Buljubaša (Serbian Revolution)

Buljubaša (Serbian: буљубаша, from Turkish: bölükbaşı, "head of division")[a] was a military rank of the Serbian Army during the First Serbian Uprising (1804–13), adopted from Ottoman usage, traditionally used among the hajduks for commanders. It was the equivalent of kapetan ("captain"). In the initial years, it was lesser in rank than bimbaša and vojvoda (commander, general). The rank included variations such as veliki buljubaša, and mali buljubaša or buljubašica, subordinated the buljubaša. The rank of kapetan was then introduced, among others, and the rank of buljubaša subsequently was removed from usage by the end of the uprising.

History

The rank was traditionally used among the hajduks for commanders, and was thus used in the Serbian Free Corps (which included hajduks) that fought in central Serbia during the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791). It was then used in the Serbian militia of the Sanjak of Smederevo that aided Vizier Hadji Mustafa Pasha against the renegade Janissaries and Pazvantoglu in the 1790s. This militia allegedly numbered up to 16,000, mostly composed of rayah and also some Free Corps veterans. Of them, every fifty people had their buljubaša, over a hundred there was a harambaša and over a thousand bimbaša, adopted from the Ottoman Turkish military ranks.[1] The knezes of the knežina (Christian self-governing village groups) mustered this militia, led by several buljubaša, all commanded by Stanko Arambašić as bimbaša.[2] Among notable buljubaša from this period were Karađorđe,[3] Janko Gagić,[4] Todor Bojinović,[5] Janko Katić,[6] and others. In the "Slaughter of the Knezes" (January 1804), several notable buljubaša were murdered by the Dahije, such as Janko Gagić, Gavrilo Buđevac and Mata from Lipovac.[7]

In the beginning, the rebel army was a militia with armed civilians, with the troop size depending on liberated territories.[8] The military organization was territorial, divided into units of desetina ("tenth"), četa ("company") and bataljon ("battalion"), formed according to the local administrative divisions of knežina (villages under the responsibility of a knez) or nahija (a larger group of villages) which gave their names to the individual units.[8] Senior ranks were the kaplar ("corporal"), fendrek (from "fähnrich"), kapetan or buljubaša ("captain"), podvojvoda (sub-vojvoda) and vojvoda, in the beginning of the uprising.[8] The ranks were initially given from within the army until the strengthening of central power when commander-in-chief Karađorđe with or without the Governing Council appointed them.[8]

The knežina became an administrative unit in Revolutionary Serbia, where a vojvoda was appointed to lead; the knežina was further divided into smaller units known as srez, which were made up of a smaller number of villages and headed by a veliki buljubaša ("great" captain), later designated kapetan (captain), that had under him several mali buljubaša ("lesser" captain).[9]

The vojvoda appointed the buljubaša. The vojvoda Jakov Nenadović sought to make the nahiyas under his command autonomous of Karađorđe's rule and wrote a draft dated 25 April 1806 that acknowledged the Valjevo nahija's subordination to the Governing Council but explicitly named Nenadović the "supreme rule" (vrhovna vlast).[10] In this draft, the magistrates (courts) were to have in the first place, a villager knez as judge, and in his absence, a srez buljubaša, and in his absence the knez veliki (obor-knez).[11]

The rank of kapetan was introduced into the ranks, and buljubaša was removed from usage by the end of the uprising.[12]

Holders

See also: List of Serbian Revolutionaries

Annotations

  1. ^
    Less commonly spelt buljukbaša and buljugbaša (буљугбаша).

References

  1. ^ Pantelić 1949, p. 125.
  2. ^ Караџић, Вук Стефановић (1969). Даница: 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1834. Просвета. p. 146.
  3. ^ Milićević 1888, pp. 224–225.
  4. ^ Gavrilović 1904, p. 23, Nenadović 1884, pp. 135, 832, Milićević 1888, p. 88
  5. ^ a b Milićević 1888, pp. 41–42.
  6. ^ Nenadović 1903, pp. 582–583, 586.
  7. ^ Gavrilović 1904, pp. 23, 27.
  8. ^ a b c d Bodrožić 2022, p. 32.
  9. ^ Đorđević 1921, pp. 517–518.
  10. ^ Batalaka 1898, pp. 227–228.
  11. ^ Batalaka 1898, p. 227.
  12. ^ Bodrožić 2022, p. 34.
  13. ^ Nenadović 1903, pp. 663–664.
  14. ^ Nenadović 1903, pp. 664–667.
  15. ^ Milićević 1888, pp. 136–142.
  16. ^ Gavrilović 1904, pp. 110–115, Nenadović 1884, pp. 617-, Milićević 1888, pp. 173–175
  17. ^ Nenadović 1884, pp. 234–236, Milićević 1888, pp. 215–216
  18. ^ Milićević 1888, pp. 305–307.
  19. ^ Milićević 1888, pp. 392–394.
  20. ^ Milićević 1888, pp. 169–170.
  21. ^ a b Batalaka 1898, p. 1009.
  22. ^ Nenadović 1884, pp. 198, 204, 206, Milićević 1888, pp. 528–530
  23. ^ Milićević 1888, pp. 712–713.
  24. ^ Nenadović 1884, pp. 297, 307, 327, 514, Milićević 1888, pp. 252–253
  25. ^ a b c d Pavlović 1990, p. 120.
  26. ^ Milićević 1888, pp. 248–249.
  27. ^ Milićević, Milan Đ. (1898). "Рада Радосављевић". Spomenik drugi razred. XXXIII. Srpska kraljevska akademija: 13-.
  28. ^ Nenadović 1884, pp. 487–490.
  29. ^ Batalaka 1898, p. 96.
  30. ^ Stojančević 1991, p. 102.
  31. ^ Stojančević 1991, pp. 102–103.
  32. ^ Nenadović 1884, p. 487-490.
  33. ^ Milićević 1888, p. 492.
  34. ^ a b c Pavlović 1990, p. 119.
  35. ^ Jovanović 1883, p. 218.
  36. ^ Nenadović 1884, p. XLV.
  37. ^ Nenadović 1884, pp. 625, 684.
  38. ^ Nenadović 1884, p. 131, Milićević 1888, p. 821
  39. ^ Nenadović 1884, p. 331.
  40. ^ Nenadović 1884, p. 300, 486.
  41. ^ Nenadović 1884, p. 495.
  42. ^ Nenadović 1884, p. 518, 544, 837.
  43. ^ Milićević 1888, p. 28.
  44. ^ Milićević 1888, p. 60.
  45. ^ Milićević 1888, p. 735.
  46. ^ Nenadović 1884, p. 267.
  47. ^ a b c d Pavlović 1990, p. 123.
  48. ^ Milićević 1888, p. 824.
  49. ^ Pavlović 1990, p. 122.
  50. ^ a b Pavlović 1990, p. 124.
  51. ^ Pavlović 1990, p. 126.
  52. ^ Pavlović 1990, p. 128.
  53. ^ Obradović, Miloš (2002). "Кнез и буљубаша Периша из Миоковаца" (PDF). Зборник радова Народног музеја. XXXII. Народни музеј Чачак: 141–146.
  54. ^ a b c d e f Obradović 1873, p. 11.

Sources

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