Kagwahiva language
| Kawahíva | |
|---|---|
| Kagwahiva, Kawahib | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Mato Grosso and Rondônia |
| Ethnicity | (see varieties below) |
Native speakers | 560 (2024)[1] |
Tupian
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:pah – Tenharim–Parintintínurz – Uru-eu-wau-waukuq – Karipuná (confuses Kawahib with Jau-Navo)jua – Júmaxmo – Morerebitkf – ? Tukumanféd (unattested)paf – Paranawátadw – Amondawa |
| Glottolog | kawa1296 |
| ELP | Karipuna |
| Júma | |
Kawahíva (Kawahíb, Kagwahib) is a Tupi–Guarani dialect cluster of Brazil.
The Tenharim (self-designation, Pyri 'near, together'), Parintintín, Jiahúi, Amondawa, Karipúna,[a] Uru-eu-wau-wau (self-designation Jupaú), Piripkúra, Júma, and Capivarí all call themselves Kawahíva. Their speech is mutually intelligible, and also similar with other languages or dialects now extinct. The closest Tupí-Guaraní language seems to be Apiaká,[2] formerly spoken in Mato Grosso.
Varieties
There are different internal classifications of the pan-Kawahíwa, which differ in, e.g., whether Kayabí and Apiaká should be included as part of the dialectal cluster. The one listed in Aguilar (2013, 2018) follows:[3][4]
- Kawahíwa
- Northern
- Southern
- Jupaú (Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau)
- Amondawa
- Karipuna
- Apiaká
- Kayabí (Kawaiwete)
- Piripkura
- isolated groups
Languages spoken in north-central Rondônia are Karipúna, Uru-eu-wau-wau (Jupaú), Amondawa, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups. Languages spoken in northeastern Mato Grosso and southern Pará are Apiaká, Kayabí, Piripkúra, and unidentified varieties by some isolated groups.
Other Kawahíva dialects became extinct, the most recent being Capivara with the death of Mr.Pitanga Capivara in the fall 2022.[5] Other varieties include Paranawat at Machado/Ji-Paraná River, Takwatip and Ipotewap at Muqui river, attested by Nimuendajú and Lévi-Strauss around the 1950s.[6][7] Lévi-Strauss also mentions people who were already almost extinct at that time, who lived near the Ji-Paraná river, like the Tucumanfét and the Jabotiféd; and the Mialat, who inhabited the Leitão River region.
Phonology
Phonemic inventory of the Tenharim dialect:[8]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | u ũ |
| Mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
| Low | a ã |
- /a, ã/ are heard as [ə, ə̃] in unstressed syllables.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labial | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |
| Stop/Affricate | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | kʷ | ʔ |
| Fricative | β | h | ||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||
- /ɲ/ can be heard as [j] when in unstressed positions.
- /β/ can also be heard as [w].
Notes
- ^ not to be confused with either the Panoan group or the Carib-based creole spoken in the state of Amapá, which have the same name.
References
- ^ Nascimento dos Santos, Wesley (September 18, 2024). "Kawahíva (Brazil) – Language Snapshot". Language Documentation and Description. doi:10.25894/LDD.2549. ISSN 2756-1224.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald (September 2015). "Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices". Language. 91 (3): s1–s188. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0049. ISSN 1535-0665.
- ^ Aguilar, Ana Maria Gouveia Cavalcanti (2018). "Kawahíwa como uma unidade linguística". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica (in Portuguese). 9 (1): 139–161. doi:10.26512/rbla.v9i1.19529.
- ^ Aguilar, A. M. G. C. 2013. Contribuições Etnolinguísticas e Histórico-Comparativas para os estudos sobre os povos e as línguas Kawahíwa. Tese (Exame de Qualificação de Doutorado), PPGL/UnB.
- ^ Nascimento dos Santos, Wesley (2024). Topics on the syntax of Kawahíva: A Tupí-Guaraní language from the Brazilian Amazon (Thesis). UC Berkeley.
- ^ Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1955). Tristes Tropiques [Sad Tropics] (in French). France, Brazil: Librairie Plon. ISBN 2-266-11982-6.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ^ Nimuendajú, Curt (1940–1947). Handbook of South American Indians (Steward, Julian H., ed. (1948) ed.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 283–297.
- ^ Sampaio, Wany Bernadete de Araujo (1997). Estudo comparativo sincrônico entre o Parintintin (Tenharim) e o Uru-eu-uau-uau (Amondava): contribuições para uma revisão na classificação das línguas Tupi-Kawahib (PDF). Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
Further reading
- dos Santos, W. N. (2024). Topics on the syntax of Kawahíva: A Tupí-Guaraní language from the Brazilian Amazon. Doctor's Thesis. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7n3020c1
External links
- Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Tenharim". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
- Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Júma". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
- Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.
- Portal Japiim (online dictionary)