1971 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial special election
November 2, 1971
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County and independent city results Howell: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Kostel: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Shafran: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Elections in Virginia |
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The 1971 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial special election was held on November 2, 1971, to elect the next Lieutenant Governor of Virginia following the death of incumbent J. Sargeant Reynolds on June 13. The election was concurrent with the 1971 Virginia Senate election and 1971 Virginia House of Delegates election. Independent candidate Henry Howell won against both Democratic nominee George J. Kostel and Republican nominee George P. Shafran.[1]
Background
J. Sergeant Reynolds had been elected as a Democrat to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1965,[2] at a time of profound political change in Virginia due to the Twenty-fourth Amendment and the Voting Rights Act[3] greatly expanding an electorate that had previously been proportionately the smallest in the country due to poll taxes and literacy tests.[4]
In 1969, Sargeant Reynolds had been the only candidate to gain a majority in the first Democratic party primary, and gained statewide office in spite of the first non-Democratic gubernatorial win since 1881.[5] He was universally seen as the Democrats' best hope to recapture the governors' mansion in 1973, but eight months into his tenure as lieutenant governor a desperate shock would occur when it was discovered he had a brain tumor.[6] Doctors always ruled out surgery and hoped that radiation treatment and rest would solve the problem,[7] but ultimately Reynolds would die at the age of just thirty-four on June 13.
With the death of Reynolds, confusion emerged over how to select candidates.[8] State Senator and defeated 1969 Democratic gubernatorial primary candidate Henry Howell had already considered an independent run by the end of June,[8] especially as he believed a convention of Democratic regulars would fail to nominate him.[9] By mid-July, it had been announced that no primary election would be held and the Democratic party would nominate its candidate by convention on August 14.[10] In this convention, a little-known forty-three-year-old from Clifton Forge who had entered the race only eight days previously, George J. Kostel, prevailed over three conservative and one liberal challengers on the fourth ballot.[11]
The previous day, Howell announced he had obtained sufficient signatures to file and obtain ballot access as an independent candidate.[12] whilst the Republican Party caucus saw five potential nominees identified by August 17,[13] although the conservative pro-Byrd junior George Mason Green and the more moderate George P. Shafran had emerged as frontrunners two weeks earlier, with the party arguing Howell's candidacy produced a need for wide appeal.[14] Backed privately by sitting governor Linwood Holton, Shafran would claim the nomination on the second ballot on August 21.[15]
Campaign
From the beginning, Howell's hope was to hold the labor backing that turned to Holton in the 1969 gubernatorial election after Howell lost the primary.[16] This he would gain from the AFL-CIO in the final week of August,[17] when it was known that both Kostel and Shafran supported Virginia's existing right-to-work law.[18]
By the second week of September, all three candidates were heavily campaigning across the state.[19] Howell would speak in his typical flamboyant style, focusing on the utility and banks, who he felt were operating without necessary contraints,[20] as part of his message of "keeping the big boys honest".[a][9] Kostel would deny this as the candidates travelled around the state.[21] Shafran and Kostel made busing into a major issue, with Shafran strongly condemning it, whilst Howell attempted strongly to evade it.[22]
Polls
| Source | Ranking | As of |
|---|---|---|
| The Roanoke Times[23] | Likely I | October 22, 1971 |
| Bullet[24] | Likely I | October 25, 1971 |
| Pomona Progress-Bulletin[25] | Likely I | October 31, 1971 |
General election
Candidates
- Henry Howell (Independent), State Senator from Norfolk City
- George J. Kostel (Democratic), State Delegate from Clifton Forge City[11]
- George P. Shafran (Republican), State Delegate and former real estate agent from Arlington County[26]
Results
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent | Henry Howell | 362,371 | 39.95% | ||
| Democratic | George J. Kostel | 334,580 | 36.89% | ||
| Republican | George P. Shafran | 209,861 | 23.14% | ||
| Majority | 27,791 | 3.06% | |||
| Turnout | 906,893 | 34.89% | +3.49% | ||
| Independent gain from Democratic | Swing | ||||
Results by county or independent city
| George J. Kostel Democratic |
George P. Shafran Republican |
Henry Evans Howell, Jr. Independent |
Various candidates Write-ins |
Margin[b] | Total votes cast | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Accomack County | 2,499 | 36.70% | 870 | 12.78% | 3,441 | 50.53% | -942 | -13.83% | 6,810 | ||
| Albemarle County | 2,883 | 36.54% | 1,691 | 21.43% | 3,315 | 42.02% | -432 | -5.48% | 7,889 | ||
| Alleghany County | 2,165 | 59.28% | 372 | 10.19% | 1,115 | 30.53% | 1,050 | 28.75% | 3,652 | ||
| Amelia County | 991 | 45.50% | 224 | 10.28% | 963 | 44.21% | 28 | 1.29% | 2,178 | ||
| Amherst County | 2,195 | 46.13% | 853 | 17.93% | 1,710 | 35.94% | 485 | 10.19% | 4,758 | ||
| Appomattox County | 2,127 | 59.26% | 293 | 8.16% | 1,168 | 32.54% | 1 | 0.03% | 959 | 26.72% | 3,589 |
| Arlington County | 7,186 | 22.43% | 13,543 | 42.28% | 11,302 | 35.28% | 1 | 0.00% | 2,241[c] | 7.00% | 32,032 |
| Augusta County | 2,782 | 34.42% | 3,042 | 37.64% | 2,258 | 27.94% | -260[d] | -3.22% | 8,082 | ||
| Bath County | 1,110 | 59.49% | 289 | 15.49% | 467 | 25.03% | 643 | 34.46% | 1,866 | ||
| Bedford County | 2,181 | 39.15% | 1,068 | 19.17% | 2,322 | 41.68% | -141 | -2.53% | 5,571 | ||
| Bland County | 604 | 30.88% | 562 | 28.73% | 790 | 40.39% | -186 | -9.51% | 1,956 | ||
| Botetourt County | 2,383 | 44.09% | 1,234 | 22.83% | 1,788 | 33.08% | 595 | 11.01% | 5,405 | ||
| Brunswick County | 2,575 | 41.30% | 407 | 6.53% | 3,253 | 52.17% | -678 | -10.87% | 6,235 | ||
| Buchanan County | 4,502 | 58.47% | 2,451 | 31.83% | 747 | 9.70% | 2,051[d] | 26.64% | 7,700 | ||
| Buckingham County | 1,590 | 45.78% | 285 | 8.21% | 1,598 | 46.01% | -8 | -0.23% | 3,473 | ||
| Campbell County | 4,214 | 46.52% | 2,104 | 23.23% | 2,740 | 30.25% | 1,474 | 16.27% | 9,058 | ||
| Caroline County | 1,056 | 30.96% | 296 | 8.68% | 2,059 | 60.36% | -1,003 | -29.40% | 3,411 | ||
| Carroll County | 1,333 | 27.20% | 2,512 | 51.27% | 1,055 | 21.53% | -1,179[d] | -24.06% | 4,900 | ||
| Charles City County | 310 | 17.82% | 170 | 9.77% | 1,260 | 72.41% | -950 | -54.60% | 1,740 | ||
| Charlotte County | 1,597 | 43.10% | 408 | 11.01% | 1,700 | 45.88% | -103 | -2.78% | 3,705 | ||
| Chesterfield County | 8,130 | 51.56% | 2,266 | 14.37% | 5,373 | 34.07% | 2,757 | 17.48% | 15,769 | ||
| Clarke County | 1,319 | 46.66% | 633 | 22.39% | 875 | 30.95% | 444 | 15.71% | 2,827 | ||
| Craig County | 555 | 41.48% | 297 | 22.20% | 486 | 36.32% | 69 | 5.16% | 1,338 | ||
| Culpeper County | 1,712 | 48.20% | 772 | 21.73% | 1,068 | 30.07% | 644 | 18.13% | 3,552 | ||
| Cumberland County | 788 | 41.69% | 154 | 8.15% | 948 | 50.16% | -160 | -8.47% | 1,890 | ||
| Dickenson County | 2,673 | 38.81% | 3,133 | 45.49% | 1,081 | 15.70% | -460[d] | -6.68% | 6,887 | ||
| Dinwiddie County | 2,212 | 40.80% | 476 | 8.78% | 2,732 | 50.40% | 1 | 0.02% | -520 | -9.59% | 5,421 |
| Essex County | 942 | 41.87% | 350 | 15.56% | 958 | 42.58% | -16 | -0.71% | 2,250 | ||
| Fairfax County | 13,973 | 21.30% | 26,261 | 40.03% | 25,373 | 38.67% | 888[c] | 1.35% | 65,607 | ||
| Fauquier County | 2,135 | 41.42% | 1,232 | 23.90% | 1,788 | 34.68% | 347 | 6.73% | 5,155 | ||
| Floyd County | 779 | 22.98% | 1,231 | 36.31% | 1,380 | 40.71% | -149[c] | -4.40% | 3,390 | ||
| Fluvanna County | 578 | 40.33% | 248 | 17.31% | 607 | 42.36% | -29 | -2.02% | 1,433 | ||
| Franklin County | 3,607 | 48.52% | 1,426 | 19.18% | 2,401 | 32.30% | 1,206 | 16.22% | 7,434 | ||
| Frederick County | 1,539 | 31.80% | 1,144 | 23.64% | 2,156 | 44.55% | -617 | -12.75% | 4,839 | ||
| Giles County | 1,974 | 33.28% | 1,492 | 25.15% | 2,466 | 41.57% | -492 | -8.29% | 5,932 | ||
| Gloucester County | 1,219 | 31.43% | 668 | 17.23% | 1,991 | 51.34% | -772 | -19.91% | 3,878 | ||
| Goochland County | 1,141 | 40.76% | 320 | 11.43% | 1,338 | 47.80% | -197 | -7.04% | 2,799 | ||
| Grayson County | 2,155 | 40.58% | 2,351 | 44.27% | 805 | 15.16% | -196[d] | -3.69% | 5,311 | ||
| Greene County | 455 | 25.31% | 371 | 20.63% | 972 | 54.06% | -517 | -28.75% | 1,798 | ||
| Greensville County | 973 | 36.65% | 210 | 7.91% | 1,472 | 55.44% | -499 | -18.79% | 2,655 | ||
| Halifax County | 2,553 | 41.89% | 668 | 10.96% | 2,872 | 47.13% | 1 | 0.02% | -319 | -5.23% | 6,094 |
| Hanover County | 4,404 | 52.11% | 1,083 | 12.82% | 2,964 | 35.07% | 1,440 | 17.04% | 8,451 | ||
| Henrico County | 20,428 | 61.07% | 4,805 | 14.37% | 8,216 | 24.56% | 12,212 | 36.51% | 33,449 | ||
| Henry County | 3,366 | 35.41% | 1,890 | 19.88% | 4,251 | 44.71% | -885 | -9.31% | 9,507 | ||
| Highland County | 304 | 32.31% | 397 | 42.19% | 240 | 25.50% | -93[d] | -9.88% | 941 | ||
| Isle of Wight County | 1,573 | 31.52% | 573 | 11.48% | 2,839 | 56.89% | 5 | 0.10% | -1,266 | -25.37% | 4,990 |
| James City County | 1,052 | 30.67% | 619 | 18.05% | 1,758 | 51.25% | 1 | 0.03% | -706 | -20.58% | 3,430 |
| King and Queen County | 560 | 35.78% | 207 | 13.23% | 796 | 50.86% | 2 | 0.13% | -236 | -15.08% | 1,565 |
| King George County | 488 | 24.89% | 364 | 18.56% | 1,109 | 56.55% | -621 | -31.67% | 1,961 | ||
| King William County | 866 | 41.16% | 260 | 12.36% | 978 | 46.48% | -112 | -5.32% | 2,104 | ||
| Lancaster County | 1,258 | 40.17% | 547 | 17.46% | 1,327 | 42.37% | -69 | -2.20% | 3,132 | ||
| Lee County | 3,587 | 39.67% | 4,048 | 44.77% | 1,406 | 15.55% | -461[d] | -5.10% | 9,041 | ||
| Loudoun County | 2,626 | 37.22% | 1,888 | 26.76% | 2,542 | 36.03% | 84 | 1.19% | 7,056 | ||
| Louisa County | 1,544 | 46.38% | 394 | 11.84% | 1,391 | 41.78% | 153 | 4.60% | 3,329 | ||
| Lunenburg County | 1,377 | 52.52% | 236 | 9.00% | 1,001 | 38.18% | 8 | 0.31% | 376 | 14.34% | 2,622 |
| Madison County | 745 | 39.61% | 397 | 21.11% | 739 | 39.29% | 6 | 0.32% | 1,881 | ||
| Mathews County | 668 | 30.42% | 523 | 23.82% | 1,005 | 45.77% | -337 | -15.35% | 2,196 | ||
| Mecklenburg County | 3,347 | 55.86% | 546 | 9.11% | 2,099 | 35.03% | 1,248 | 20.83% | 5,992 | ||
| Middlesex County | 896 | 44.73% | 296 | 14.78% | 811 | 40.49% | 85 | 4.24% | 2,003 | ||
| Montgomery County | 2,799 | 31.29% | 2,874 | 32.13% | 3,273 | 36.59% | -399[c] | -4.46% | 8,946 | ||
| Nelson County | 1,638 | 47.85% | 435 | 12.71% | 1,350 | 39.44% | 288 | 8.41% | 3,423 | ||
| New Kent County | 549 | 35.15% | 204 | 13.06% | 809 | 51.79% | -260 | -16.65% | 1,562 | ||
| Northampton County | 1,142 | 39.23% | 370 | 12.71% | 1,399 | 48.06% | -257 | -8.83% | 2,911 | ||
| Northumberland County | 1,044 | 38.54% | 402 | 14.84% | 1,263 | 46.62% | -219 | -8.08% | 2,709 | ||
| Nottoway County | 1,744 | 51.80% | 268 | 7.96% | 1,355 | 40.24% | 389 | 11.55% | 3,367 | ||
| Orange County | 1,268 | 46.31% | 494 | 18.04% | 976 | 35.65% | 292 | 10.66% | 2,738 | ||
| Page County | 2,134 | 32.89% | 2,251 | 34.69% | 2,104 | 32.42% | -117[d] | -1.80% | 6,489 | ||
| Patrick County | 1,422 | 38.60% | 1,159 | 31.46% | 1,103 | 29.94% | 263[d] | 7.14% | 3,684 | ||
| Pittsylvania County | 4,377 | 41.61% | 1,711 | 16.26% | 4,421 | 42.02% | 11 | 0.10% | -44 | -0.42% | 10,520 |
| Powhatan County | 954 | 40.77% | 255 | 10.90% | 1,131 | 48.33% | -177 | -7.56% | 2,340 | ||
| Prince Edward County | 2,021 | 50.54% | 341 | 8.53% | 1,636 | 40.91% | 1 | 0.03% | 385 | 9.63% | 3,999 |
| Prince George County | 1,257 | 39.45% | 339 | 10.64% | 1,589 | 49.87% | 1 | 0.03% | -332 | -10.42% | 3,186 |
| Prince William County | 3,213 | 25.68% | 3,785 | 30.26% | 5,512 | 44.06% | -1,727[c] | -13.80% | 12,510 | ||
| Pulaski County | 2,379 | 32.72% | 2,020 | 27.78% | 2,872 | 39.50% | -493 | -6.78% | 7,271 | ||
| Rappahannock County | 682 | 44.52% | 253 | 16.51% | 597 | 38.97% | 85 | 5.55% | 1,532 | ||
| Richmond County | 744 | 42.42% | 338 | 19.27% | 672 | 38.31% | 72 | 4.10% | 1,754 | ||
| Roanoke County | 4,870 | 33.95% | 4,480 | 31.23% | 4,994 | 34.82% | -124 | -0.86% | 14,344 | ||
| Rockbridge County | 1,215 | 40.98% | 754 | 25.43% | 996 | 33.59% | 219 | 7.39% | 2,965 | ||
| Rockingham County | 3,184 | 33.54% | 3,382 | 35.63% | 2,927 | 30.83% | -198[d] | -2.09% | 9,493 | ||
| Russell County | 3,954 | 44.54% | 3,373 | 37.99% | 1,551 | 17.47% | 581[d] | 6.54% | 8,878 | ||
| Scott County | 2,655 | 38.66% | 2,903 | 42.27% | 1,309 | 19.06% | -248[d] | -3.61% | 6,867 | ||
| Shenandoah County | 2,136 | 27.87% | 3,710 | 48.40% | 1,819 | 23.73% | -1,574[d] | -20.53% | 7,665 | ||
| Smyth County | 2,419 | 37.50% | 2,053 | 31.82% | 1,979 | 30.68% | 366[d] | 5.67% | 6,451 | ||
| Southampton County | 1,786 | 47.09% | 348 | 9.17% | 1,657 | 43.69% | 2 | 0.05% | 129 | 3.40% | 3,793 |
| Spotsylvania County | 901 | 19.63% | 585 | 12.74% | 3,105 | 67.63% | -2,204 | -48.01% | 4,591 | ||
| Stafford County | 1,166 | 18.45% | 994 | 15.73% | 4,161 | 65.83% | -2,995 | -47.38% | 6,321 | ||
| Surry County | 727 | 33.66% | 149 | 6.90% | 1,284 | 59.44% | -557 | -25.79% | 2,160 | ||
| Sussex County | 1,483 | 37.73% | 313 | 7.96% | 2,135 | 54.31% | -652 | -16.59% | 3,931 | ||
| Tazewell County | 3,146 | 38.51% | 2,171 | 26.58% | 2,852 | 34.91% | 294 | 3.60% | 8,169 | ||
| Warren County | 1,668 | 35.29% | 1,031 | 21.81% | 2,028 | 42.90% | -360 | -7.62% | 4,727 | ||
| Washington County | 3,504 | 42.43% | 2,806 | 33.98% | 1,948 | 23.59% | 698[d] | 8.45% | 8,258 | ||
| Westmoreland County | 709 | 36.14% | 360 | 18.35% | 893 | 45.51% | -184 | -9.38% | 1,962 | ||
| Wise County | 6,372 | 48.15% | 4,409 | 33.32% | 2,452 | 18.53% | 1,963[d] | 14.83% | 13,233 | ||
| Wythe County | 1,994 | 39.82% | 1,855 | 37.04% | 1,159 | 23.14% | 139[d] | 2.78% | 5,008 | ||
| York County | 1,881 | 29.94% | 1,216 | 19.36% | 3,185 | 50.70% | -1,304 | -20.76% | 6,282 | ||
| Alexandria City | 3,574 | 26.91% | 4,572 | 34.43% | 5,134 | 38.66% | 1 | 0.01% | -562[c] | -4.23% | 13,281 |
| Bedford City | 705 | 51.24% | 283 | 20.57% | 388 | 28.20% | 317 | 23.04% | 1,376 | ||
| Bristol City | 1,205 | 60.95% | 471 | 23.82% | 301 | 15.23% | 734[d] | 37.13% | 1,977 | ||
| Buena Vista City | 506 | 62.78% | 106 | 13.15% | 194 | 24.07% | 312 | 38.71% | 806 | ||
| Charlottesville City | 2,971 | 35.73% | 1,641 | 19.74% | 3,703 | 44.53% | -732 | -8.80% | 8,315 | ||
| Chesapeake City | 3,988 | 26.72% | 1,894 | 12.69% | 9,041 | 60.58% | -5,053 | -33.86% | 14,923 | ||
| Clifton Forge City | 1,311 | 78.36% | 75 | 4.48% | 287 | 17.15% | 1,024 | 61.21% | 1,673 | ||
| Colonial Heights City | 1,911 | 54.91% | 535 | 15.37% | 1,034 | 29.71% | 877 | 25.20% | 3,480 | ||
| Covington City | 2,165 | 59.28% | 372 | 10.19% | 1,115 | 30.53% | 1,050 | 28.75% | 3,652 | ||
| Danville City | 2,422 | 37.86% | 1,750 | 27.35% | 2,218 | 34.67% | 8 | 0.13% | 204 | 3.19% | 6,398 |
| Emporia City | 721 | 48.82% | 138 | 9.34% | 618 | 41.84% | 103 | 6.97% | 1,477 | ||
| Fairfax City | 527 | 18.58% | 1,094 | 38.58% | 1,215 | 42.84% | -121[c] | -4.27% | 2,836 | ||
| Falls Church City | 484 | 22.93% | 732 | 34.68% | 895 | 42.40% | -163[c] | -7.72% | 2,111 | ||
| Franklin City | 563 | 42.43% | 172 | 12.96% | 591 | 44.54% | 1 | 0.08% | -28 | -2.11% | 1,327 |
| Fredericksburg City | 835 | 28.79% | 501 | 17.28% | 1,564 | 53.93% | -729 | -25.14% | 2,900 | ||
| Galax City | 722 | 46.28% | 571 | 36.60% | 267 | 17.12% | 151[d] | 9.68% | 1,560 | ||
| Hampton City | 4,698 | 29.28% | 2,554 | 15.92% | 8,794 | 54.80% | 1 | 0.01% | -4,096 | -25.53% | 16,047 |
| Harrisonburg City | 1,278 | 40.05% | 1,130 | 35.41% | 783 | 24.54% | 148[d] | 4.64% | 3,191 | ||
| Hopewell City | 2,014 | 45.48% | 661 | 14.93% | 1,753 | 39.59% | 261 | 5.89% | 4,428 | ||
| Lexington City | 687 | 45.32% | 347 | 22.89% | 482 | 31.79% | 205 | 13.52% | 1,516 | ||
| Lynchburg City | 4,626 | 47.29% | 2,409 | 24.63% | 2,747 | 28.08% | 1,879 | 19.21% | 9,782 | ||
| Martinsville City | 1,490 | 41.23% | 772 | 21.36% | 1,352 | 37.41% | 138 | 3.82% | 3,614 | ||
| Newport News City | 7,138 | 33.43% | 3,519 | 16.48% | 10,698 | 50.10% | -3,560 | -16.67% | 21,355 | ||
| Norfolk City | 10,156 | 25.04% | 6,419 | 15.83% | 23,978 | 59.12% | 4 | 0.01% | -13,822 | -34.08% | 40,557 |
| Norton City | 677 | 53.56% | 350 | 27.69% | 237 | 18.75% | 327[d] | 25.87% | 1,264 | ||
| Petersburg City | 2,976 | 38.19% | 491 | 6.30% | 4,308 | 55.28% | 18 | 0.23% | -1,332 | -17.09% | 7,793 |
| Portsmouth City | 5,524 | 25.49% | 2,517 | 11.61% | 13,633 | 62.90% | -8,109 | -37.41% | 21,674 | ||
| Radford City | 879 | 32.28% | 1,046 | 38.41% | 798 | 29.31% | -167[d] | -6.13% | 2,723 | ||
| Richmond City | 21,850 | 45.55% | 4,634 | 9.66% | 21,484 | 44.78% | 4 | 0.01% | 366 | 0.76% | 47,972 |
| Roanoke City | 5,612 | 35.10% | 4,219 | 26.39% | 6,153 | 38.49% | 3 | 0.02% | -541 | -3.38% | 15,987 |
| Salem City | 1,502 | 35.60% | 1,199 | 28.42% | 1,518 | 35.98% | -16 | -0.38% | 4,219 | ||
| South Boston City | 870 | 53.21% | 209 | 12.78% | 556 | 34.01% | 314 | 19.20% | 1,635 | ||
| Staunton City | 2,239 | 44.03% | 1,651 | 32.47% | 1,195 | 23.50% | 588[d] | 11.56% | 5,085 | ||
| Suffolk City | 981 | 50.00% | 246 | 12.54% | 735 | 37.46% | 246 | 12.54% | 1,962 | ||
| Virginia Beach City | 7,732 | 31.09% | 5,209 | 20.95% | 11,926 | 47.96% | -4,194 | -16.87% | 24,867 | ||
| Waynesboro City | 1,210 | 34.33% | 1,509 | 42.81% | 806 | 22.87% | -299[d] | -8.48% | 3,525 | ||
| Williamsburg City | 679 | 42.44% | 295 | 18.44% | 626 | 39.13% | 53 | 3.31% | 1,600 | ||
| Winchester City | 1,568 | 42.26% | 1,026 | 27.65% | 1,116 | 30.08% | 452 | 12.18% | 3,710 | ||
| Totals | 334,580 | 36.89% | 209,861 | 23.14% | 362,371 | 39.96% | 81 | 0.01% | -27,791 | -3.06% | 906,893 |
Notes
- ^ The "big boys" Howell attacked were the major industrial businessmen centred in the state capital of Richmond.
- ^ Because Howell won the election as an independent and Kostel ran second in the state as a whole, all margins are Kostel vote minus Howell vote and all percentage margins Kostel percentage minus Howell percentage unless stated otherwise for the county or city in question.
- ^ a b c d e f g h In this county or city where Kostel ran third behind both Shafran and Howell, margin given is Shafran vote minus Howell vote and percentage margin Shafran percentage minus Howell percentage.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x In this county or city where Howell did run third behind Kostel and Shafran, margin given is Kostel vote minus Shafran vote and percentage margin Kostel percentage minus Shafran percentage.
References
- ^ "1971 Lieutenant Governor Special General Election". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved June 13, 2024.
- ^ Miller, Andrew P. (November 1971). "J. Sargeant Reynolds: What He Was, Not What He Might Have Been". Virginia Law Review. 57 (8): 1312–1314.
- ^ Levy, Mark R; Kramer, Michael S. (1973). "The Blacks: Overcoming in a New Way". The Ethnic Factor: How America's Minorities Decide Elections. New York City: Simon and Schuster. pp. 52–53.
- ^ Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York City: A.A. Knopf. pp. 20, 495.
- ^ Sweeney, James R. (Summer 1998). "J. Sargeant Reynolds: What Might Have Been: Review of Sarge Reynolds: In The Time of His Life by Andy McCutcheon and Michael P. Gleason". The Virginia Quarterly Review. 74 (3). University of Virginia: 578–580.
- ^ Kelley, George M. (August 31, 1970). "Reynolds Suffering from Brain Tumor". The Roanoke Times. Landmark News Service. p. 1.
- ^ "Reynolds Back in Hospital". Martinsville Bulletin. May 5, 1971. p. 1.
- ^ a b Latimer, James (June 30, 1971). "Double Race by Candidate Held Possible". Richmond Times-Dispatch. p. B1.
- ^ a b Sweeney, James R. (2022). "Armageddon Revisited: The 1973 Gubernatorial Election in Virginia". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 130 (4). Virginia Historical Society: 290–347.
- ^ Latimer, James (July 14, 1971). "McMath Considers No. 2 Role". Richmond Times-Dispatch. pp. B1.
- ^ a b Atkinson, Frank B. (2006). "The Reynolds Tragedy". The Dynamic Dominion: Realignment and the Rise of Two-Party Competition in Virginia, 1945-1980 (Revised ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 259. ISBN 9780742552081.
- ^ Farrar, Wayne (August 14, 1971). "Howell Files Bid as Independent". The Roanoke Times. p. 1.
- ^ "Republican Hopeful Sees Victory if Party Moves to the Right of Demo". The Daily Advance. Lynchburg, Virginia. August 17, 1971. p. 13.
- ^ "Candidate Wants Better Harmony". The News-Virginian. Waynesboro, Virginia. August 3, 1971. p. 7.
- ^ "Harmony Marks Convention of Lieutenant Governor Question: Shafran Named Republican Nominee on Second Ballot". Danville Register and Bee. August 22, 1971. p. 1.
- ^ Carico, Melville (August 20, 1971). "Howell Strength Faces Test at Labor Meeting". The Roanoke Times. p. 19.
- ^ "Collection Started: AFL-CIO To Help Howell". The World-News. Roanoke, Virginia. August 25, 1971. pp. 1, 3.
- ^ "Against Backing Candidate – AFL-CIO Officials Easily Re-elected". The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. August 26, 1971. p. 22.
- ^ "Kostel, Shafran and Howell Campaign Across the State". Richmond Times-Dispatch. September 8, 1971. p. 2.
- ^ Goolrick, John (September 9, 1971). "Supporters Here Rally for Howell". The Free Lance-Star. Fredericksburg, Virginia. pp. 11, 19.
- ^ "Kostel Says Rate Issue Is Distorted". The Roanoke Times. September 19, 1971. p. C—2.
- ^ Mirto, Val (October 25, 1971). "The Race for Lieutenant Governor – Busing Considered Main Issue". Bullet. Fredericksburg: University of Mary Washington. p. 12.
- ^ Beagle, Ben (October 22, 1971). "Shafran Says Poll Shows Him Second; Kostel Derides It". The Roanoke Times. p. 21.
- ^ Patterson, Liz (October 25, 1971). "Lt. Governor Candidates: Howell, Shafran, Kostel". Bullet. University of Mary Washington. p. 4.
- ^ "Philadelphia, San Francisco – Major Mayoral Votes Coming Tuesday". Pomona Progress-Bulletin. October 31, 1971. p. A-2.
- ^ McDowell Jr., Charles (July 22, 1971). "Getting Educated in State Politics". Richmond Times-Dispatch. p. B-2.
- ^ "VA Lt. Governor – Special Election, November 06, 1971". Our Campaigns.