List of diplomatic partnerships of China

This is a list of countries with which the People's Republic of China has established diplomatic partnerships. Partnership refers to an international cooperative relationship in which countries (regions, organizations) cooperate in the political, economic, scientific, cultural and other fields because of trust. As of the end of May 2024, China maintains diplomatic relations with 185 countries, of which 180 it has signed cooperation or partnership agreements with; if international organizations are included, the number rises to 190. The diplomatic levels of China can be roughly divided into five types: general partnership, comprehensive or all-round partnership, general strategic partnership, comprehensive, global or all-round strategic partnership, and all-weather or permanent strategic partnership. A community of shared destiny relationship has also emerged in recent years.

Framework

China establishes bilateral partnerships with other countries that range from broad strategic partnerships to those with more discrete areas of cooperation.[1]: 25  The diplomatic levels of China can be roughly divided into five types: general partnership, "comprehensive" or "all-round" partnership, general strategic partnership, "comprehensive", "global" or "all-round" strategic partnership, and "all-weather" or "permanent" strategic partnership.[2] "Comprehensive strategic partnerships" are the broadest, with "strategic partnerships" and "comprehensive cooperative partnerships" used to describe relations with less broad cooperation.[1]: 25  Partnership refers to an international cooperative relationship in which countries (regions, organizations) cooperate in the political, economic, scientific, cultural and other fields because of trust.[3] China generally avoids signing formal alliances and bilateral treaties.[4]: 107  It describes this position as "relationship based on partnership rather than alliance" (jieban bujiemeng).[5]: 1 

As of the end of May 2024, China has diplomatic relations with 185 countries, of which 180 it has signed cooperation or partnership agreements; if international organizations is added, the number reaches 190.[6]

Community of shared future

Main article: Community of Common Destiny

"Community of shared future” refers to countries or international organizations that have established a high-level strategic partnership with China  and have carried out broader and deeper cooperation, while expressing their recognition of China's values of promoting "building a community of shared future for mankind”, participating in China's Belt and Road initiative and supporting China's global initiatives, and are willing to support and cooperate in China's vision of global governance.

Bilateral community of shared future

Name Chinese name Countries Ref.
All-weather community of shared future in the new era 新时代全天候命运共同体 Cambodia [7]
High-quality, high-level and high-standard community of shared future in the new era 高质量、高水平、高标准的新时代命运共同体 Laos [8]
Closer community of shared future in the new era 新时代更加紧密的命运共同体 Pakistan [9]
Community with a shared future for mankind in the new era 新时代命运共同体 Egypt, Kenya, Serbia, Solomon Islands [10][11][12][13]
High-level community of shared future 高水平命运共同体 Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe [14][15][16][17][18]
Community of shared future 命运共同体 Cuba, Malaysia, Myanmar, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan [19][20][21][22][23]
Community with a shared future of everlasting friendship, high mutual trust and shared future 世代友好、高度互信、休戚与共的命运共同体 Kazakhstan [24]
Community of shared future with everlasting friendship, shared weal and woe, mutual benefit and win-win 世代友好、休戚与共、互利共赢的命运共同体 Tajikistan [25]
Community of shared destiny with good neighborliness, friendship and shared prosperity 睦邻友好、共享繁荣的命运共同体 Kyrgyzstan [26]
Community of shared future for mankind: peaceful coexistence, mutual assistance and win-win cooperation 和平共处、守望相助、合作共赢的命运共同体 Mongolia [27]
Community with a shared future for a more just world and a more sustainable planet 更公正世界和更可持续星球的命运共同体 Brazil [28]
More stable, more prosperous and more sustainable community with a shared future 更为稳定、更加繁荣、更可持续的命运共同体 Thailand [29]
Strategically significant community of shared destiny 具有战略意义的命运共同体 Vietnam[a] [30][31]
Community with a shared future with regional and global influence 具有地区和全球影响力的命运共同体 Indonesia [32]

Multilateral community with a shared future

Name Chinese name Organization/region Ref.
All-weather community of shared future in the new era 新时代全天候命运共同体 African Union [33]
Community of shared future in the new era 新时代命运共同体 Arab League [34]
Closer community of shared future 更为紧密的命运共同体 ASEAN, Central Asia, Pacific island nations [35][36][37]
Community of shared destiny 命运共同体 Community of Latin American and Caribbean States [38]

Partners

Strategic partnership requires that the cooperation between the two sides is based on national security interests and has consistency in terms of overall, global and core interests. Comprehensive strategic partnership means that the two sides have a wider range of cooperation areas. It is a higher level of strategic relationship and covers a more comprehensive range. There is no specific explanation for the modifiers such as "new era", "all-weather" and "all-round". In short, they all represent that the bilateral cooperation is closer than the general comprehensive strategic partnership, and the areas of bilateral cooperation are deeper and broader.

Comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination

Name Chinese name Countries Ref.
Comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era 新时代全面战略协作伙伴关系 Russia [39]

All-weather strategic partnership

Name Chinese name Countries Ref.
All-weather comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era 新时代全天候全面战略伙伴关系 Hungary, Uzbekistan [40]
All-weather comprehensive strategic partnership 全天候全面战略伙伴关系 Belarus [41]
All-weather strategic cooperative partnership 全天候战略合作伙伴关系 Pakistan [41]
All-weather strategic partnership 全天候战略伙伴关系 Ethiopia, Venezuela [41]
Permanent comprehensive strategic partnership 永久全面战略伙伴关系 Kazakhstan [41]

Comprehensive strategic partnership

Name Chinese name Countries Ref.
Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era 新时代全方位战略合作伙伴关系 South Africa [41]
Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era 新时代全面战略合作伙伴关系 Tajikistan [41]
Comprehensive strategic partnership of mutual respect and common development in the new era 新时代相互尊重、共同发展的全面战略伙伴关系 Solomon Islands [41]
Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new Era 新时代全面战略伙伴关系 Kyrgyzstan [41]
Comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership 全面战略合作伙伴关系 Angola, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Thailand, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe [41]
All-round strategic partnership 全方位战略伙伴关系 Germany [40]
Long-term, consistent comprehensive strategic partnership 长期稳定的全面战略伙伴关系 United Kingdom [42]
Comprehensive strategic partnership of mutual respect and common development 相互尊重、共同发展的全面战略伙伴关系 Cook Islands, Fiji, Micronesia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu [41]
Comprehensive strategic partnership 全面战略伙伴关系 Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brazil, Chile, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Greece, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Laos. Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Spain, Timor-Leste, Togo, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay [41]

Strategic partnership

Name Chinese name Countries Ref.
Strategic partnership for development and prosperity 面向发展与繁荣的世代友好的战略合作伙伴关系 Nepal [41]
Strategic partnership of sincere mutual assistance and everlasting friendship 真诚互助、世代友好的战略合作伙伴关系 Sri Lanka [41]
Strategic cooperative partnership 战略合作伙伴关系 Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, South Korea, Suriname [41]
Mutually beneficial strategic partnership 互惠战略伙伴关系 Ireland [41]
Strategic partnership for innovation 创新战略伙伴关系 Switzerland [41]
Strategic partnership 战略伙伴关系 Armenia, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic ,Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Eritrea, Georgia, Guinea-Bissau, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine [41]
New strategic partnership 新型战略伙伴关系 Canada [43]
Closer development partnership 更加紧密的发展伙伴关系 India [44]
Strategic partnership 战略合作关系 Turkey [41]
Friendly strategic partnership 友好战略伙伴关系 Austria [41]

Partnership

Name Chinese name Countries Ref.
All-round friendly and cooperative partnership 全方位友好合作伙伴关系 Belgium [41]
Comprehensive, friendly and cooperative partnership 全面友好合作伙伴关系 Romania [40]
Open and pragmatic comprehensive cooperative partnership 开放务实的全面合作伙伴关系 Netherlands [41]
Comprehensive partnership 全面合作伙伴关系 Croatia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda [41]
New-type cooperative partnership 面向未来的新型合作伙伴关系 Finland [40]
Comprehensive strategic partnership 全面战略合作关系 Philippines [41]
Innovative comprehensive partnership 创新全面伙伴关系 Israel [45]
All round high quality future oriented partnership 全方位高质量的前瞻性伙伴关系 Singapore [46]

Special partnership

Name Chinese name Countries Ref.
Special friendship in the new era 新时代特殊友好关系 Cuba [41]

Non-partner

Name Chinese name Countries Ref.
Friendly cooperative relations 友好合作关系 Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, Cameroon, Dominica, Estonia, Guyana, Iceland, Ivory Coast, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, North Macedonia, Norway, San Marino, Slovenia, Sweden, Yemen [40]
Traditional friendly relations 传统友好关系 Albania [41]
Friendly relations 友好关系 Cape Verde, Ghana, Malta [41]
New type of great power relations 新型大国关系 United States[b] [41]
Mutually beneficial relationship based on common strategic interests 战略互惠关系 Japan [47]
Regular diplomatic relations Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Honduras, Kiribati, Lithuania, Montenegro, Panama [40]

Other

Name Chinese name Countries Note Ref.
Traditional friendly and cooperative relations 传统友好合作关系 North Korea Due to the Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between China and the DPRK, which is currently the only defense treaty China has with any nation, North Korea is outside China's diplomatic partnership system. [41]

Multilateral partnerships

Name Chinese name Organization Ref.
Comprehensive strategic partnership 全面战略伙伴关系 Association of Southeast Asian Nations, European Union, Pacific Islands Forum [41]
New strategic partnership 新型战略伙伴关系 African Union [41]
Strategic partnership 战略伙伴关系 Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council [41]
Comprehensive partnership 全面合作伙伴关系 Community of Latin American and Caribbean States [41]

Notes

  1. ^ Translated as "community of shared future” by the Vietnamese side.
  2. ^ Called a "strategic competitive relationship" by the United States.

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