Tourism in Turkey

Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Turkey has also become a popular destination for culture, spa, and health care.[1] In 2023, Turkey was the fifth most visited country in the world.[2]

At its height in 2024, Turkey attracted around 52.6 million foreign tourists with a record tourism revenue of $61.1 billion.[3] The total number fluctuated between around 41 million in 2015, and around 30 million in 2016.[4][5] However, recovery began in 2017, with the number of foreign visitors increasing to 37.9 million, and in 2018 to 46.1 million visitors.[6][7][8]

Yearly tourist arrivals in millions[9][2][10]

Destinations

Istanbul

Istanbul is one of the most important tourist spots not only in Turkey but also in the world. There are thousands of hotels and other tourist-oriented industries in the city. Turkey's largest city, Istanbul has a number of major attractions derived from its historical status as the capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. These include the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the "Blue Mosque"), the Hagia Sophia, the Topkapı Palace, the Basilica Cistern, the Dolmabahçe Palace, the Galata Tower, the Grand Bazaar, the Spice Bazaar, and the Pera Palace Hotel. Istanbul has also recently become one of the biggest shopping centers of the European region by hosting malls and shopping centers, such as MetroCity, Akmerkez and Cevahir Mall, which is the biggest mall in Europe and seventh largest shopping center in the world. Other attractions include sporting events, museums, and cultural events.

In January 2013, the Turkish government announced that it would build the world's largest airport in Istanbul. The operation has an invested 7-billion euros and was planned to have the first part of a four-part plan completed by 2017.[11]

Ankara

Ankara is the country's capital and second most populated city.[12] It is rich with Turkish history and culture that have roots in the founding of Turkey along with the history of ancient civilizations. The most popular landmark is the Anıtkabir,[13] a mausoleum for Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey. Another landmark would be the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, a museum that possesses works from Paleolithic, Neolithic, Hatti, Hittite, Phrygian, Urartian, and Roman civilizations.[14]

Izmir

Izmir is a city with historical and geopolitical importance in ancient civilizations such as Macedonia, Persia, Lydia, and the Ottomans.[15] The city has a memorable history in the early years of Turkey as it was the main city that was affected by the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).[16] Izmir is home to many ancient cities such as Ephesus, Pergamon, and Klazomenai.[17] Besides historical significance, Izmir also possesses many locations for coastal tourism for international travelers. Frequently visited regions that have tourist beaches for local and international tourists would be Çeşme, Mordoğan, and Foça.[18][19]

Other destinations

Beach vacations and Blue Cruises, particularly for Turkish delights and visitors from Western Europe, are also central to the Turkish tourism industry. Most beach resorts are located along the southwestern and southern coast, called the Turkish Riviera, especially along the Mediterranean coast near Antalya. Antalya is also accepted as the tourism capital of Turkey.[20] Major resort towns include Bodrum, Fethiye, Marmaris, Kuşadası, Didim and Alanya. Also, Turkey has been chosen second in the world in 2015 with its 436 blue-flagged beaches, according to the Chamber of Shipping.[21]

Attractions elsewhere in the country include the sites of Ephesus, Troy, Pergamon, House of the Virgin Mary, Pamukkale, Hierapolis, Trabzon (where one of the oldest monasteries is the Sümela Monastery), Konya (where the poet Rumi had spent most of his life), Didyma, Church of Antioch, ancient Pontic capital and king rock tombs with its acropolis in Amasya, religious places in Mardin (such as Deyrülzafarân Monastery), and the ruined cities and landscapes of Cappadocia.

One of the most important and famous cities in the east and southeast of Turkey is called Diyarbakır. This city is considered one of the important options for traveling to the east of Turkey due to its numerous historical, religious and cultural places. For researchers who are interested in cultural studies, this city is a favorable option for study and research due to the accommodation of different ethnic groups (Kurds, Turks, Arabs, Assyrians, Armenians) and religious groups (Muslims, Christians). Due to the civil wars between the PKK group and the central government of Turkey in the 90's, the number of tourists in this region decreased. With the beginning of the 21st century and after the establishment of relative peace and security in these areas, tourism has been increasing again in these areas.[27]

Gallipoli and Anzac Cove – a small cove on the Gallipoli peninsula, which became known as the site of World War I landing of the ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) on 25 April 1915. Following the landing at Anzac Cove, the beach became the main base for the Australian and New Zealand troops for the eight months of the Gallipoli campaign.

Cappadocia is a region created by the erosion of soft volcanic stone by the wind and rain for centuries.[28] In the picture is the classic hot air ballon showing.The area is a popular tourist destination, having many sites with unique geological, historic, and cultural features.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Main article: List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey

As of 2023, Turkey hosts 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 cultural and 2 mixed.[29]

Turkey's World Heritage Sites, as per their official UNESCO names, are as follows:

  1. Aphrodisias
  2. Archaeological Site of Ani
  3. Archaeological Site of Troy
  4. Arslantepe Mound
  5. Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire
  6. City of Safranbolu
  7. Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape
  8. Ephesus
  9. Gordion
  10. Göbekli Tepe
  11. Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia
  12. Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği
  13. Hattusha: the Hittite Capital
  14. Hierapolis-Pamukkale
  15. Historic Areas of Istanbul
  16. Nemrut Dağ
  17. Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük
  18. Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape
  19. Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
  20. Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
  21. Xanthos-Letoon

Medical tourism

Main article: Health care in Turkey

An emerging branch of tourism in Turkey is medical tourism. Commonly performed medical procedures are hair transplant operations, rhinoplasty, cosmetic dentistry, bariatric surgery, buttock augmentation, mammaplasty and mastopexy as it draws in thousands of foreigner tourists every year.[30][31] In 2021, the revenue generated from medical tourism was given as $1.05 billion with 642,000 people that visited for the purpose of getting medical service.[32] This is due to Turkey offering high-quality clinics for affordable pricing compared to the rest of Europe and its central location between Asia and Europe.[33] Other reasons for the high demand for healthcare in Turkey are foreigners having easy visa procedures and immediate scheduling for operations.[1]

Development of tourism

Turkey issued 16,199,968 electronic visas between April 2013 and January 1, 2017. The acceptance rate was 87.79% as 18,452,733 applications were filed in this period. Most visas were issued to nationals of the United Kingdom (4.6 million), Iraq (2 million) and the Netherlands (1.8 million).[34]

Most tourist arrivals in Turkey come from the following countries:[35][36][8][37][38]

Country 11/2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018
Russia 6,678,647 6,710,198 6,313,675 5,232,611 4,694,422 2,128,758 7,017,657 5,964,631
Germany 6,479,513 6,620,612 6,193,259 5,679,194 3,085,215 1,118,932 5,027,472 4,512,360
United Kingdom 4,173,846 4,433,782 3,800,922 3,370,739 392,746 820,709 2,562,064 2,254,871
Iran 2,795,287 3,277,852 2,504,494 2,331,076 9,618 385,762 2,102,890 2,001,744
Bulgaria 2,550,113 2,918,581 2,893,092 2,882,512 1,402,795 1,242,961 2,713,464 2,386,885
Poland 1,892,312 1,866,986 1,539,123 1,135,903 585,076 145,908 880,839 646,365
United States 1,503,953 1,442,191 1,334,337 1,013,478 371,759 148,937 578,074 448,327
Netherlands 1,226,580 1,303,262 1,232,220 1,244,756 645,601 271,526 1,117,290 1,013,642
Georgia 1,221,535 1,466,189 1,633,978 1,514,813 291,852 410,501 1,995,254 2,069,392
Romania 1,116,627 1,173,358 990,005 886,555 496,178 269,076 763,320 641,484
France 1,039,438 1,088,380 1,031,824 986,090 621,493 311,708 875,957 731,379
Ukraine 977,975 941,614 839,729 675,467 2,060,008 997,652 1,547,996 1,386,934
Iraq 957,250 968,834 1,051,721 1,208,895 836,624 387,587 1,374,896 1,172,896
Saudi Arabia 875,275 869,453 820,683 497,914 10,083 67,490 564,816 747,233
Azerbaijan 862,975 956,178 855,445 683,834 470,618 236,797 901,723 858,506
Italy 750,344 719,668 602,176 420,661 116,806 72,619 377,011 284,195
Kazakhstan 732,244 863,542 826,319 712,136 366,076 137,213 455,724 426,916
Uzbekistan 604,184 569,818 470,644 419,673 272,604 102,598 252,138 241,235
Belgium 586,888 625,263 596,355 596,173 339,529 138,729 557,435 511,559
Greece 570,240 707,133 686,480 569,795 157,723 136,305 836,882 686,891
Austria 530,941 548,794 496,482 454,638 284,095 112,126 401,475 353,628
Spain 417,226 382,896 324,690 298,165 104,848 54,381 257,342 178,018
Czech Republic 398,119 410,280 384,158 295,454 89,734 15,642 311,359 228,251
 Switzerland 397,180 406,357 390,044 382,835 219,591 127,643 311,107 269,649
China 392,724 409,733 248,119 89,515 33,641 40,264 426,344 394,109
Sweden 386,128 397,201 364,984 415,696 192,872 93,703 444,285 384,397
Moldova 328,710 329,796 288,377 274,257 192,441 109,137 198,867 194,268
Denmark 327,113 345,198 319,835 356,127 111,499 44,694 335,877 326,278
Belarus 313,950 334,796 309,216 239,966 220,932 106,426 258,419 245,254
Algeria 307,974 324,042 292,505 210,478 48,827 50,121 295,512 288,207
Lithuania 303,521 285,026 277,810 251,619 114,227 14,194 229,704 199,371
Canada 303,506 302,728 248,868 197,416 72,034 34,210 139,164 108,272
Serbia 301,369 342,002 311,738 357,787 238,852 129,284 282,347 225,312
Northern Cyprus 271,491 261,608 215,137 182,945 68,353 59,808 268,341 266,859
Jordan 265,325 301,641 384,680 494,629 326,633 93,750 474,874 406,469
Slovakia 264,938 266,978 228,407 196,462 37,963 8,648 207,108 157,003
Hungary 259,392 252,066 222,327 165,842 76,257 16,563 149,523 123,448
India 231,312 330,985 274,159 231,579 52,651 44,707 230,131 147,127
North Macedonia 226,736 246,626 251,066 266,184 182,045 115,483 222,862 209,519
Lebanon 225,687 261,713 257,781 272,844 191,768 89,337 376,721 338,837
Ireland 213,579 195,899 163,165 136,608 36,947 26,176 96,886 71,221
South Korea 211,459 206,931 159,039 99,869 15,206 36,636 212,970 159,354
Morocco 210,845 236,764 262,124 251,708 121,333 67,775 234,264 176,538
Australia 210,104 205,874 192,770 118,847 15,674 15,109 120,837 96,488
Norway 204,637 222,994 203,325 191,789 54,633 25,100 208,330 161,789
Egypt 199,781 231,097 187,053 227,850 124,483 68,936 177,655 148,943
Kosovo 199,670 209,853 174,681 193,823 145,931 70,462 152,048 139,500
Kuwait 198,903 264,440 363,070 480,123 246,249 120,221 374,191 298,620
Indonesia 186,604 202,456 178,800 152,995 49,319 36,690 127,149 119,337
Turkmenistan 184,023 153,688 120,928 45,249 18,979 43,236 297,706 252,911
Kyrgyzstan 183,725 195,899 169,906 147,487 102,840 52,142 121,364 114,926
Bosnia 178,248 197,388 177,893 200,698 131,347 61,651 144,445 120,480
Libya 175,305 220,497 194,351 220,179 197,983 107,251 259,243 188,312
Albania 150,897 159,828 142,482 145,032 89,748 49,667 134,869 125,935
Japan 148,867 135,653 78,782 30,610 7,153 19,122 103,320 81,931
Tunisia 143,257 182,053 176,547 206,714 126,970 57,563 172,587 142,372
Pakistan 133,627 135,653 140,388 173,621 90,681 51,326 130,736 113,579
Latvia 133,059 117,402 112,165 97,240 44,760 9,392 86,051 65,868
Mexico 132,625 142,963 155,155 114,267 34,705 12,775 66,557 36,737
Finland 120,894 123,414 117,123 117,281 32,809 15,003 135,192 128,860
Philippines 118,984 129,071 120,347 97,954 55,397 48,440 139,126 95,068
Portugal 116,779 99,838 81,401 74,812 26,379 12,893 54,130 39,948
Brazil 113,071 120,201 106,717 84,582 17,788 22,722 101,164 78,691
Estonia 112,088 98,404 91,625 93,209 47,597 5,113 77,041 61,707
Israel 109,467 85,949 765,776 843,028 225,238 129,677 569,368 443,732
Malaysia 92,870 93,132 95,444 89,766 9,618 17,892 114,214 95,591
United Arab Emirates 85,095 99,992 120,819 146,438 52,587 3,772 37,500 43,292
Colombia 83,415 62,440 60,579 77,863 30,094 10,601 70,974 56,031
Croatia 74,243 64,815 56,618 61,327 29,464 16,566 56,465 44,188
Argentina 71,202 50,590 43,278 41,708 6,992 7,228 64,483 68,668
South Africa 65,188 61,673 58,672 71,636 6,088 12,251 74,652 53,544
Slovenia 54,491 51,903 47,808 48,622 18,580 8,108 50,414 40,716
Bahrain 47,186 53,144 54,899 98,147 62,730 17,852 90,299 77,075
Thailand 46,062 39,521 31,646 29,814 6,687 8,163 62,192 54,098
Qatar 45,685 48,432 61,248 92,439 83,831 31,956 108,496 96,327
New Zealand 39,023 32,562 28,327 15,448 2,746 2,879 20,912 16,174
Chile 32,632 22,073 23,385 17,333 3,815 3,320 18,509 14,609
Singapore 32,283 27,088 26,935 30,602 2,951 4,912 34,930 28,382
Montenegro 29,749 28,065 24,419 29,417 20,812 11,441 27,639 24,183
Venezuela 28,189 23,160 19,115 18,395 11,446 3,473 11,738 9,246
Yemen 28,179 27,615 31,589 34,599 21,856 13,354 41,673 39,545
Armenia 27,590 27,031 27,788 36,445 10,178 9,309 66,882 51,880
Bangladesh 26,976 22,691 19,794 24,335 8,226 5,634 20,605 17,932
Tajikistan 21,069 30,033 65,367 74,101 41,440 16,972 44,155 40,879
Luxemburg 18,501 15,979 14,582 13,186 8,499 2,228 10,957 7,716
Malta 14,858 13,339 12,261 16,321 7,163 3,258 8,739 8,287
Cyprus 14,400 14,940 12,444 11,254 2,471 2,207 12,355 10,516
Sudan 14,341 13,077 18,032 43,192 25,965 10,555 17,863 15,661
Iceland 6,965 4,297 3,656 4,070 962 541 3,966 2,935
Total 50,057,225 52,629,283 49,209,180 44,564,395 24,712,266 12,734,213 45,058,286 39,488,401

Explain

Foreign tourist arrivals increased substantially in Turkey between 2000 and 2005, from 8 million to 25 million, which made Turkey a top-10 destination in the world for foreign visitors. 2005 revenues were US$20.3 billion which also made Turkey one of the top-10 biggest revenue owners in the world. In 2011, Turkey ranked as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world and 4th in Europe, according to UNWTO World Tourism barometer.[39] See World Tourism rankings. At its height in 2014, Turkey attracted around 42 million foreign tourists, still ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world.[40] From 2015, tourism to Turkey entered a steep decline.[41][42] In 2016, only around 30 million people visited Turkey. 2016 is described as the second year of huge losses on both visitor numbers and income, a "year of devastating losses", with Turkish tourism businesses stating that they "cannot remember a worse time in the sector".[4] The number of foreign visitors started recovering in 2017 with 37.9 million visitors being recorded. The recovery was partly due to intense security campaigns and advertising. The number of Russian tourists increased by 444% after the recovery of bilateral relations, resulting in Russia becoming the top tourism market for Turkey once again.[6][7] Increases were also recorded in the British, Dutch and Belgian markets.[43]

In early 2017, the Turkish government urged Turkish citizens living abroad to take their vacations in Turkey, attempting to revive the struggling tourism sector[44] of an economy that went into contraction from late 2016.[45] After the April 2017 constitutional referendum, another sharp drop in tourist bookings from Germany was recorded.[46] In 2018, however, the German Tourism Industry Association recorded a growth in German tourist bookings for Turkey, with a 70% increase being recorded by the TUI Group alone.[47]

Government policy and regulation

The AKP government has been promoting "halal tourism" for years,[48] politically reaffirming this stance over the course of 2016.[49] In March 2017, a Turkish court banned global travel fare aggregator website Booking.com from offering services to Turkish tourists for lack of a national licence,[50] while the Hoteliers Association of Turkey campaigns for a lifting the ban of the enterprise on which its members relied for up to 90 percent of their turnover.[51] In April 2017, the police department of the prime resort city of Antalya issued a directive banning the consumption of alcohol outside of buildings.[52]

Sex tourism

Main article: Prostitution in Turkey

Prostitution is legal and regulated in Turkey. The secularization of Turkish society allowed prostitution to achieve legal status during the early 20th century. Sex tourism has been part of Turkey's tourism industry and has been growing over the decades both for foreigners and locals. Many foreigners come to Turkey to work for local Turks in the prostitution business, while many Turks travel abroad as consumers of sex tourism, mostly to Eastern Europe for the purpose. Sexual exploitation of children have also been reported.[53] Anyone who encourages someone to commit prostitution, facilitates it, or mediates or provides a place for prostitution is punished with imprisonment from two months to four years and a judicial fine of up to three thousand days.[54][55]

COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of tourists arriving in Turkey declined to around 16 million in 2020.[56] This was the lowest number of tourists in the last decade.[56] The revenue from international travel was reduced to $13.7 billion which only made up 1.91% of the total economy in 2020.[57][58] In 2021, Turkey's tourism recovered from the pandemic as it contributed $59.3 billion to the GDP, which made up 7.3% of the total economy.[59][60]

See also

References

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Further reading

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Turkey.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tourism in Turkey.
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