ISSN 1969-248X.
^ "Carne de plantación" [Plantation meat] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2025.
^ Castillo-Rodríguez, Susana (September 2012). "La última selva de España: antropófagos, misioneros y guardias civiles. Crónica de la conquista de los Fang de la Guinea Española, 1914–1930". Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. 13 (3): 315–316. doi:10.1080/14636204.2013.790703. ISSN 1463-6204.
^ "Exploración y colonización en Guinea Ecuatorial" [Exploration and colonization in Equatorial Guinea] (PDF). diposit.ub.edu (in Spanish).
^ Blond, Carlos (2022). La Legión en el Sahara entre guerras, 1968 a 1975: historia de la 3a Compañía IX Bandera 4o Tercio, la más condecorada (in Spanish). Didot. ISBN 978-84-19038-88-3.
^ "EFEMÉRIDES HAUSA, 3 de AGOSTO de 1975 Carlos Blond Álvarez del Manzano. General Retirado". General Dávila (in Spanish). 3 August 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
^ "El nacionalismo Saharaui - de Zemla a la organizacion de la unidad Africana" [Sahrawi nationalism - from Zemla to the Organization of African Unity] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019.
^ ^a ^b "El conflicto del Sahara occidental" [The Western Sahara conflict] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2019.
^ Webmaster (12 February 2020). "La Operación Golondrina". Sáhara Occidental (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
^ lanzarote, la verdad de (9 December 2020). ""EL FRENTE POLISARIO Y SUS ATENTADOS CONTRA HOMBRES DEL MAR"". la verdad de lanzarote (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
^ Digital, Confidencial (8 April 2022). "Documentos exclusivos. Cómo el Polisario abrió en España una embajada secreta en una entreplanta de Madrid financiada por el CESID". Confidencial Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2024.
^ "Indonesia 'bugged' Australia". The Age. 15 November 2004. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ "The Collins allegations | Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability". Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability | We Hold That It is Possible to Build Peace, Create Security, and Restore Sustainability for All People in Our Time. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ "PM – A look behind the 'Jakarta Lobby'". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ "PM – Intelligence analyst blasts the DIO". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ "French-language news from Israel, the Middle East & the Jewish World". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
^ "Operation Active Endeavour". NATO. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) NATO fact sheet on contributing nations as of 6 April 2011
^ "Press conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meetings of NATO Defence Ministers". 25 October 2019.
^ Cite error: The named reference auto12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b "Continued support for Turkey". 29 January 2015.
^ "Turkey - Operation "Active Fence"". 18 January 2021. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021.
^ "Operation Active Fence (Patriot mission Turkey) - Historical missions - Defensie.nl". 27 September 2017.
^ "Anatolian Protector - Active Fence".
^ "Spain to Stay with Patriots in Turkey; Italy Could Deploy Samp/T Missiles". 28 December 2015.
^ Wilkinson, Isambard (2 March 2002). "Payback for Eta in the Pays Basque". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
^ Cite error: The named reference dt26 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "España promete ayuda militar y apoyo logístico a Mali en la guerra contra Ansar Dine". Cuartopoder (in Spanish). 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ ^a ^b Rwanda deploys troops to CAR under bilateral arrangement Archived 4 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine, The East African, 22 December 2020. Accessed 28 Dec 2020.
^ "Central African troops and Russian mercenaries accused of abuses in anti-rebel offensive". The New Humanitarian. 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
^ Sahinkaya, Ezel; Galperovich, Danila (9 May 2020). "Radical Russian Imperial Movement Expanding Global Outreach". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
^ L'incroyable constellation des groupes armés en Centrafrique Archived 29 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine, 27 July 2023
^ "Morocco expresses full support for Central African Republic Peace Agreement". The North Africa Post. 17 November 2019. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023. Morocco has deployed 762 blue helmets in the MINUSCA, who, he said, have succeeded in establishing bonds of trust with local populations regardless of their religious affiliations, said Bourita.
^ France suspends military, budgetary support to Central African Republic Archived 20 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, 8 June 2021
^ Nzilo, Alain (13 March 2023). "Le Préfet du Haut-Mbomou sous pression: une nouvelle milice d'autodéfense locale, AZANDE ANI KPI GBE, appelle à son départ". corbeaunews-centrafrique. Corbeaunews Centrafrique. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
^ "UN: Chad soldiers killed 30 in CAR". Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.
^ "Chad Sends More Troops to CAR Border". Defense Post. 4 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
^ "Sudan paramilitary funnelling weapons into Central African Republic, UN report reveals". 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
^ https://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/operaciones-en-el-exterior/10-Operacion_Inherent_Resolve/#:~:text=OPERACI%C3%93N%20'INHERENT%20RESOLVE':,UU.
^ González, Miguel (22 October 2014). "El Congreso apoya la misión en Irak". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ González, Miguel (25 November 2017). "Cuando España volvió a la guerra". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ "Israeli forces again target UN peacekeepers in southern Lebanon". Al Jazeera. 11 October 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
^ Dana Polak (6 October 2024). "Al-Abbas Force". Israel Alma.
^ "Muslim Brotherhood in Lebanon after Gaza and Hezbollah War". 30 October 2024. Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
^ "Three SSNP members killed in southern Lebanon while 'confronting Israeli forces'". L'Orient Today. 8 December 2024.
^ "Iran Update, October 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. 29 October 2024.
^ "كتائب الشهيد أبو علي مصطفى تزفّ الشهيد سليمان الأحمد الذي استشهد خلال تصديه للعدوان "الإسرائيلي" على لبنان عند الحدود" [The Martyr Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades mourn the martyr Suleiman Al-Ahmad, who was martyred while confronting the "Israeli" aggression on Lebanon at the border]. Al-Ahed News (in Arabic). 26 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
^ "Iran Update, November 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. 5 November 2024.
^ "حزب الله لا يخوض حرب المحور وحيدًا.. الفصائل العراقية هناك و"قدمت شهداء" (تفاصيل)" [Hezbollah is not fighting the axis war alone.. Iraqi factions are there and "offered martyrs" (details)]. baghdadtoday.news (in Arabic). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
^ Cite error: The named reference Lebanon Government Response was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Lebanon army says returns fire at Israel for first time after soldier killed". Gulf News. 3 October 2024. Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
^ Cotovio, Natasha Bertrand, Alayna Treene, Zachary Cohen, Clarissa Ward, Vasco (4 March 2026). "La CIA trabaja para armar a las fuerzas kurdas y provocar un levantamiento popular en Irán, según fuentes". CNN (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 March 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Prince Pahlavi calls on Iranians to get ready to return to streets". www.iranintl.com. 28 February 2026. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
^ LAVOZ, Redacción (28 February 2026). "Reza Pahlaví, hijo del último Sha de Irán, llamó a una "acción final" tras la muerte de Alí Jamenei". www.lavoz.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 March 2026.
^ "El grupo opositor iraní en el exilio reclama un gobierno provisional hacia una democracia". El Mundo (in Spanish). 28 February 2026. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
^ "People's Fighters Front: Discrimination Against Sunnis In Iran Cannot End 'Without A Fundamental Review Of The Power Structure And The Overcoming Of Existing Discriminatory Frameworks'". MEMRI. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
^ "NATO shoots down Iranian missile in Turkish airspace | The Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 4 March 2026. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
^ https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/iran-air-strikes-canada-israel-war-9.7110268
^ Pala, Melike (1 March 2026). "UK, France, Germany vow defensive action against Iran's missile, drone capabilities". AA.com.tr. Brussels. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
^ "Macron orders France's nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to the Mediterranean". AP News. 3 March 2026. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
^ "Bundeswehr in Jordanien und Irak beschossen". Bild (in German). 1 March 2026. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
^ "Iran-Krieg: Bundeswehr-Feldlager in Jordanien und Irak mit Drohnen und Raketen angegriffen". 2 March 2026 – via www.spiegel.de.
^ Athens Bureau (2 March 2026). "Greece Backs Cyprus: Nikos Dendias Visits Nicosia as Frigates and F-16s Deployed Greek City Times". Greek City Times. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
^ "European countries to deploy military assets to Cyprus after drone attack on UK base". France 24. 5 March 2026. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
^ "Iraqi Scientist Reports on German, Other Help for Iraq Chemical Weapons Program". fas.org. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
^ "Turkey intercepts ballistic missile in eastern Mediterranean". cyprus-mail.com. 4 March 2026. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
^ Boucher, Harriette (28 February 2026). "British planes 'in the sky' after Iran strikes as UK joins defensive efforts, says Starmer". The Independent. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
^ "PM statement on Iran: 1 March 2026". GOV.UK. 1 March 2026.
^ "Ukraine's air defense expertise 'irreplaceable,' Zelensky says as escalating Middle East war draws in Europe". Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 2 March 2026.
^ Agencies, News; Agencies, News (5 March 2026). "Azerbaijan says Iran fired two drones at its territory, injuring two people". Ynetglobal. Retrieved 6 March 2026. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^ "National Communication Centre: Multiple Missiles Detected and Successfully Intercepted in Bahraini Airspace". 28 February 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "Cyprus condemns UK after RAF base that launched Gaza spy flights hit by drone". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
^ Lehmann, Noam (28 February 2026). "Iraq shuttering airspace after US, Israel strike Iran" – via www.timesofisrael.com.
^ "Kurdistan Announces Safety, Supply and Power Measures as Missiles Intercepted Over Erbil". Kurdistan24. 28 February 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
^ "Jordan downs two ballistic missiles amid Iran escalation". Saudi Gazette. 28 February 2026.
^ "Gulf states close airspace, intercept Iranian missiles". 28 February 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "Oman port and tanker hit as US-Israeli attacks on Iran widen regional war - Region - World". Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
^ Walia, Gandharv (28 February 2026). "Will Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Jordan, Bahrain and other Gulf countries attack Iran now and was Tehran airstrikes successful? Full update on missile strikes in Gulf region" – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.
^ "Four people killed in Syria after an Iranian missile falls on building, state media reports". 28 February 2026 – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.
^ "Qatar, Bahrain intercept missiles as Iran targets US forces, Israel in second wave of attacks". in-cyprus.philenews.com. 28 February 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
^ "UAE intercepts several Iranian missiles". Dubai Eye 103.8. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
^ AP (28 February 2026). "Iranian-backed Houthis say they'll resume attacks on Israel and on shipping routes". The Times of Israel. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 2 March 2026.
^ Toomey, Bridget (1 March 2026). "Iraqi Shiite militias join the war between Israel, the US, and Iran with drone attacks". FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved 2 March 2026.
^ Frantzman, Seth J. (4 March 2026). "Lebanon Islamic Group claims headquarters targeted by IDF strikes". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 4 March 2026.
^ "Russia is providing Iran intelligence to target U.S. forces, officials say". The Washington Post. 6 March 2026. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
^ Press, Europa (2 March 2026). "Más de 30 muertos y casi 150 heridos por ataques de Israel contra Líbano tras el lanzamiento de proyectiles de Hezbolá". www.europapress.es. Retrieved 2 March 2026.
^ https://www.palestinechronicle.com/israel-launches-ground-incursion-in-lebanon-as-hezbollah-targets-military-bases/
^ "Yemen government's return to Aden tests Riyadh's bid to reshape strategy". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2 March 2026.
^ Sri Lanka rescues Iranian sailors off its coast after US strikes on IRIS Dena.
^ Magee, Caolán. "Israel closes Gaza's Rafah crossing amid attacks on Iran". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
^ "Today's top news: Middle East, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Sudan | OCHA". www.unocha.org. Retrieved 3 March 2026.

[44] States that fought against the emperor at some point between 1618 and 1635.

[111] The POUM fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until 16 June 1937, when the POUM was illegalized and suppressed by the Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister Juan Negrín, with the government suppression of the POUM supported by Joseph Stalin, the Comintern and the PCE.

[Basque-112] The Euzko Gudarostea fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until it surrendered to the Italian Corpo Truppe Volontarie in the Santoña Agreement on 24 August 1937.

[FetJons-113] The only party under Francisco Franco from 1937 onward, a merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side.

[Natmerge-114] 1936–1937, then merged into FET y de las JONS

[153] Although UNIFIL is a peacekeeping force and is not actively engaged in hostilities, its positions have been targeted and its peacekeepers have suffered casualties.^[147]

[162] The Lebanese government stated they will stay out of the conflict between Hezbollah and Israel, but would respond to Israeli attacks on their positions.^[155]

[Jaques-1] Jaques, Tony (19 January 2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313335396. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2017 – via Google Books.

[2] Nicholson, Helen J. (19 January 2004). The Crusades. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313326851. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2017 – via Google Books.

[3] Proyectos, HI Iberia Ingeniería y. "Historia Hispánica". historia-hispanica.rah.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 March 2025.

[4] Edwards, The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs, pp. 288–289

[5] Ramerini, Marco (16 February 2014). "The Portuguese in the Moluccas: Ternate and Tidore". Colonial Voyage. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2023.

[6] Ramerini, Marco (16 February 2014). "The Spanish Presence in the Moluccas: Ternate and Tidore". Colonial Voyage. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[7] Ramerini, Marco (15 May 2023). "Moluccas 2 – The conquest of Ternate, 1606". Colonial Voyage. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[8] Ramerini, Marco (1 January 2005). "The Spanish presence in the Moluccas: The fortifications of Ternate – Ramerini Marco". colonialvoyage.com (First published: 2005). Archived from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.

[9] 1527 election in Cetin

[10] "medieval Archives • History of the Germans Podcast". History of the Germans Podcast. 14 October 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2024.

[11] Postel, Rainer (2010). "Jürgen Wullenwever - Demokrat oder Demagoge?". Zeitschrift des Vereins für Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde. 90: 11–26.

[12] Sandklef, Albert (1963). Varbergs historia (in Swedish). Varbergs Stad.

[13] Norwegian Catholic nobles supported Christian II.

[14] Norwegian nobles supported, fought and send troops to aid in the war.

[15] "Tribes - Native Voices". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 7 October 2024.

[16] Ruff, Paul (15 October 1998). "La campagne de Tlemcen (1543)". La domination espagnole à Oran sous le gouvernement du comte d'Alcaudete, 1534-1558 (in French). Editions Bouchène. pp. 74–101. ISBN 978-2-35676-083-8.

[17] "Политический кризис в Чехии в первой четверти XVII в. и начало Тридцатилетней войны". www.dslib.net. Retrieved 15 July 2024.

[Levy4-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Levy, Jack S. (15 July 2014). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495–1975. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813163659. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2023 – via Google Books.

[19] Ayala Tafoya, Eduardo (December 2016). "Lope de Aguirre: rebelión y contraimagen del mundo en Perú". Latinoamérica. Revista de estudios Latinoamericanos (in Spanish). 63 (63): 13–36. doi:10.1016/j.larev.2016.11.003. ISSN 1665-8574.

[20] "MÉXICO EN LA CONQUISTA DE FILIPINAS". exploramex.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[21] Igawa, Kenji. "2010, At the Crossroads: Limahon and Wako in Sixteenth-Century Philippines".

[22] Shutz, J. Travis (2019). "Limahong's Pirates, Ming Mariners, and Early Sino– Spanish Relations: The Pangasinan Campaign of 1575 and Global History from Below". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 67 (3): 315–342. doi:10.1353/phs.2019.0019. ISSN 2244-1638.

[23] Pinto, Paulo Jorge de Sousa (2008). "Enemy at the Gates Macao, Manila and the "Pinhal Episode" (end of 16th Century)". Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies. 16: 11–43. ISSN 0874-8438.

[24] Guingona (顧恒), Phillip B. (17 February 2017). "A Ghost and His Apparition Roam the South China Sea: Limahong and the Dream of a Hokkien Nation (南中國海上陰魂不散的鬼魅及其幻影：林鳳和一個閩南民族的夢)". Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives. 11 (1): 90–124. doi:10.1163/24522015-01101006. ISSN 2452-2015.

[25] Ottoman embassy to Aceh

[26] Tampico, Vladimir Meza | El Sol de. "La batalla de Cagayán, tlaxcaltecas contra piratas y ¿samuráis?". El Sol de Tampico | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre México, Tamaulipas y el Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.

[27] "Intrigue in Longvek- Iberians in 16th Century Cambodia ⋆ Cambodia News English". Cambodia News English. 14 December 2019. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.

[28] Neutrality violated by Holland during the Siege of Huy (1595)

[29] Borao, José Eugenio. "The massacre of 1603: Chinese perception of the Spaniards in the Philippines" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 9 April 2024.

[MKT-30] Csorba, Csaba; Estók, János; Salamon, Konrád (1998). Magyarország Képes Története. Budapest: Hungarian Book-Club. ISBN 963-548-961-7. 62.-64. p.

[31] Véronne, Chantal de la (2012). "Saʿdids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill

[32] Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–220. ISBN 0-521-33767-4

[33] Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1970). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[34] "محمد بن أحمد العياشي". مغرس. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[35] Maziane, Leila (23 October 2017). "Salé au xviie siècle, terre d'asile morisque sur le littoral Atlantique marocain". Cahiers de la Méditerranée (79): 359–372. doi:10.4000/cdlm.4941. S2CID 129250942. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[habous.gov.ma-36] "دعوة الحق - جمهورية أبي رقراق". Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[37] Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2011). Apocalypse in Islam. Translated by DeBevoise, M. B. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26431-1

[38] "تاريخ تطوان: تسليم العرائش للإسبانيين". 22 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[Hayden_p._22-39] Hayden p.22

[40] The Spanish army under Spinola refused to give up the key fortress of Wesel. Hayden p.22

[41] Duro, Cesáreo Fernández (2006). El gran duque de Osuna y su marina: jornadas contra turcos y venecianos (1602-1624) (in Spanish). Editorial Renacimiento. ISBN 978-84-8472-126-0. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

[42] Juan, Víctor San (15 April 2018). Breve historia de las batallas navales del Mediterráneo (in Spanish). Nowtilus. ISBN 978-84-9967-936-5. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

[43] Jan Glete, La guerra sul mare 1500–1650, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2010, p. 161.

[45] "نبرد برای آزادی هرمز". پرتال جامع علوم انسانی (in Persian). Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[46] "History of Ayutthaya – Foreign Settlements – Portuguese Settlement". ayutthaya-history.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2023.

[47] "History of Ayutthaya – Essays – Spain". ayutthaya-history.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.

[48] "History of Ayutthaya – Historical Events – Timeline 1600–1649". ayutthaya-history.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.

[49] Com, The Phuket News (20 September 2019). "Phuket History: Siam's conflict with Portugal". The Phuket News Com. Retrieved 19 March 2025.

[50] Parker p.146

[Thion-18-51] Thion p.18

[Kirk-100-52] Kirk p.100

[53] "Charles I and the Spanish Plot: Anglo-Habsburg Relations and the Outbreak of the War of Three Kingdoms, 1630–1641" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018. The Anglo-Spanish War of 1625–1630 proved a miserable and ill-led affair for England and wholly unprofitable for English merchants

[54] Staněk, Karel; Wanner, Michal (2018). "Wallenstein, Dinastía Vasa y armada hispano-polaca en el Mar Báltico, 1628-1632". Brocar: Cuadernos de investigación histórica (42): 31–66. doi:10.18172/brocar.3713. ISSN 1885-8309.

[55] Skowron, Ryszard. "Olivares, los Vasa y el Báltico. Polonia en la política intrenacional de España en los años 1621-1632". Wydawnictwo DiG, Varsovia 2008, Ss. 321.

[56] Skowron, Ryszard (2009). "El Mar Báltico en la estrategia española de guerra en los Países Bajos, 1568-1648". El mar en los siglos modernos, eds. Manuel-Reyes García Hurtado, Domingo L. González Lopo, E. Martínez Rodríguez. T. 2, Santiago de Compostela, 2009, s. 345-358. doi:10.20350/DIGITALCSIC/13290.

[57] "inabima.org" (PDF). archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[58] "Rabat República de piratas españoles MV092". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[59] "Moriscos de Hornachos y República de Rabat". archive.wikiwix.com. Archived from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[60] Coindreau, Roger (2006). Les corsaires de Salé (in French). Eddif. ISBN 978-9981-896-76-5. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[61] Dan, Pierre (1649). Histoire de Barbarie, et de ses corsaires: Des royavmes, et des villes d'Alger, de Tvnis, de Salé, & de Tripoly. Divisée en six livres. Ov il est traitté de levr govvernement, de leurs mœurs, de leurs cruautez, de leurs brigandages, de leurs sortileges, & de plusieurs autres particularitez remarquables. Ensemble des grandes miseres et des crvels tourmens qu'endurent les Chrestiens captifs parmy ces infideles (in French). Chez P. Rocolet. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[62] Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio; Vincent, Bernard (1993). Historia de los moriscos: vida y tragedia de una minoría. Alianza Universidad. Madrid: Alianza ed. ISBN 978-84-206-2415-0.

[63] Lord Wentworth's Regiment was integrated into the Spanish army.

[:14-64] "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."

[65] Treaty of alliance between France and Portugal concluded at Paris, 1 June 1641. Davenport, Frances Gardiner: European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2012. ISBN 9781584774228, pp. 324–328

[66] English expedition to Portugal (1662–1668)

[67] Birmingham, p.51

[68] Amigo Vázquez, Lourdes (2019). "Un nuevo escenario de la guerra con Francia. La intervención española en la Fronda (1648–1653)". Studia historica. Historia moderna (in Spanish). 41 (1). España: 153–188. doi:10.14201/shhmo2019411153188. hdl:10366/142076. S2CID 198725766. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.

[69] Lord Wentworth's Regiment served as part of the Spanish Army.

[70] "دعوة الحق – السلطان المولى إسماعيل". 5 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2023.

[71] "Абдусаламов Магомед-паша Балашович Феодальные междоусобицы кумыкских владетелей во второй половине XVII века", ИСОМ, no. 4, C.33, 2014, archived from the original on 26 May 2023, retrieved 26 May 2023

[:2-72] From 1703 started the Rákóczi's War of Independence as a proxy conflict of the Habsburg-Bourbon conflict during Spanish Succession War. Spanish mercenaries fought in the Hungarian conflict for both sides due to alliances.

[73] The Acts of Union of 1707 united the crowns of England and Scotland, forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. For much of the war, Scottish units were under Dutch pay and operated as part of the army of the Dutch Republic.

[74] "Spanish-Indian Battle (1702) - Georgia Historical Society". www.georgiahistory.com/. Retrieved 18 September 2024.

[GB-75] In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were unified as the Kingdom of Great Britain, sharing a single Parliament at Westminster under the Act of Union 1707. After this, Scottish troops joined their English counterparts in all colonial wars.

[76] From H.M.C. Brown to Peter P. Pitchlynn. Re: rumors of a band of Comanches and Apaches of hostile nature gathering. "Peter P. Pitchlynn Collection" Archived 17 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Western Histories Collection, University of Oklahoma Libraries

[77] Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de León, Est. tipográfico Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, Madrid, 1902, Vol. VI, p. 118

[78] "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.

[79] Nash, Jay Robert (18 May 1976). Darkest Hours. M. Evans. ISBN 9781590775264. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2018.

[necrometrics-80] "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.

[81] Newman, Gerald; Brown, Leslie Ellen; Graham Cummings, A. J.; Fruchtman (Jr.), Jack; Tasch, Peter A. (1997). Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815303961. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2018.

[82] "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.

[83] "Eighteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.

[84] "Tahití hubiera podido ser española". vivatacademia.web.uah.es. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.

[85] Jorge Ortiz Sotelo (2005). "Expediciones peruanas a Tahití, siglo XVIII" [Peruvian expeditions to Tahiti, 18th century] (PDF). Derroteros de la Mar del Sur (in Spanish) (13): 95–103. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2023.

[86] Tabakoğlu, Hüseyin Serdar. "The re-establishment of Ottoman-Spanish relations in 1782". citeseerx.ist.psu.edu.

[:0-87] Serulnikov, Sergio (2013). Revolution in the Andes: The Age of Túpac Amaru. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822354833.

[:3-88] Robins, Nicholas A. (19 January 2002). Genocide and Millennialism in Upper Peru: The Great Rebellion of 1780-1782. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275975692. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2022 – via Google Books.

[89] Berry, Jane M. (1917). "The Indian Policy of Spain in the Southwest 1783-1795". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 3 (4): 462–477. doi:10.2307/1889139. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1889139.

[90] Northwest Indian War

[91] Ushakov expedition

[92] "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. Retrieved 22 September 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

[:1-93] British intervention in Spanish American independence

[94] s.gov

[95] Ogden, A. (1 September 1933). "Russian Sea-Otter and Seal Hunting on the California Coast, 1803-1841". California History. 12 (3): 217–239. ISSN 0162-2897. JSTOR 25178218.

[:12-96] "The Contexts of Religion and Violence". Archived from the original on 24 September 2024.

[97] Namee, Matthew (2 February 2011). "Primary sources on St. Peter the Aleut". Orthodox History. Retrieved 24 September 2024.

[98] Congress of Verona

[99] "Belgian Corps 1832–35 in Portugal's Liberal Wars". 11 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2013.

[100] Bullón de Mendoza y Gómez de Valugera, Alfonso (1992). La primera guerra carlista. Actas. ISBN 978-84-87863-08-0. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

[remilitari-101] "Victimario Histórico Militar". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2022.

[102] * Evans, Robert; Pogge von Strandmann, Hartmut (3 January 2002). The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249978.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-924997-8.

[:4-103] First Italian War of Independence

[wars-104] "Nineteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2018.

[105] "histoire". www.sahara-occidental.com. Retrieved 25 September 2024.

[106] Salom, Julio (1 January 2003). "Los orígenes coloniales del Sahara occidental en el marco de la política española". Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea (in Spanish): 247–272. ISSN 1988-2734.

[107] Martìn, Juan Carlos Gimeno; Picón, Juan Ignacio Robles (1 January 2015). "Hacia una contrahistoria del Sahara Occidental". Les Cahiers d'EMAM. Études sur le Monde Arabe et la Méditerranée (in Spanish) (24–25). doi:10.4000/emam.872. ISSN 1969-248X.

[108] "Carne de plantación" [Plantation meat] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2025.

[109] Castillo-Rodríguez, Susana (September 2012). "La última selva de España: antropófagos, misioneros y guardias civiles. Crónica de la conquista de los Fang de la Guinea Española, 1914–1930". Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies. 13 (3): 315–316. doi:10.1080/14636204.2013.790703. ISSN 1463-6204.

[110] "Exploración y colonización en Guinea Ecuatorial" [Exploration and colonization in Equatorial Guinea] (PDF). diposit.ub.edu (in Spanish).

[115] Blond, Carlos (2022). La Legión en el Sahara entre guerras, 1968 a 1975: historia de la 3a Compañía IX Bandera 4o Tercio, la más condecorada (in Spanish). Didot. ISBN 978-84-19038-88-3.

[116] "EFEMÉRIDES HAUSA, 3 de AGOSTO de 1975 Carlos Blond Álvarez del Manzano. General Retirado". General Dávila (in Spanish). 3 August 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2024.

[117] "El nacionalismo Saharaui - de Zemla a la organizacion de la unidad Africana" [Sahrawi nationalism - from Zemla to the Organization of African Unity] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019.

[:13-118] "El conflicto del Sahara occidental" [The Western Sahara conflict] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2019.

[119] Webmaster (12 February 2020). "La Operación Golondrina". Sáhara Occidental (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2024.

[120] zarote, la verdad de (9 December 2020). ""EL FRENTE POLISARIO Y SUS ATENTADOS CONTRA HOMBRES DEL MAR"". la verdad de lanzarote (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2024.

[121] Digital, Confidencial (8 April 2022). "Documentos exclusivos. Cómo el Polisario abrió en España una embajada secreta en una entreplanta de Madrid financiada por el CESID". Confidencial Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 September 2024.

[122] "Indonesia 'bugged' Australia". The Age. 15 November 2004. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

[123] "The Collins allegations | Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability". Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability | We Hold That It is Possible to Build Peace, Create Security, and Restore Sustainability for All People in Our Time. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

[124] "PM – A look behind the 'Jakarta Lobby'". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

[125] "PM – Intelligence analyst blasts the DIO". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

[jpost-126] "French-language news from Israel, the Middle East & the Jewish World". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2014.

[primarysource-127] "Operation Active Endeavour". NATO. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[natocoalition-128] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) NATO fact sheet on contributing nations as of 6 April 2011

[italy-129] "Press conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meetings of NATO Defence Ministers". 25 October 2019.

[auto12-130] Cite error: The named reference auto12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[auto2-131] "Continued support for Turkey". 29 January 2015.

[auto5-132] "Turkey - Operation "Active Fence"". 18 January 2021. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021.

[auto4-133] "Operation Active Fence (Patriot mission Turkey) - Historical missions - Defensie.nl". 27 September 2017.

[auto3-134] "Anatolian Protector - Active Fence".

[135] "Spain to Stay with Patriots in Turkey; Italy Could Deploy Samp/T Missiles". 28 December 2015.

[telegraph-136] Wilkinson, Isambard (2 March 2002). "Payback for Eta in the Pays Basque". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2010.

[dt26-137] Cite error: The named reference dt26 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[138] "España promete ayuda militar y apoyo logístico a Mali en la guerra contra Ansar Dine". Cuartopoder (in Spanish). 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2023.

[teadec2220202-139] Rwanda deploys troops to CAR under bilateral arrangement Archived 4 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine, The East African, 22 December 2020. Accessed 28 Dec 2020.

[TheNewHumanitarian0421-140] "Central African troops and Russian mercenaries accused of abuses in anti-rebel offensive". The New Humanitarian. 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2021.

[RIM_Outreach-141] Sahinkaya, Ezel; Galperovich, Danila (9 May 2020). "Radical Russian Imperial Movement Expanding Global Outreach". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2022.

[one-142] L'incroyable constellation des groupes armés en Centrafrique Archived 29 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine, 27 July 2023

[143] "Morocco expresses full support for Central African Republic Peace Agreement". The North Africa Post. 17 November 2019. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023. Morocco has deployed 762 blue helmets in the MINUSCA, who, he said, have succeeded in establishing bonds of trust with local populations regardless of their religious affiliations, said Bourita.

[144] France suspends military, budgetary support to Central African Republic Archived 20 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, 8 June 2021

[145] Nzilo, Alain (13 March 2023). "Le Préfet du Haut-Mbomou sous pression: une nouvelle milice d'autodéfense locale, AZANDE ANI KPI GBE, appelle à son départ". corbeaunews-centrafrique. Corbeaunews Centrafrique. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

[aljazeera0614-146] "UN: Chad soldiers killed 30 in CAR". Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014.

[147] "Chad Sends More Troops to CAR Border". Defense Post. 4 June 2021. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2021.

[148] "Sudan paramilitary funnelling weapons into Central African Republic, UN report reveals". 9 August 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.

[149] ttps://emad.defensa.gob.es/operaciones/operaciones-en-el-exterior/10-Operacion_Inherent_Resolve/#:~:text=OPERACI%C3%93N%20'INHERENT%20RESOLVE':,UU.

[150] González, Miguel (22 October 2014). "El Congreso apoya la misión en Irak". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.

[151] González, Miguel (25 November 2017). "Cuando España volvió a la guerra". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2023.

[152] "Israeli forces again target UN peacekeepers in southern Lebanon". Al Jazeera. 11 October 2024. Retrieved 12 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

[alma-154] Dana Polak (6 October 2024). "Al-Abbas Force". Israel Alma.

[155] "Muslim Brotherhood in Lebanon after Gaza and Hezbollah War". 30 October 2024. Archived from the original on 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.

[156] "Three SSNP members killed in southern Lebanon while 'confronting Israeli forces'". L'Orient Today. 8 December 2024.

[157] "Iran Update, October 28, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. 29 October 2024.

[158] "كتائب الشهيد أبو علي مصطفى تزفّ الشهيد سليمان الأحمد الذي استشهد خلال تصديه للعدوان "الإسرائيلي" على لبنان عند الحدود" [The Martyr Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades mourn the martyr Suleiman Al-Ahmad, who was martyred while confronting the "Israeli" aggression on Lebanon at the border]. Al-Ahed News (in Arabic). 26 October 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.

[159] "Iran Update, November 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. 5 November 2024.

[160] "حزب الله لا يخوض حرب المحور وحيدًا.. الفصائل العراقية هناك و"قدمت شهداء" (تفاصيل)" [Hezbollah is not fighting the axis war alone.. Iraqi factions are there and "offered martyrs" (details)]. baghdadtoday.news (in Arabic). 30 October 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2024.

[Lebanon_Government_Response-161] Cite error: The named reference Lebanon Government Response was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[lebarmy2-163] "Lebanon army says returns fire at Israel for first time after soldier killed". Gulf News. 3 October 2024. Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.

[164] Cotovio, Natasha Bertrand, Alayna Treene, Zachary Cohen, Clarissa Ward, Vasco (4 March 2026). "La CIA trabaja para armar a las fuerzas kurdas y provocar un levantamiento popular en Irán, según fuentes". CNN (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 March 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[165] "Prince Pahlavi calls on Iranians to get ready to return to streets". www.iranintl.com. 28 February 2026. Retrieved 1 March 2026.

[166] LAVOZ, Redacción (28 February 2026). "Reza Pahlaví, hijo del último Sha de Irán, llamó a una "acción final" tras la muerte de Alí Jamenei". www.lavoz.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 March 2026.

[167] "El grupo opositor iraní en el exilio reclama un gobierno provisional hacia una democracia". El Mundo (in Spanish). 28 February 2026. Retrieved 4 March 2026.

[168] "People's Fighters Front: Discrimination Against Sunnis In Iran Cannot End 'Without A Fundamental Review Of The Power Structure And The Overcoming Of Existing Discriminatory Frameworks'". MEMRI. Retrieved 4 March 2026.

[169] "NATO shoots down Iranian missile in Turkish airspace | The Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 4 March 2026. Retrieved 4 March 2026.

[170] ttps://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/iran-air-strikes-canada-israel-war-9.7110268

[171] Pala, Melike (1 March 2026). "UK, France, Germany vow defensive action against Iran's missile, drone capabilities". AA.com.tr. Brussels. Retrieved 1 March 2026.

[172] "Macron orders France's nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to the Mediterranean". AP News. 3 March 2026. Retrieved 4 March 2026.

[173] "Bundeswehr in Jordanien und Irak beschossen". Bild (in German). 1 March 2026. Retrieved 1 March 2026.

[174] "Iran-Krieg: Bundeswehr-Feldlager in Jordanien und Irak mit Drohnen und Raketen angegriffen". 2 March 2026 – via www.spiegel.de.

[175] Athens Bureau (2 March 2026). "Greece Backs Cyprus: Nikos Dendias Visits Nicosia as Frigates and F-16s Deployed Greek City Times". Greek City Times. Retrieved 3 March 2026.

[176] "European countries to deploy military assets to Cyprus after drone attack on UK base". France 24. 5 March 2026. Retrieved 6 March 2026.

[:52-177] "Iraqi Scientist Reports on German, Other Help for Iraq Chemical Weapons Program". fas.org. Retrieved 16 March 2021.

[178] "Turkey intercepts ballistic missile in eastern Mediterranean". cyprus-mail.com. 4 March 2026. Retrieved 4 March 2026.

[179] Boucher, Harriette (28 February 2026). "British planes 'in the sky' after Iran strikes as UK joins defensive efforts, says Starmer". The Independent. Retrieved 28 February 2026.

[180] "PM statement on Iran: 1 March 2026". GOV.UK. 1 March 2026.

[181] "Ukraine's air defense expertise 'irreplaceable,' Zelensky says as escalating Middle East war draws in Europe". Kyiv Independent. Retrieved 2 March 2026.

[182] Agencies, News; Agencies, News (5 March 2026). "Azerbaijan says Iran fired two drones at its territory, injuring two people". Ynetglobal. Retrieved 6 March 2026. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)

[183] "National Communication Centre: Multiple Missiles Detected and Successfully Intercepted in Bahraini Airspace". 28 February 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[184] "Cyprus condemns UK after RAF base that launched Gaza spy flights hit by drone". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 3 March 2026.

[185] Lehmann, Noam (28 February 2026). "Iraq shuttering airspace after US, Israel strike Iran" – via www.timesofisrael.com.

[Kurdistan-186] "Kurdistan Announces Safety, Supply and Power Measures as Missiles Intercepted Over Erbil". Kurdistan24. 28 February 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.

[187] "Jordan downs two ballistic missiles amid Iran escalation". Saudi Gazette. 28 February 2026.

[188] "Gulf states close airspace, intercept Iranian missiles". 28 February 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[189] "Oman port and tanker hit as US-Israeli attacks on Iran widen regional war - Region - World". Ahram Online. Retrieved 3 March 2026.

[190] Walia, Gandharv (28 February 2026). "Will Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Jordan, Bahrain and other Gulf countries attack Iran now and was Tehran airstrikes successful? Full update on missile strikes in Gulf region" – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.

[Syria-191] "Four people killed in Syria after an Iranian missile falls on building, state media reports". 28 February 2026 – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.

[192] "Qatar, Bahrain intercept missiles as Iran targets US forces, Israel in second wave of attacks". in-cyprus.philenews.com. 28 February 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.

[193] "UAE intercepts several Iranian missiles". Dubai Eye 103.8. Retrieved 28 February 2026.

[194] AP (28 February 2026). "Iranian-backed Houthis say they'll resume attacks on Israel and on shipping routes". The Times of Israel. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 2 March 2026.

[195] Toomey, Bridget (1 March 2026). "Iraqi Shiite militias join the war between Israel, the US, and Iran with drone attacks". FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved 2 March 2026.

[196] Frantzman, Seth J. (4 March 2026). "Lebanon Islamic Group claims headquarters targeted by IDF strikes". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 4 March 2026.

[197] "Russia is providing Iran intelligence to target U.S. forces, officials say". The Washington Post. 6 March 2026. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 6 March 2026.

[198] Press, Europa (2 March 2026). "Más de 30 muertos y casi 150 heridos por ataques de Israel contra Líbano tras el lanzamiento de proyectiles de Hezbolá". www.europapress.es. Retrieved 2 March 2026.

[199] ttps://www.palestinechronicle.com/israel-launches-ground-incursion-in-lebanon-as-hezbollah-targets-military-bases/

[200] "Yemen government's return to Aden tests Riyadh's bid to reshape strategy". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2 March 2026.

[201] Sri Lanka rescues Iranian sailors off its coast after US strikes on IRIS Dena.

[202] Magee, Caolán. "Israel closes Gaza's Rafah crossing amid attacks on Iran". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 March 2026.

[203] "Today's top news: Middle East, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Sudan | OCHA". www.unocha.org. Retrieved 3 March 2026.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[a]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

Lists of wars involving European countries
Sovereign states	Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria
Dependencies and other entities	Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard

Catholic Monarchy

Habsburg Spain

Bourbon Spain

Restoration

Second Spanish Republic

Francoist Spain

Modern

See also

Notes

References