Wang Hai of Shang
| Wang Hai 王亥 | |||||||||
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Statue of Wang Hai in Shangqiu | |||||||||
| Ruler of Predynastic Shang | |||||||||
| Predecessor | Ming of Shang | ||||||||
| Successor | Wang Gen of Shang | ||||||||
| Issue | Shang Jia | ||||||||
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| Father | Ming of Shang | ||||||||
| Wang Hai of Shang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | 王亥 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "King XII" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 振 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Zhen" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Part of a series on |
| Religion of the Shang dynasty |
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Wang Hai (Chinese: 王亥; pinyin: Wáng Hài),[a] family name Zi (子), was a ruler of Predynastic Shang and the father of Shang Jia. He is attested on oracle bone inscriptions, and venerated by the Shang as a 'High Ancestor' (高祖; gāozǔ), or, in modern scholarship, a 'Former Lord' (先公; xiāngōng).[1][2] Little is known about his reign outside of posthumous accounts.
Names
Wang Hai is referred to by a number of names.
In Records of the Grand Historian, Wang Hai is referred to as Zhen (振).[3][4][5]
Texts such as the Book of Han, Zhang Shoujie (張守節), the poem Heavenly Questions in Chu Ci (楚辭), and Shiben (世本) tend to add a radical to the left of Wang Hai's personal name, resulting in the corruptions gāi 垓,[6] hé 核,[7] gāi 該,[8] and hǎi 胲[9] respectively. In Lüshi Chunqiu (呂氏春秋), he is referred to as yǒng 永.[10][5]
In the Classic of Mountains and Seas (山海經), Wang Hai is possibly referred to as Shu Hai (豎亥), though this is contradicted by more concrete references appearing in other chapters.[11][12]
Early life
Wang Hai is said to have been a sixth-generation descendent of Xie of Shang (契), a legendary king who is said to have helped Yu the Great control the Great Floods. His father was Ming of Shang (冥),[3] whom the Bamboo Annals states died in the Yellow River.[13] His brother, Wang Gen of Shang (王恆), would succeed him.
Wang Hai bore one son, Shang Jia (上甲),[3] who would go on to be worshipped as a sun god.[14]
Legacy
Wang Hai is mentioned on over 100 oracle bone inscriptions, typically in the settings of liao 燎 and you 侑 sacrifices; here, he is hailed as a high ancestor (高祖), among the most powerful deities of the Shang state religion's pantheon.[2]
Liao sacrifices typically describe a burnt offering sacrifice, like so:
貞燎于王亥告其比望乘[15]
Test: Should we perform a liao sacrifice to Wang Hai to inform of a plan of allying with Wang Cheng?
You sacrifices, meaning "to urge someone to eat," typically manifest in dining with ancestors, like so:
貞侑于王亥惟三白牛[16]
Test: Should we perform a you sacrifice to Wang Hai, in which we use three white oxen?
Posthumous accounts
In Records of the Grand Historian, Wang Hai is referred to as Zhen (振). However, he is not mentioned beyond his ascending the throne, his death, and Shang Jia taking the throne, leaving Wang Gen of Shang out.[3]
In the Bamboo Annals
Upon ascending the throne, Wang Hai produced transportation tools for cattle, allowing for improved grazing. However, it led to overproduction.[17] In the twelfth year of Xie of Xia's reign, to solve the overproduction, Wang Hai, after consulting with his brother, Wang Gen of Shang, decided to go to the Youyi Tribe (有易; modern-day Yi County, Hebei), taking some energetic shepherds with sheep and cattle to them. However, as a man named Mianchen had a wife who fell in love with Wang Hai, so he conspired to assassinate him, cutting him into eight pieces with an axe. He was later captured and presented to the ruler of the Youyi.[18][19]
The Bamboo Annals also state that Wang Hai led his people to Yin in the 33rd year of Mang of Xia's reign.[20]
In the Classic of Mountains and Seas (山海經), Wang Hai is mentioned concretely as a folk deity in a place called the Kingdom of Kunmin (困民國), which echoes the accounts in the Bamboo Annals.
有困民國，勾姓而食。有人曰王亥，兩手操鳥，方食其頭。王亥託于有易，河伯僕牛。有易殺王亥，取僕牛。河念有易，有易潛出，為國於獸，方食之，名曰搖民。帝舜生戲，戲生搖民。[21]
Here we have the Kingdom of Kunmin, whose people bear the family name Gou (勾 "Hook"), who [also] eat this way [millet and use four birds]. There was a person called Wang Hai who, with two hands, took a bird, then went to ate its head. Wang Hai entrusted himself with the Youyi (有易) tribe and became a shepherd for the river lord He Bo 河伯. However, the Youyi killed him for his cattle. The river felt a bond with the Youyi and helped them secretly escape to live among beasts, eating them. This new nation was called the Yaomin (搖民). Emperor Shun (帝舜) gave birth to Xi (戲), who gave birth to the Yaomin.
If the theory of Wang Hai and Shu Hai (豎亥) is correct,[11][12] then two additional mentions of Wang Hai exist in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, which are echoed in Huainanzi (淮南子).
帝命豎亥步，自東極至于西極，五億十選九千八百步。豎亥右手把算，左手指青丘北。一曰禹令豎亥。一曰五億十萬九千八百步。[22]
The Emperor ordered Shu Hai to walk [himself] from the easternmost point to the westernmost point, [510,9800 or 5,109,800] steps. Shu Hai did so with a counting stick in hand, using his left hand pointing towards the northern Korean peninsula. One version of the story tells that Yu the Great ordered Shu Hai. Another says it was over 500 million steps.
黑齒國在其北，為人黑，食稻啖蛇，一赤一青在其旁。一曰在豎亥北，為人黑手，食稻使蛇，其一蛇赤。[23]
The Black-Teeth County is in the north, with people of black that devour rice and snakes; the snakes have scarlet and azure stripes on their sides. It is said that this area is to the north of Shu Hai, and that the people have black hands, devour snakes, and that the snakes are red.
Notes
- ^ In this case, Wáng 王 is the clan name 氏, and Hài 亥 the personal name 名.
References
- ^ 甲骨文合集 Heji 32916.3: 乙巳貞大禦其陟于高祖王亥
- ^ a b Keightley, David N. (1999). "The Shang: China's first historical dynasty". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge history of ancient China: from the origins of civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–254. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.006. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. Full access available to users of The Wikipedia Library.
- ^ a b c d Sima, Qian. "殷本紀". In Sturgeon, Donald (ed.). 史記 (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project.
契卒，子昭明立。昭明卒，子相土立。相土卒，子昌若立。昌若卒，子曹圉立。曹圉卒，子冥立。冥卒，子振立。振卒，子微立。微卒，子报丁立。报丁卒，子报乙立。报乙卒，子报丙立。报丙卒，子主壬立。主壬卒，子主癸立。主癸卒，子天乙立，是为成汤。
- ^ Smith, Jonathan; Fan, Yuzhou (14 January 2021). "The Cultural and Historical Setting of the Shang". In Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Early China. Page 252, note 3. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328369.013.12. ISBN 978-0-19-932836-9. Full access available to users of The Wikipedia Library.
- ^ a b Wang Guowei 王國維. "《殷卜辭中所見先公先王考》存". In Xi Zhe 晞輒 (ed.). 王國維集 (in Chinese). pp. 440, 441. ISBN 9787511376015.
- ^ 班固著，《漢書·古今人表》
- ^ 司馬貞著，《史記索隱》
- ^ 屈原著，《天問》
- ^ 《世本》
- ^ 呂不韋與其食客著，《呂氏春秋·勿躬》
- ^ a b 丁山著：「豎亥與王亥」、「亥步考」，《中國古代宗教與神話考》，上海：上海文藝出版社，1988年，頁366-367
- ^ a b 陳煒舜：〈豎亥與王亥再探〉，《長江大學學報(社會科學版)》2007年第2期，頁5-10
- ^ 《今本竹書紀年·夏紀·帝少康》：「十一年，使商侯冥治河。」
- ^ Childs-Johnson, Elizabeth (2018). "Urban daemons of early Shang: Urbanism in ancient China". Archaeological Research in Asia. 14. Elsevier: 135–150. doi:10.1016/j.ara.2016.08.001. Full access available to users of The Wikipedia Library.
- ^ 甲骨文合集 Heji 7537.1
- ^ 甲骨文合集 Heji 14724
- ^ 郭沫若著，《中國史稿》
- ^ 《今本竹書紀年·夏紀·帝泄》:「十二年，殷侯子亥賓于有易，有易殺而放之。」
- ^ 泉源出版社編輯部編譯，《中國古代神話》
- ^ 《今本竹書紀年·夏紀·帝芒》:「三十三年，商侯遷於殷。」
- ^ Sturgeon. "大荒東經". 山海經 (Classic of Mountains and Seas) (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project.
有困民國，勾姓而食。有人曰王亥，兩手操鳥，方食其頭。王亥託于有易，河伯僕牛。有易殺王亥，取僕牛。河念有易，有易潛出，為國於獸，方食之，名曰搖民。帝舜生戲，戲生搖民。
- ^ Sturgeon. "海外東經". 山海經 (Classic of Mountains and Seas) (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project.
帝命豎亥步，自東極至于西極，五億十選九千八百步。豎亥右手把算，左手指青丘北。一曰禹令豎亥。一曰五億十萬九千八百步。
- ^ Sturgeon. "海外東經". 山海經 (Classic of Mountains and Seas) (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project.
黑齒國在其北，為人黑，食稻啖蛇，一赤一青在其旁。一曰在豎亥北，為人黑手，食稻使蛇，其一蛇赤。