| Cao Yu |
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| Chinese | 曹圉 |
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| Literal meaning | (personal name) |
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Cao Yu (曹圉), family name Zi (子), was the fifth ruler of Predynastic Shang. He is not attested in oracle bone inscriptions, only being mentioned in post-Shang texts such as Records of the Grand Historian.[1]
Family
As a ruler of Predynastic Shang, Cao Yu is a descendent of Xie of Shang, the legendary founder of the tribe; this makes him a descendent of Emperor Ku and the Yellow Emperor. His grandfather, Xiang Tu, is recorded as having been a chariot-maker.[2][3] His son was Ming, who would succeed him after his death.[1]
References
- ^ a b Sima, Qian. "殷本紀". In Sturgeon, Donald (ed.). 史記 (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project.
契卒，子昭明立。昭明卒，子相土立。相土卒，子昌若立。昌若卒，子曹圉立。曹圉卒，子冥立。冥卒，子振立。振卒，子微立。微卒，子报丁立。报丁卒，子报乙立。报乙卒，子报丙立。报丙卒，子主壬立。主壬卒，子主癸立。主癸卒，子天乙立，是为成汤。
- ^ "帝相". 竹書紀年 [Bamboo Annals]. Chinese Text Project.
十五年，商侯相土作乘馬。遂遷于商丘。
- ^ Huan, Kuan. "2". In Sturgeon, Donald (ed.). 鹽鐵論 [Discourses on Salt and Iron] (in Literary Chinese).
大夫曰：「秦任商君，國以富強，其後卒并六國而成帝業。及二世之時，邪臣擅斷，公道不行，諸侯叛弛，宗廟隳亡。春秋曰：『末言爾，祭仲亡也。』夫善歌者使人續其聲，善作者使人紹其功。椎車之蟬攫，相土之教也。周道之成，周公之力也。雖有裨諶之草創，無子產之潤色，有文、武之規矩，而無周、呂之鑿枘，則功業不成。今以趙高之亡秦而非商鞅，猶以崇虎亂殷而非伊尹也。」
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| Predynastic Shang | | 商 |
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| Early and Middle Shang | |
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| Late Shang | |
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See Periodization of the Shang dynasty for alternative periodizations. Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → Three Kingdoms → Jìn / Sixteen Kingdoms → Southern Dynasties / Northern Dynasties → Sui → Tang → Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms → Liao / Song / Western Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → Republic of China / People's Republic of China |