Tinigua language

Tinigua
Tiniguas
Tinigʷa
Pronunciation[tinigʷa]
Native toColombia
RegionMeta Department, Colombia; Serranía de la Macarena, Colombia
Ethnicity(undated figure of 1)[1]
Native speakers
1 (2019)[1]
Tiniguan
  • Tinigua
Language codes
ISO 639-3tit
Glottologtini1245
ELPTinigua

Tinigua (Tiniguas) is an endangered Tiniguan language spoken in Colombia that used to form a small language family with the now-extinct Pamigua language.

The name "Tinigua" comes from the words tiní 'old' and gwá 'as, like' and thus means 'language of the old'.[2]

Final speakers

As of 2000, Tinigua had only two remaining speakers, Sixto Muñoz (Tinigua name: Sɨsɨthio ‘knife’) and his brother, Criterio. Criterio died around 2005, leaving behind Sixto as the last remaining speaker of Tinigua.[3] Formerly a resident of the Serranía de la Macarena in Meta Department, Sixto Muñoz currently resides in Jiw village of Barrancón, near the main town of Guaviare Department. There may have been more speakers located elsewhere, as a farmer remprtedly met others who spoke the same language as Sixto.[4]: 1029  They lived in Meta Department, between the Upper Guayabero and Yari rivers.[5]

Muñoz also speaks Spanish and is thought to have been born somewhere from 1924 to 1929. He has five children, but he chose not to teach them Tinigua because they would not have any use for it.[3]

Phonology

The following phonological description of Tinigua is tentative due to the scarce documentation of the language. There are likely inaccuracies and missing phonological contrasts.[4]: 1037 

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Mid e
Open a

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
voiceless voiced
Stop plain p t k g ʔ
aspirated tʰ kʰ
labialized kʷ gʷ
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Fricative ɸ s h
Nasal m n ɲ
Approximant w j

Vocabulary

Comparison

Below is a comparison of Tinigua forms elicited from Sixto Muñoz in 2019 compared with Tinigua and Pamigua words recorded in Castellví (1940).[2][4]

English gloss Tinigua (Sixto Muñoz) Tinigua (Castellví) Pamigua (Castellví)
eye sɨ́ti zőti, zə̀ti sete, xete
water ɲikʷájtʃi ñikwáiši nikagé
fire hikʰítsa ičísa ekísa
woman ɲísa ñíza, ñísä nixtá
dog hanó xamno, xámiu xannó
jaguar kʰíɲa ~ tʃíɲa číña, ǰíña, xiña xiñaga
corn jóʔhá t’óka, tióka xukxá
manioc komáha xaačá xoayoa
let's go minahá manaxǎí menáxa
chili pepper tsákʰa ţáxa saxa 'salt'
good hajohási ayuxáǐ ayoxagua ‘good morning’
plantain mandótʰa madóxa mandotá
spirit hamajiéha pan-kianóso kinoxá ‘enemy’
man tsɨtsía psäţeyá piksiga
five tsátokʷahá (tsátho-kʷaʔa ‘left.side-hand’) xopa-kuáxa saksu-kuaxa
eleven tapásaɲóha čimatóse-kiésä čipsé ipa-kiaxi

Swadesh list

Below is the 100-word Swadesh list for Tinigua.

Swadesh list for Tinigua[4]
Number Gloss Tinigua
1 I híkʷa
2 you (sg.) kázɨ
3 we hikʷáʔa ~ hikʷáha
4 this hángi
5 that híkʰá
6 who nɨ́ʔa
7 what kaɲígahe ~ kaɲí
8 not hégʷa (negation particle)
9 all tʰiána
10 many hajusi ~ ajútsɨ ~ ajusi
11 one kíʔ-je 'to be one, be first'
12 two hatsajtʃa ~ hátsa
13 big hajjúko
14 long hatsɨ́ 'to be long, far, distant'
15 small nɨ́o 'to be small'
16 woman ɲísa
17 man tsɨtsía
18 person hanoso
19 fish zɨsóha (pl.)
20 bird tsɨtsáha (pl.)
21 dog hanú
22 louse hisía
23 tree kíhi
24 seed ɲihósea
25 leaf kʰiwíha
26 root kiʔtʰáha
27 bark
28 skin kʷátatsa
29 flesh handá ɲisá
30 blood hahájkʰía
31 bone kʰitʰáh
32 grease
33 egg mákʰikʰí
34 horn
35 tail matsíɸʷajtʃa
36 feather hatsówi
37 hair zozíha
38 head jɨéte
39 ear tʃátsɨtoa
40 eye sɨ́ti
41 nose kʰízɨsɨ
42 mouth kíwa
43 tooth jióto
44 tongue tʰinútsa
45 claw
46 foot sɨ́kina
47 knee tʰízɨsa
48 hand kʷáʔana
49 belly jamako
50 neck
51 breasts jáʔzɨná
52 heart jihéʔ
53 liver máʔzɨʔná
54 (to) drink jaɲekʷá
55 eat jiʔú
56 bite hakʷɨ́
57 see ɲɨnzɨ́
58 hear kʰahá
59 know
60 sleep ɲiná
61 die ɲimá
62 kill pakʷá
63 swim ɲisɨ́
64 (to) fly jakʷjní
65 walk kiwá
66 come nakú
67 lie (down) hatʃí
68 sit hútʰjoí
69 stand
70 give nahánika
71 say jajé hawá (also 'think')
72 sun ɲíɸo
73 moon hatsɨ́ ɲíɸo
74 star ʋṍsa
75 water ɲikʷájtʃe
76 rain hatʰokútʃe
77 stone ɲitsátsa
78 sand tʃipawína
79 earth towána
80 cloud haɲíj natʰí
81 smoke sɨnátʰi
82 fire hikʰítsa
83 ash
84 (to) burn kʰaɸʷá
85 path nátsɨ
86 mountain
87 red hatsambá 'to be red'
88 green hasɨtsá 'to be green'
89 yellow hasaná 'to be yellow'
90 white hatsamá
91 black hatʃandá 'to be black/dark'
92 night hapɨ́jtʃa (also 'late')
93 hot hanzá 'to be hot'
94 cold hotsɨ́
95 full hajítʰo
96 new
97 good hajohási ~ ajohási
98 round
99 dry hapawú 'to be dry'
100 name jawú 'to be called/named'

References

  1. ^ a b Tinigua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b de Castellví, Marcelino (1940). "La lengua tinigua". Journal de la société des américanistes. 32 (1): 93–101. doi:10.3406/jsa.1940.2324.
  3. ^ a b ""Su cultura y lengua morirán con él"". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish).
  4. ^ a b c d Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume II: Kanoé to Yurakaré. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2.
  5. ^ Tobal, Juan Pablo (21 February 2013). "El último Tinígua" (in Spanish). La Voz.

Further reading

Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Tinigua word list
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