Western Iranian languages

Western Iranian
Western Iranic
Geographic
distribution		Southwest Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus, and western South Asia
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottolognort3177  (Northwestern Iranian)
sout3157  (Southwestern Iranian)

The Western Iranian languages or Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median.

Languages

The traditional Northwestern branch is a convention for non-Southwestern languages, rather than a genetic group. The languages are as follows:[2][3][4]

Old Iranian period

The Old Iranian period languages ​​consisted of the following languages:

Middle Iranian period

The Middle Iranian period languages ​​consisted of the following languages:

Modern period (Neo-Iranian)

Glottolog proposes a detailed linguistic classification of Iranian languages, encompassing many subgroups and dialects:

Northwestern Iranian

Southwestern Iranian

  • Bashkardi[15]
    • Northern Bashaka (Garmsiri, North Bashkardi)
    • Southern Bashaka (Garahven, Gwafr, Parmont, Pirou, Shahbavek)
  • Fars dialects[16] (Ardakani, Buringuni, Davani, Judeo-Shirazi, Kalati, Kondazi, Masarmi, Papuni, Somghuni, Xullari, Heshnizi, Gavbandi, Dashtini, Kangani, Jami, Bardesuni (Bardestani)
  • Farsic-Caucasian Tat[17]
    • Caucasian
      • Judeo-Tat (Central Judeo-Tat, Northern Judeo-Tat, Southern Judeo-Tat)
      • Muslim Tat (Absheron, Mədrəsə, Northern Muslim Tat, Şirvan Muslim Tat, Xızı)
    • Farsic
    • Judeo-Persian
    • Persian (Western Farsi)
      • Central Persian (Esfahani, Kermani Persian)
      • Eastern Persian (Khorasan Persian, Sistani Persian)
      • Northern Persian (Tehrani, Araki (Iran), Gorgani Persian, Karbalai, Kermanshahi Persian, Ketabi (Literary), Mahalati Malayeri, Perso-Tabaric [Damavandi, Lower Jajrudi, Shemiran, Taleqan-Karaj], Qazvini Persian, Qomi Persian, Savei)
      • Southern Persian (Bandari [Bandar Abbasi, Hajiab, Khamiri, Lengei, Qeshmi], Bushehri [Bahraini, Dashtestani, Dashti, Jami, Nuclear Bushehri, Tangestani], Fars Persian [Abadei, Basseri, Jahromi, Kazeruni, Old Shirazi, Shirazi], Khuzestani [Abadani, Ahvazi, Behbahani, Ramhormozi])
  • Luric-Dezfulic[20]
    • Dezfuli-Shushtari
      • Dezfuli
      • Shushtari
    • Luric
      • Bakhtiari-Southern Luri
        • Bakhtiari (Charlang, Chelgerd, Haft-Lang, Kuhrang)
        • Southern Luri (Boyerahmadi, Kohgiluyeh, Mamasani, Shuli, Yasuji)
      • Northern Luri (Andimeshki, Bala-Gariva'i, Borujerdi, Cagani ,Khorramabadi, Mahali (Iran), Nahavandi)

There is also a recently described, and as yet unclassified, Batu'i language that is presumably Western Iranian.[2] Extinct Deilami is sometimes classified in the Caspian branch. An Iranian Khalaj language has been claimed, but does not exist; the Khalaj speak a Turkic language.

Many of the languages and dialects spoken in Markazi and Isfahan provinces are giving way to Persian in the younger generations.[21]

It is to note that the Caspian languages (incl. Adharic), the central dialects, Zaza and Gorani languages are likely descended from a later form of Median with varying amounts of Parthian substrata,[22] whereas the Semnani languages were likely descended from Parthian.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Adharic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ^ a b Erik Anonby, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali & Amos Hayes (2019) The Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI). Iranian Studies 52. A Working Classification
  3. ^ Gernot Windfuhr, 2009, "Dialectology and Topics", The Aryanic Languages, Routledge, pp. 12–15.
  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Northwestern Iranian". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
    Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Southwestern Iranian". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  5. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Adharic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  6. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Zaza". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  7. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Tatic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  8. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Gorani". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  9. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Balochic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  10. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Caspian". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  11. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Komisenian". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  12. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Semnani-Biyabuneki". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  13. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Central Iran Kermanic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  14. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Laki-Kurdish". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  15. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Bashkardi". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  16. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Fars Dialects". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  17. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Farsic-Caucasian Tat". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  18. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Kumzari". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  19. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Larestani". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  20. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Luric-Dezfulic". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  21. ^ Central dialects, Gernot Windfuhr, Encyclopedia Iranica
  22. ^ Borjian, Habib (2019) Journal of Persianate Studies 2, Median Succumbs to Persian after Three Millennia of Coexistence: Language Shift in the Central Iranian Plateau, p. 70
  23. ^ Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Ed. Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, p. 297

Bibliography

  • Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert Verlag, 1989; p. 99.

Further reading

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