Zapotecan languages
| Zapotecan | |
|---|---|
| Sapotekan | |
| Geographic distribution | Oaxaca, Mexico |
| Linguistic classification | Oto-Manguean
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | zapo1436 |
The Zapotecan languages are a group of related Oto-Manguean languages which descend from the common Proto-Zapotecan language spoken by the Zapotec people during the era of the dominance of Monte Albán.
Classification
The Zapotecan languages are usually divided into two branches; the Zapotec languages and the Chatino languages. Minor variants, including Solteco Zapotec and Papabuco, are considered by some authors to be divergent Zapotec languages. Based on analysis of the pronominal systems and other innovations, the following relationship has been proposed:[1][2]
Glottochronological estimates place the time of diversification of Proto-Zapotecan to 24 centuries ago;[3] that is to say, about a millennium more than the time of diversification for Zapotec itself.
Since the 19th century, a relationship between the Zapotecan languages and the Mixtecan languages within Oto-Manguean has been recognized; these two sub-families would form an Eastern branch of Oto-Manguean.
Lexical comparison
The following table shows the pronominal subjects en Proto-Zapotec, Chatino, Papabuco, and Proto-Zapotecan:
| GLOSS | Proto-Zapotec | Chatino | Papabuco[4] | Proto-Zapotecan[5][6] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1S | *naʔ | ʔnyãã43 | ã | *naʔ |
| 2S | *luʔ(i) *nuʔ |
ʔĩĩ21 | ru | *luʔ *nuʔ |
| 3S.HUM | *pi | |||
| 3S.AN | *ma(ni) | |||
| 3S.IN | *ni | |||
| 1P.IN | *na | ʔnyãã23 | na | *nã |
| 1P.EX | *tyiʔu *ya |
ʔwa43 | *yã | |
| 2P | *wa | ʔwã32 | *wã | |
| 3P |
The numerals have the following tentative reconstruction:
| one | two | three | four | five | six | seven | eight | nine | ten | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Zapotec | *tobi | *tjop- | *tson- | *tap- | *gayoʔ | *šopa | *ga'tsi | *šonoʔ | *gaʔ | *tsi |
| Highland Chatino[7] | ska23 | tukwa32 | snã32 | hakwa23 | ki'yu32 | skwa32 | kati21 | snũ23 | kaa2 | tii2 |
| Proto-Zapotecan | *tukw- | *tsna- | *takw- | *kayuʔ | *skwa | *ka'ti | *snu | *kaʔ | *tii |
Referencess
Notes
- ^ Operstein 2003, p. 16.
- ^ Campbell & Cruz 2010, p. 3.
- ^ "Languages of the World". Encyclopædia Britannica (15 ed.).
- ^ Pride & Pride 1997, p. 110-113.
- ^ Rendón 1971.
- ^ Operstein 2003.
- ^ Pride & Pride 1997, p. 155.
Citations
- Campbell, Eric; Cruz, Emiliana (2010). "El sistema numérico del proto-chatino". Las memorias del Congreso de Idiomas Indígenas de Latinoamérica-IV (in Spanish).
- Operstein, Natalie (2003). "Personal pronouns in Zapotec and Zapotecan". International Journal of American Linguistics. 69 (2). The University of Chicago Press: 154–185. doi:10.1086/379683.
- Pride, Leslie; Pride, Kitty (1997). "Chatino en la zona alta". In COLMEX (ed.). Archivo de lenguas indígenas de México (in Spanish). ISBN 968-12-0701-7.
- Rendón, Juan José (1971). "Relaciones externas del llamado idioma papabuco". Anales de Antropología (in Spanish). 8: 213–231.
- Lenguas Zapotecas
Further reading
- Kaufman, Terrence. 2016. Proto-Sapotek(an) reconstructions. Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica.
- Kaufman, Terrence. 2015. A typologically odd phonological reconstruction for proto-Sapotekan: stem-final *k. Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica.
- Suárez, Jorge A. (1973). "On Proto-Zapotec Phonology". International Journal of American Linguistics. 39 (4): 236–249.