Chimuan languages
| Chimúan | |
|---|---|
| Yuncan, Yunga-Puruhá | |
| (not widely accepted) | |
| Geographic distribution | Peruvian coast |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
Chimuan (also Chimúan) or Yuncan (Yunga–Puruhá, Yunca–Puruhán) is a hypothetical small extinct language family of northern Peru and Ecuador (inter-Andean valley).
Family division
Chimuan is proposed to be consisted of at least three attested languages:
- Chimuan
- Mochica (a.k.a. Yunga, Chimú)
- Cañari–Puruhá
- Cañari (a.k.a. Cañar, Kanyari)
- Puruhá (a.k.a. Puruwá, Puruguay)
All languages are now extinct.
Campbell (2012) classifies Mochica and Cañari–Puruhá each as separate language families.[1]
Mochica was one of the major languages of pre-Columbian South America. It was documented by Fernando de la Carrera and Middendorf in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries respectively. It became extinct around 1920, although some people remembered a few words into the late 20th century. Most scholars consider Mochica a language isolate.
Cañari and Puruhá are documented with only a few words. These two languages are usually connected with Mochica. However, as their documentation level is so low, it may not be possible to confirm this association. According to Adelaar & Muysken (2004), Jijón y Caamaño's evidence of their relationship is only a single word: Mochica nech "river", Cañari necha; based on similarities with neighboring languages, he finds a Barbacoan connection more likely.
Quingnam, considered the same language as the lengua pescadora, was sometimes erroneously taken to be a dialect of Mochica, but it is effectively unattested, excepting a list of numerals discovered in 2010 thought likely to be of Quingnam or Pescadora as expected. These numerals are not, however, Mochica.
Mason (1950)
Yunca-Puruhán (Chimuan) internal classification by Mason (1950):[2]
- Yunca–Puruhán
- Yuncan
- North group (Puruhá-Cañari)
- Puruhá
- Canyari (Cañari)
- Manabila (Mantenya)
- South group (Yunca)
- Yunga
- Morropé
- Eten (?)
- Chimu
- Mochica (Chincha)
- Chanco
- North group (Puruhá-Cañari)
- Atalán
- Wancavilca (Huancavilca)
- Mania
- Tumbez
- Puna
- Carake: Apichiki, Cancebi
- Wancavilca (Huancavilca)
- Yuncan
Mason (1950) added Atalán to the family.
Tovar (1961)
Tovar (1961),[3] partly based on Schmidt (1926),[4] adds Tallán (Sechura–Catacao) to Chimuan (which he calls Yunga-Puruhá). Tovar's (1961) classification below is cited from Stark (1972).[5]
Proposed external relationships
Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan with Uru–Chipaya and Yunga (Mochica).[5]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chimuan languages.[6]
gloss Chimú Eten Cañari Puruhá one onkó unik two atput atput pax head lek xäts gíchan hand möch metsan water leng xa kay la fire hog óx sun sheang sheang chán maize aixa mang manga bird ñaíñ ñaíñ ñay jaguar räk rak guagal guagua fish shl'ak t'ak shl'ak house ánik an án án
See also
References
- ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
- ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- ^ Tovar, Antonio (1961). Catálogo de las lenguas de América del Sur, pp. 162-165. Buenos Aires.
- ^ Schmidt, Wilhelm (1926). Die Sprachfamilien und Sprachenkreise der Erde, p. 214. Heidelberg.
- ^ a b Stark, Louisa R. (1972). "Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: A New Linguistic Alignment". International Journal of American Linguistics. 38 (2): 119–135. doi:10.1086/465193. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 145380780.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
Further reading
- Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509427-5.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
External links
- PROEL: Familia Chimúan