D-class lifeboat (RFD PB16)

Preserved Blue Peter III (D-112)
Class overview
NameD-class (RFD PB16)
BuildersRFD
Operators Royal National Lifeboat Institution
Preceded bynone
Succeeded byD-class (Zodiac III)
Built1963–1984
In service1963–2007
Completed228
Retired228
Preserved2
General characteristics
Class & typeRFD PB16
Length16 ft (4.9 m)
Complement2 or 3

The D-class (RFD PB16) lifeboat was the first of a class of inflatable boat operated between 1963 and 2007 by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution of the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was replaced operationally by the D-class (Zodiac III).

They were manufactured by R.F.D. Co.Ltd of Godalming, Surrey, a company founded by engineer Reginald Foster Dagnall.[1] Over time, RFD became a synonym for "Rapid Flotation Devices".

History

Increasing numbers of leisure craft in waters around Britain and Ireland in the late 1950s caused the RNLI to consider using inflatable boats as Inshore Lifeboats (ILBs). A boat was purchased for trials and the work of the lifesaving society in Brittany was studied. This resulted in RFD PB16 inflatables being modified and fitted out as ILBs.[2]

The first was deployed at Aberystwyth in 1963. It capsized on its first launch but was soon put to good use.[3] Once in service, the main problems came from the boats deflating and from the outboard motors failing. It was decided that these should be replaced every year.[2]

Production continued until 1984, however two alternative designs were tried in 1971 and 1972. Only a few Avon S650 were built but the Zodiac III proved more successful and series production of these started in 1975 and continued until 1987. The last PB16 was withdrawn in 2002.[4]

Description

The PB16 was 16 ft (4.9 m) long and fitted with a single 40 hp outboard motor.[2]

RNLI Fleet

D-1 – D-100

Op. No.[a] Name In Service[4] Station Comments
D-1 Unnamed
  • 1963
  • 1965
  • 1965–????
D-2 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
D-3 Unnamed 1966 Relief fleet
D-4 Unnamed 1963 Mudeford
D-5 Unnamed
  • 1963
  • 1964
  • 1965
D-6 Unnamed
  • 1963
  • 1963
  • 1966
D-7 Unnamed
  • 1963
  • 1964
  • 1967
D-8 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1966
D-9 Unnamed
  • 1963–1964
  • 1965
  • 1966
  • 1966–1973
D-10 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
D-11 Unnamed
  • 1963
  • 1965
  • 1966
  • 1967
D-12 Unnamed
  • 1963–1964
  • 1965
  • 1965
  • 1967
  • 1968–1970
  • 1983–1987
D-13 No. Not Allocated
D-14 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1965
  • 1967
  • 1968
  • 1969
D-15 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1965–1983
  • 1983–1988
D-16 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1965–1966
  • 1967–1968
  • 1968–1969
  • 1969–1972
D-17 Unnamed
  • 1964–1967
  • 1967–1970
D-18 Unnamed
  • 1965–1966
  • 1983–????
D-19 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965–1967
  • 1967–1970
  • 1970
D-20 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1965–1966
  • 1967
  • 1968–1970
  • 1971–1972
D-21 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1965
  • 1965–1966
  • 1966
  • 1967
  • 1967–1972
D-22 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1967
  • 1967
  • 1967–1969
  • 1983–1988
D-23 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1970–1973
D-24 Unnamed
  • 1965
  • 1966
  • 1966–1969
  • 1969–1971
  • 1971–1974
  • 1974–1981
D-25 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1966
  • 1967
  • 1968–1969
  • 1969–1972
D-26 Unnamed
  • 1965
  • 1966
  • 1966–1967
  • 1967–1968
  • 1970–1971
  • 1972–1981
  • 1981–1985
D-27 Unnamed 1965–1967 Hastings
D-28 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1965
  • 1969–1970
  • 1970
  • 1972
D-29 Unnamed
  • 1965
  • 1966
D-30 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965–1967
  • 1967
  • 1968
  • 1969
D-31 Unnamed 1964–1965 Redcar
D-32 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965–1966
  • 1966–1967
D-33 Unnamed
  • 1965–1966
  • 1968
D-34 Unnamed
D-35 Unnamed 1966 Southend-on-Sea
D-36 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1965–1970
  • 1970–1973
D-37 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1966
  • 1966
  • 1966
  • 1967
  • 1968
  • 1968–1972
D-38 Unnamed
  • 1965–1966
  • 1966–1973
D-39 Unnamed
  • 1965–1967
  • 1966
  • 1968–1972
D-40 Unnamed
  • 1965–1968
  • 1968–1969
  • 1969–1970
D-41 Unnamed
  • 1965–1969
  • 1970–1973
D-42 Unnamed
  • 1965–1967
  • 1967–1973
  • 1973–1974
  • 1974–1977
D-43 Unnamed
  • 1965–1972
  • 1972–1974
  • 1974–????
  • Barrow
  • Relief fleet
  • Publicity (D-12-P)
D-44 Unnamed 1965–1972 The Mumbles
D-45 Unnamed
  • 1965–1968
  • 1969–1970
  • 1970–1972
  • 1973
D-46 Unnamed
  • 1965–1967
  • 1967–1969
  • 1970
D-47 Unnamed
  • 1965–1967
  • 1967–1968
  • 1969–1970
D-48 Unnamed
  • 1965–1970
  • 1970–1971
D-49 Unnamed
  • 1965–1966
  • 1966–1967
  • 1968–1969
  • 1970–1972
  • 1972–1979
D-50 Unnamed
  • 1965
  • 1966–1968
  • 1969
  • 1970
  • 1970–1973
  • 1973–1974
D-51 Unnamed
  • 1965
  • 1966–1967
  • 1968
  • 1969–1970
  • 1970–1984
D-52 Unnamed
  • 1966–1970
  • 1970–1973
D-53 Unnamed
  • 1965
  • 1966–1973
  • 1973
  • 1973–????
D-54 Unnamed
  • 1965–1966
  • 1966–1969
  • 1969
  • 1970–1972
  • 1972–1977
D-55 Unnamed
  • 1965–1967
  • 1967–1969
  • 1969–1971
D-56 Unnamed
  • 1964
  • 1965–1972
  • 1972–1977
D-57 Unnamed
  • 1965–1970
  • 1970–1971
D-58 Unnamed
  • 1965–1972
  • 1972–1974
  • 1974
  • 1974–1977
D-70 Unnamed
  • 1965–1968
  • 1968–1970
D-71 Unnamed
  • 1965–1970
  • 1970–1972
  • 1972
  • 1972–1973
D-72 Unnamed
  • 1965–1972
  • 1972–1975
  • 1975–????
D-73 Unnamed
  • 1965–1967
  • 1967–1969
  • 1969–1973
  • 1973–1982
  • 1982–1987
D-74 Unnamed
  • 1965–1967
  • 1968–1972
  • 1972–1978
D-75 Unnamed
  • 1965–1967
  • 1968–1969
  • 1970–1977
D-76 Unnamed
  • 1966
  • 1966–1969
  • 1969–1970
  • 1970–1971
  • On Board 70-001
  • Relief fleet
  • Mudeford
  • Relief fleet
D-81 Unnamed
  • 1966–1972
  • 1972–1973
  • 1973–1974
  • 1974–1975
  • 1975
  • 1975–1983
  • 1983–1985
D-82 Unnamed
  • 1966–1968
  • 1968–1971
D-83 Unnamed
  • 1966–1968
  • 1968–1971
D-84 Unnamed
  • 1966–1970
  • 1970–1977
D-85 Unnamed
  • 1966–1967
  • 1967–1975
  • 1975–1978
D-86 Unnamed
  • 1966–1968
  • 1969–1971
D-87 Unnamed
  • 1966–1968
  • 1968–1971
  • 1971
  • 1971–1978
D-88 Unnamed
  • 1966–1971
  • 1971–1977
D-89 Unnamed
  • 1966–1972
  • 1972–1973
D-90 Unnamed
  • 1966–1969
  • 1969–1976
D-91 Unnamed
  • 1966–1970
  • 1970–1971
  • 1971–1975
  • 1975
  • 1975–1976
D-92 Unnamed
  • 1966–1970
  • 1970–1977
  • 1977
  • 1975
  • 1978–1991
  • Bridlington
  • Relief fleet
  • On Board 70-002
  • GLC Flood Relief fleet
  • Publicity (D-21-P)
D-93 Unnamed
  • 1966–1972
  • 1973–1975
  • 1975–1977
  • 1977–1987
D-94 Unnamed 1966–1976 Sunderland
D-95 Unnamed
  • 1966–1968
  • 1969
  • 1970–1973
D-96 Unnamed
  • 1966–1975
  • 1975–1979
D-97 Unnamed
  • 1966–1971
  • 1971–1975
D-98 Unnamed
  • 1966–1969
  • 1969–1971
D-99 Unnamed 1966–1975 Margate
D-100 Unnamed
  • 1966
  • 1968
  • 1969–1974
  • 1974–1980

D-101 – D-199

Op. No. Name In service}[4] Station Comments
D-101 Unnamed
  • 1967–1969
  • 1970–1971
  • 1971–1975
  • 1976–1981
  • 1981–1987
D-102 Unnamed
  • 1966–1968
  • 1970
D-103 Unnamed 1966–1975 Borth
D-104 Unnamed
  • 1966–1976
  • 1976–1980
  • 1980–1983
  • 1984
  • Flint
  • Relief fleet
  • GLC Flood Relief fleet
  • Publicity (D-22-P)
D-105 Unnamed
  • 1966–1975
  • 1976–1983
  • 1983–1986
D-106 Unnamed 1966–1974 Crimdon Dene
D-107 Unnamed
  • 1966–1978
  • 1978–1980
D-108 Unnamed
  • 1967–1973
  • 1973–1975
  • 1975
  • 1975–1977
  • 1977–1979
D-109 Unnamed
  • 1967–1976
  • 1976–1978
D-110 Unnamed
  • 1967–1968
  • 1969
  • 1970
  • 1970–1974
  • 1974–1975
  • 1975–1980
  • 1980–1983
  • 1984–1986
D-111 Unnamed
  • 1967–1976
  • 1977
  • 1978–1980
D-112 Blue Peter III
  • 1967–1972
  • 1973–1984
  • 1984–
On display at Chatham Historic Dockyard since 1996.
D-113 Unnamed
  • 1967–1968
  • 1968–1969
  • 1970–1976
  • 1976–1980
D-114 Unnamed
  • 1967–1976
  • 1977
  • 1978
  • 1979–1983
  • 1983–1987
D-115 Blue Peter I
  • 1967–1972
  • 1972–1975
Now part of The Science Museum collection
D-116 Unnamed
  • 1967–1976
  • 1976–1979
  • 1979–1982
  • 1982–1983
  • 1983–1987
D-117 Unnamed
  • 1967–1971
  • 1972–1981
  • 1981–1982
D-120 Unnamed
  • 1967–1976
  • 1977–1980
  • 1980–1981
  • 1981–1988
D-121 Unnamed
  • 1967–1975
  • 1975–1980
D-122 Unnamed 1967–1975 New Quay
D-123 Unnamed
  • 1967–1976
  • 1976–1980
D-124 Unnamed
  • 1967–1975
  • 1976–1982
  • 1982–1988
D-125 Unnamed
  • 1967–1969
  • 1969–1975
D-126 Unnamed
  • 1967–1977
  • 1978–1980
  • 1980–1981
  • 1981–1985
D-127 Blue Peter II 1967–1976 Beaumaris
D-128 Unnamed
  • 1967–1970
  • 1970–1976
D-129 Unnamed
  • 1967–1977
  • 1978–1983
  • 1983–1987
  • Howth
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-130 Unnamed
  • 1967–1968
  • 1969–1975
D-131 Unnamed
  • 1968–1970
  • 1970–1977
  • 1977–1980
  • 1980–1983
  • 1984
  • Relief fleet
  • On Board 70-001
  • Relief fleet
  • GLC Flood Relief fleet
  • Publicity (D-28-P)
D-132 Unnamed
  • 1968–1971
  • 1971–1974
  • 1974
  • 1974–1987
D-133 Unnamed
  • 1967–1968
  • 1968
  • 1969–1974
  • 1975
D-134 Unnamed
  • 1968–1979
  • 1979–1983
  • 1984–1986
D-135 Unnamed
  • 1967–1970
  • 1970–1972
  • 1972–1977
  • 1977–1978
D-136 Unnamed
  • 1967–1978
  • 1978–1982
D-137 Unnamed
  • 1967–1978
  • 1978
  • 1978–1983
  • 1983–1986
  • Barmouth
  • Relief fleet
  • GLC Flood Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-138 Unnamed
  • 1967
  • 1968–1970
  • 1970–1980
  • 1980–1981
D-139 Unnamed
  • 1967–1977
  • 1978–1983
  • 1983–1988
  • Port Isaac
  • GLC Flood Relief fleet
  • Publicity (D-25-P)
D-140 Unnamed
  • 1967–1968
  • 1969
  • 1969–1971
  • 1971–1974
  • 1974–1980
  • 1980–1984
  • 1984–1987
  • 1987–1989
D-141 Unnamed
  • 1967–1975
  • 1975–????
  • Rhyl
  • Publicity (D-14-P)
D-142 Unnamed
  • 1966–1977
  • 1978
  • 1978–1983
  • 1983–????
  • St Ives
  • Relief fleet
  • GLC Flood Relief fleet
  • Publicity (D-25-P)
D-143 Unnamed
  • 1967–1975
  • 1975–1978
  • 1978–1988
D-144 Unnamed
  • 1967–1968
  • 1969–1970
  • 1970–1975
  • 1975–1977
  • 1977–1980
  • 1980–1982
  • 1982–1984
D-145 Unnamed
  • 1967–1971
  • 1972–1976
  • 1977–1980
  • 1980
D-146 Unnamed
  • 1967–1969
  • 1970–1975
D-147 Unnamed
  • 1967–1970
  • 1970–1973
D-148 Blue Peter IV
  • 1968–1972
  • 1972–1980
1980–1987, On Display, Bristol Lifeboat Museum
D-149 Unnamed
  • 1967–1970
  • 1970–1971
  • 1971–1974
  • Relief fleet
  • On Board 70-001
  • Relief fleet
D-150 Unnamed
  • 1967–1968
  • 1969–1971
  • 1971–1972
  • 1972–1975
  • 1975–1976
  • 1976–1988
D-151 Unnamed 1967–1973 Largs
D-152 Unnamed
  • 1968–1972
  • 1973
  • 1974
  • 1975–1983
D-153 Unnamed
  • 1968–1978
  • 1978–1983
D-154 Unnamed 1967–1971 Relief fleet
D-155 Unnamed 1967–1975 West Kirby
D-156 Unnamed
  • 1967–1968
  • 1968–1969
  • 1969–1970
  • 1970–1971
  • 1971
  • 1971–1982
D-157 Unnamed
  • 1968–1980
  • 1980–1984
  • 1985–1990
D-158 Unnamed
  • 1968
  • 1969–1975
D-159 Unnamed
  • 1968
  • 1969
  • 1970–1978
  • 1978–1984
D-160 Unnamed 1967–1971 Relief fleet
D-161 Unnamed
  • 1968–1969
  • 1969–1975
  • 1975–1984
D-162 Unnamed
  • 1968–1969
  • 1970–1978
  • 1979–1983
  • 1983–1993
D-163 Unnamed 1968–1978 Tramore
D-164 Unnamed
  • 1968–1970
  • 1970–1972
  • 1972–????
  • Selsey
  • Relief fleet
  • Publicity (D-9-P)
D-165 Unnamed
  • 1968–1980
  • 1980–1984
  • 1984–1991
D-166 Unnamed
  • 1967–1972
  • 1972–1978
  • 1979–1985
  • 1985
D-167 Unnamed
  • 1969–1979
  • 1980–1981
  • 1981–1982
  • 1982–1990
D-168 Unnamed
  • 1968–1981
  • 1981–1985
  • 1985–1987
D-169 Unnamed
  • 1968–1983
  • 1983–1985
  • 1985–1989
  • Dunbar
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-170 Unnamed
  • 1969–1972
  • 1973–1981
  • 1981–1984
  • 1984
  • 1985–1988
D-171 Unnamed 1969–1979 Newquay
D-172 Unnamed
  • 1968–1969
  • 1969
  • 1970–1981
  • 1981–1983
  • 1983–????
D-173 Unnamed
  • 1968–1983
  • 1984–1986
  • 1986–1988
D-174 Unnamed
  • 1970–1983
  • 1983–1987
  • 1987–1991
D-175 Alan Thurlow Ashford
  • 1970–1983
  • 1983–1986
  • 1986–1988
  • Bangor
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-176 Unnamed
  • 1971–1972
  • 1972–1981
  • 1982
  • 1982–1986
  • 1986–1991
D-177 Unnamed
  • 1970–1983
  • 1983–1987
D-178 Unnamed
  • 1970–1974
  • 1974–1978
  • 1978–1979
  • 1979–1982
  • 1982–1983
  • 1983–1987
  • 1987–1991
D-179 Blue Peter IV (1981–)
  • 1970–1977
  • 1978–1979
  • 1979–1981
  • 1981–1984
D-180 Unnamed
  • 1970–1985
  • 1985–1986
  • 1986
  • 1986–1988
D-181 Unnamed
  • 1970–1973
  • 1973–1979
  • 1979
  • 1979–1985
  • 1986–1987
D-182 Unnamed
  • 1970–1974
  • 1974
  • 1975–1984
  • 1984–1987
  • 1987
  • 1987
D-183 The Young People of Scarborough
  • 1970–1984
  • 1984–1986
  • 1986–1990
D-184 Unnamed
  • 1970–1983
  • 1984–1988
  • 1988–1989
D-185 Unnamed
  • 1970
  • 1970–1971
  • 1971–1984
  • 1984–1987
D-186 Unnamed
  • 1970–1983
  • 1983–1986
  • 1987–1989
D-187 Unnamed
  • 1970–1984
  • 1983–1988
  • 1988–1993
D-188 The Lord Feoffees
  • 1971–1983
  • 1984–1987
D-189 Unnamed
  • 1970–1972
  • 1972–1983
  • 1984–1987
  • 1988
D-190 Unnamed
  • 1970–1980
  • 1981–1986
  • 1987–1988
D-191 Unnamed
  • 1971–1973
  • 1973–1988
  • 1988
D-192 Unnamed
  • 1971–1977
  • 1978
  • 1979–1980
  • 1980–1982
  • 1982–1984
  • 1985–1987
D-193 Unnamed 1971–1977 Whitby
D-194 Unnamed 1971–1977 Cardigan
D-195 Unnamed Sold to Spain in 1971
D-196 Unnamed
  • 1972–1987
  • 1987
  • 1987–1991
D-197 Unnamed
  • 1972–1984
  • 1984–1987
  • 1987–1988
  • Cromer
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-198 Unnamed
  • 1972–1986
  • 1986–1987
  • 1988–1990
  • Barrow
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-199 Unnamed
  • 1972–1986
  • 1986–1988

D-202 – D-310

Op. No. Name In service[4] Station Comments
D-202 Unnamed
  • 1972–1986
  • 1986–1987
  • 1987–1991
  • Filey
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-203 Unnamed
  • 1972–1973
  • 1974
  • 1975–1981
  • 1981–1984
  • 1984–1989
D-204 Unnamed
  • 1975–1985
  • 1986
  • 1986–1988
D-208 Unnamed
  • 1973–1985
  • 1987
  • 1987
  • 1987–1989
D-209 Unnamed
  • 1973
  • 1974
  • 1975–1976
  • 1976
  • 1977–1986
  • 1986–1988
  • 1988–1989
D-210 Unnamed
  • 1973–1986
  • 1987–1988
  • 1988–1989
  • Blyth
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-211 Unnamed
  • 1973–1979
  • 1980–1987
  • 1987–1990
D-212 Unnamed
  • 1973–1987
  • 1987–1988
D-213 Unnamed
  • 1973–1987
  • 1987–1988
D-215 Blue Peter IV 1973–1981 St Agnes
D-216 Blue Peter III
  • 1973–1985
  • 1985–1986
  • 1986–1988
  • 1988–1989
  • 1989–????
D-217 Unnamed
  • 1972–1977
  • 1977–1987
  • 1987–1988
  • 1989–1992
D-218 Unnamed
  • 1972–1976
  • 1976–1986
  • Relief fleet
  • On Board 70-003
D-219 Unnamed
  • 1973–1986
  • 1986–1988
Relief fleet}}
D-220 Unnamed
  • 1973–1986
  • 1986–1989
  • 1989
D-264 Unnamed
  • 1979–1987
  • 1987–1989
  • 1989–????
D-265 Unnamed
  • 1979–1988
  • 1988–1990
  • 1990–????
D-266 Unnamed
  • 1978–1986
  • 1986–1990
  • 1990–1993
D-267 Unnamed
  • 1979–1988
  • 1989
  • 1989–1991
  • Redcar
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-268 Unnamed
  • 1979–1988
  • 1989–1990
D-269 Unnamed
  • 1980–1988
  • 1988–1990
  • 1990–????
D-273 Unnamed
  • 1980–1988
  • 1989–1992
D-274 Unnamed
  • 1980–1984
  • 1984–1989
  • 1989–1990
D-275 Unnamed
  • 1980–1988
  • 1988–1990
  • 1991–1996
D-276 Gillian Powell
  • 1980–1988
  • 1988–1991
  • 1991–1996
D-277 Sea Lion
  • 1981–1989
  • 1989–1991
  • 1991–????
  • Selsey
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-286 Unnamed
  • 1982–1986
  • 1987
  • 1988–1990
  • 1990–1991
  • Relief fleet
  • Torbay
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-291 Donald Rigby Middleton
  • 1983–1989
  • 1989–1992
  • 1992–1994
D-292 Castle House
  • 1983–1989
  • 1989–1990
  • 1990–1991
  • 1991–1992
  • 1992–1996
  • 1996–
D-293 Unnamed
  • 1983–1989
  • 1989–1992
  • 1992–????
D-294 Bill Mellis
  • 1983–1989
  • 1990–1991
D-295 Unnamed
  • 1983–1992
  • 1992–2002
D-296 Unnamed
  • 1984–1992
  • 1992–1996
  • 1996–2001
D-297 Unnamed
  • 1984–1990
  • 1990–1992
  • 1992–1994
D-298 Unnamed
  • 1984–1992
  • 1992–2001
D-299 The Lord Feoffees
  • 1984–1992
  • 1992–1995
D-300 Lodge of Peace No.322
  • 1983–1992
  • 1992–2001
D-301 Alan Thurlow Ashford
  • 1983–1988
  • 1988–1993
  • 1993–1995
  • 1995–1997
  • Bangor
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
  • Training (D-299T)
D-302 Unnamed
  • 1983–1992
  • 1992–1993
  • 1993–1997
D-303 Unnamed
  • 1984–1987
  • 1987–1991
D-304 Unnamed
  • 1984–1992
  • 1993–2001
D-305 Blue Peter IV 1985–1993 St Agnes
D-306 Blue Peter III
  • 1985–1994
  • 1994–2001
  • 2001–2007
D-307 Spirit of Round Table
  • 1984–1992
  • 1992–1997
D-308 Unnamed
  • 1984–1986
  • 1986–1992
  • 1992–1997
D-309 Unnamed
  • 1984–1994
  • 1994–????
  • Relief fleet
  • Boarding Boat
D-310 Unnamed
  • 1984–1993
  • 1994–1996
  1. ^ Op. No. is the RNLI's Operational Number of the boat.

References

  1. ^ "Z-Boats to the rescue" (PDF). RNLI. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Cameron, Ian (2002). Riders of the Storm. Orion Books. pp. 148–152. ISBN 978-0-7528-8344-1.
  3. ^ Kipling, Ray; Kipling, Susannah (2006). Never Turn Back. Sutton Publishing. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0-7509-4307-6.
  4. ^ a b c d Leonard, Richie; Denton, Tony (2025). Lifeboat Enthusiasts Handbook 2025. Lifeboat Enthusiasts Society. pp. 86–91.