Semnani languages
| Semnani | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Iran |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | semn1249 (Semnani–Biyabuneki)komi1276 (Komisenian) |
The Semnani languages or Komisenian languages are a group of Northwestern Iranian languages,[2] spoken in Semnan province of Iran that share many linguistic features and structures with most other Iranian languages, and are part of the Caspian languages.
There are six Semnani languages named in the literature. Some may be dialects, but there is little published work on their relationships.[3]
Numbers
Numbers in Semnani languages and other closely related languages Zaza and Tati and their relationship with Avestan and Parthian are as follows:[4][5][6]
| one | two | three | four | five | six | seven | eight | nine | ten | twenty | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avestan[7] | aēva/aēvā (m./f.) | dva | hrī | čahwar | panca | hšvaš | hapta | ašta | nava | dasa | vīsati |
| Parthian[8] | ēw | dō | hrē | čafār | panǰ | šwah | haft | hašt | nah | das | wist |
| Zaza | žew/žû (m./f.) | di | hīrē | čahār | panǰ | šaš | hawt | hašt | naw | das | vist |
| Semnani | i/iya (m./f.) | do | heyra | čār | panǰ | šaš | haft | hašt | na | das | vist |
| Sorkhei | i | do | heré | čār | panǰ | šaš | haft | hašt | na | das | vist |
| Lasgerdi | i | do | heyré | čār | panǰ | šaš | haft | hašt | na | das | vist |
| Biyabunaki | i | dū | häirä | čāhār | pahānǰ | šāš | hāft | hāšt | nā | dās | vist |
| Tati[9] | i | de | here | čö | pinǰ | šoš | hoft | hašt | növ | doh | vist |
| Harzandi[9] | i | de | heri | ču | pinǰ | šaš | hoft | hašt | nov | da | vist |
| Kilit[10] | ivi | dèv | he | čoy | pinǰ | šaš | haft | hašt | nav | dah | vist |
Cognate sets
Source:[11]
| English | Sorkhei | Lasgerdi | Sangsari | Aftari | Biyabunaki |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| horse | esbā | esbe | esbe | espa | esba |
| girl | dukkey | dot | döt | dut | dut |
| blood | xün | xün | |||
| large | masīn | masīn | mas/yale | masīn | |
| nose | ven | vinī | xunī | vinī | vēnī |
| snow | vār | var | varf | var | |
| serpent | mohur | mahar | |||
| moon | mūng | māye | |||
| woman | žiki | žaki | žekeyn | džek | džinakā |
notes
References
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). "Semnani-Biyabuneki". Glottolog . Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Ethnologue listing for Semnani languages
- ^ C.F. & F.M. Voegelin, Classification and Index of the World's Languages (1977) lists them as dialects of Persian (pg. 185).
Lecoq, pg. 297 lists them as "dialects" as well.
Ethnologue lists Semnani, Sorkhei, Lasgerdi, and Sangsari as languages with Biyabunaki as a possible dialect of Semnani and Aftari as a dialect of Sorkhei.
Linguasphere lists them together in an outer language called Semnani+Sangisari [58-AAC-f] with Semnani and Sangisari listed as inner languages.
Merritt Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages, Volume 1: Classification (1991) lists Semnani and Sangisari as languages in the Semnani subgroup. - ^ Т. Н, Пахалина (1999). "Языки мира: Иранские языки. II. Северо-западные иранские языки" (PDF). Министерство науки и высшего образования Ро. РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК. 76, 155, 159, 162.
- ^ Lecoq, Pierre (1989). "Les Dialectes Caspiens Et Les Dialectes Du Nord-ouest De L'iran". In Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (in French). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 308 ISBN 3-88226-413-6.
- ^ Paul, Ludwig (2009). "Zazaki". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.). The Iranian Languages. New York: Routledge. p. 554. ISBN 978-0-7007-1131-4.
- ^ Jackson, Abraham Valentine Williams (1892). An Avesta Grammar in Comparison With Sanskrit. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer. pp. 106–108.
- ^ Skjaervo, Prods Oktor (2009). "Middle West Iranian". In Windfuhr, Gernot (ed.). The Iranian Languages. New York: Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-7007-1131-4.
- ^ a b کارنگ, عبدالعلی (1952). تاتی و هرزنی دو لهجه از زبان باستان آذربایجان [Tati, Harzani, two dialects from the ancient language of Azerbaijan] (in Persian). تبریز: چاپخانهی شفق. p. 84.
- ^ Гасанов, Агамали (1966). О "тайном" Языке Жителей Села Килит Нахичеванской Асср [About The "Secret" Language Of The Residents Of The Village Of Kilit, Nakhchivan Assr] (in Russian). Baku: ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО АКАДЕМИИ НАУК АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ ССР. p. 91.
- ^ Lecoq, pg. 310.
Bibliography
- Borjian, Habib (2008). "The Komisenian Dialect of Aftar". Archiv Orientální. 76: 379–416. doi:10.7916/D8N02H9X.
- Lecoq, Pierre (1989). "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran". In Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 296–314.