Chiquihuitlán Mazatec

Chiquihuitlán Mazatec
nne nangui ngaxni
Native toMexico
RegionChiquihuitlán de Benito Juárez, Oaxaca
Native speakers
1,502 (2010)[1]
340 monolinguals (1990 census)[2][1]
Oto-Manguean
Language codes
ISO 639-3maq
Glottologchiq1250
ELPChiquihuitlán Mazatec

Chiquihuitlán (endonym: nne nangui ngaxni [nẽ nãŋgi ŋgaʃnĩ])[3] is the most divergent variety of Mazatec, 47% intelligible with Huautla, the prestige variety, and even less intelligible with other Mazatecan languages.[1] It's centered around the municipality of Chiquihuitlán de Benito Juárez, Oaxaca. In 2010, 1,502 total speakers were identified.[4] In 2020, Chiquihuitlán de Benito Juárez had a population of 2,179, of which 1,042 were Mazatec speakers.[5] Chiquihuitlán is spoken in an area that overlaps with Mixtec and Cuicatec speakers.[6]

Background

Chiquihuitlán Mazatec is an endangered language with only around 1,500 native speakers today. This language is native to the Northern part of Oaxaca, Mexico.[7] It is also part of the Oto-Manguean languages, a family of languages native to the Americas.[8]

Orthography

Chiquihuitlán uses the same alphabet as Spanish, with some differences:[9][10]

a b c ch d e ë f g h i j k l ll m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z

The letters ⟨p⟩, ⟨b⟩, ⟨k⟩, z⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨ll⟩ are only used in words from Spanish.

⟨ë⟩ represents /æ/, though some publications use ⟨ä⟩.

⟨j⟩ represents /h/.

⟨h⟩ is /ʔ/, but some older publications may use ⟨?⟩ for the glottal stop.

The digraphs ⟨ty⟩ and ⟨cy⟩ both represent /c/.

⟨q⟩ is only used in the digraph ⟨qu⟩ to represent /k/ in front of ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩.

⟨x⟩ represents /ʃ/.

Chiquihuitlán Mazatec is a tonal language, but tone generally isn't marked in writing. However if one or more words are spelt the same and the only way to differentiate them is through tone, then the tones are marked. In these cases the word with the higher tone has a vowel with an accent mark next to the stressed syllable. The stressed syllable coincides with the highest tone in a word. In words where the syllables have equal tone, the first syllable is marked. If ⟨ë⟩ needs to be accented, it is written as ⟨ê⟩.[9]

Practical writing systems will write the tone number after the syllable, which can either appear plainly or as a superscript. Dictionary entries will write the word without accent marks, but the tone numbers next to the word (ex. hani 3-1 "red", cjuajeya 4-3-34 "peace").

Phonology

Chiquihuitlán Mazatec has fifthteen consonants: five plosives, two fricatives, six sonorants, and two laryngeals. All consonants are normally realized with spread lips except preceding /o, u/, when they are realized with slight to definite rounding. Like other Oto-Manguean languages, it's also tonal with 4 level tones (high /1/, mid /2/, low-mid /3/, low /4/) and 11 contrast tones. [11]

Chiquihuitlán Mazatec consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive t c k ʔ
Affricate ts tʃ
Fricative β s ʃ h
Approximant j
Flap ɾ

Chiquihuitlán Mazatec consonants have several allophones.

All plosive consonants are voiceless except following a nasal, resulting in the following allophones:

  • të /tæ3/ "ten" vs ndë /ndæ4/ "step"
  • natya /nã4ca2/ "saliva" vs nandya /nã4ɲɟa4/
  • vaqui /βa3ki3/ "mom" vs vangui /βaŋ3gi3/ " he searches"
  • tsa /tsa4/ "cheek" vs ntsa /ndza3/ "my hand"
  • chacun /tʃa3kũ34/ "elegant" vs nchacun /ɲdʒa3kũ34/ "godparents"

In addition /n/ assimilates in point of articulation to a following plosive: na /nã4/ "she, woman", ña /ɲã3/ "even", ngu /ŋgu2/ "one", ndya /ɲɟa34/ "there."

When /h/ precedes /β/, they become /p/ (hvë /pæ3/ "gets used up"), /β/ also becomes slightly nasalized when preceding a nasalized vowel (hvin /ʔβ̃ĩ21/ "he doesn't know").

The voiced alveolar flap ⟨r⟩ becomes voiceless preceding /k/ and becomes a lateral when word-initial preceding a vowel.

Language revitalization

There has been an undergoing effort to gather as much information about the language as possible. Usually the group of people that speak this language is relatively small, and are forced to leave their native language and adopt the language with the greatest possibility of communication. An effort to help people keep their native language while learning Spanish are those undergone by teacher Gloria Ruiz de Bravo Abuja that created the institution Instituto de Investigación e Integración Social del Estado de Oaxaca en 1969. Another program is Archivo de lenguas indígenas del estate de Oaxaca which publishes promising findings in a series of linguistic schemes.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b c Chiquihuitlán Mazatec at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
  2. ^ García-Mendoza, A. J., Ordóñez Díaz, M. D., & Briones-Salas, M. (2004). Biodiversidad de Oaxaca (1st ed.). México: UNAM, Instituto de Biología
  3. ^ Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales: Variantes Lingüísticas y sus Autodenominaciones (PDF) (in Spanish). Secretaría de Cultura – Gobierno de México. 2020. pp. 173, 216.
  4. ^ "Context 8722: Chiquihuitlán Mazatec (Source: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger) | Endangered Languages Project". www.endangeredlanguages.com. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  5. ^ "Chiquihuitlán de Benito Juárez: Economy, employment, equity, quality of life, education, health and public safety". Data México. Retrieved 2026-03-01.
  6. ^ Moseley, Christopher (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger (PDF) (3rd ed.). UNESCO. p. 15. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2.
  7. ^ Jamieson, Carole Ann (1982). "Conflated Subsystems Marking Person and Aspect in Chiquihuitlán Mazatec Verbs". International Journal of American Linguistics. 48 (2): 139–167. doi:10.1086/465725. ISSN 0020-7071. JSTOR 1264678. S2CID 143519194.
  8. ^ Léonard, Jean Léo; Kihm, Alain. "Stem formation in Chiquihuitlán Mazatec". pp. 1–9.
  9. ^ a b Jamieson Capen, Carole (1996). Diccionario mazateco de Chiquihuitlán, Oaxaca [Chiquihuitlán Mazatec Dictionary, Oaxaca] (PDF) (in Spanish). Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  10. ^ Jamieson, Allan R. (1977). El alfabeto del Mazateco de Chiquihuitlán (PDF) (in Spanish). Summer Institute of Linguistics International.
  11. ^ Merrifield, William R., ed. (1977). Studies in Otomanguean phonology (PDF). Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 93–136.
  12. ^ Ruiz de Bravo Ahuja, Gloria., Troike, Rudolph., Suarez, Jorge. (1978). Mazateco de Chiquihuitlan, Oaxaca. Archives of Indigenous Languages in the State of Oaxaca. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED378791.pdf
Chiquihuitlán Mazatec test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America has audio samples of the language. [1] Maria Sabina - Mujer Espiritu video [2]

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