Sun Bin
Sun Bin | |
|---|---|
Sun Bin | |
| Native name | 孫臏 |
| Died | 316 BC |
| Allegiance | Wei (former) Qi |
| Conflicts | Battle of Guiling Battle of Maling |
| Sun Bin | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 孫臏 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 孙膑 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Sun Bin (died 316 BC) was a Chinese general, military strategist, and writer who lived during the Warring States period of Chinese history. A supposed descendant of Sun Tzu, Sun was tutored in military strategy by the hermit Guiguzi. He was accused of treason by Pang Juan while serving Wei and punished by being branded and crippled. Sun escaped and became a strategist and commander for Qi, defeating Wei at the Battle of Guiling and the Battle of Maling; Pang was killed at Maling. Sun's Art of War with the Yinqueshan Han Slips were discovered in 1972 after going missing for at least 1400 years.
Life
Early life and service in Wei
Sun Bin was allegedly a descendant of Sun Tzu. Sun Bin excelled while studying military strategy under the hermit Guiguzi; he could recite The Art of War and identified by Guiguzi as a role model for other students. Pang Juan, a fellow student, became Sun's blood brother. Pang left to be a Wei general, and built a reputation through a few victories. Sun continued his studies until accepting a Wei recruitment offer and joining Pang. Pang considered Sun to be more talented and knowledgeable, and became jealous.[1]
King Hui of Wei sentenced Sun to death after Sun was framed for treason by Pang. Pang convinced King Hui to commute the sentence; Sun was branded and crippled by having his kneecaps removed. Pang attempted to entice Sun to compile a book on military strategy with good treatment, with the intent of killing Sun afterwards. Eventually, Sun discovered Pang's intentions and feigned insanity. As a test, Pang locked Sun in a sty where the latter ate animal faeces, calling them delicious. When Pang lowered his guard, Sun escaped with the help of Qi diplomats.[1]
Service in Qi
Sun became a retainer (guest) to General Tian Ji in Qi. Sun came to the attention of King Wei of Qi during a racing competition, where Sun's advice allowed Tian to win two of the three rounds. Sun entered King Wei's on Tian's recommendation. King Wei appointed Sun as chief military advisor and Tian's deputy. Sun declined appointment as a commander since he could not ride a horse, due to his handicap, which would harm troop morale.
In 354 BC, a Wei army under Pang attacked Zhao and besieged the Zhao capital city of Handan. Zhao requested help from Qi, which dispatched an army led by Tian and Sun. The Qi army attacked the Wei capital city of Daliang (present-day Kaifeng) according to Sun's strategy of "besieging Wei to rescue Zhao". The Wei army withdrew from Handan to defend Daliang, and was ambushed and defeated by the Qi the Battle of Guiling.
In 342 BC, a Wei army led by Pang attacked Han, a Qi ally. Again, a Qi army deployed against the Wei led by Tian and using Sun's strategy. The Qi army feigned defeat in a series of skirmishes, while reducing the number of cooking stoves it used. The pursuing Wei overestimated Qi casualties based on the shrinking number of marks left by the stoves. At the Battle of Maling, the Qi ambushed and defeated the Wei in a narrow valley. The crown prince of Wei was captured, and Pang was killed. According to folklore, Sun carved "Pang Juan dies under this tree" on a tree in the ambush area. When Pang arrived, he lit a torch to examine the carving and was fired upon by the Qi using the light as a target; Pang was hit by multiple arrows and then committed suicide.
Sun retired due to politics in the royal court. He lived as a hermit in the later part of his life.
Works
Sun wrote the military treatise Sun Bin's Art of War (孫臏兵法). The book was believed to be lost after the Han dynasty. Some historians doubted its existence as evidence was limited to references in post-contemporary texts. The Yinqueshan Han Slips scroll fragments, recovered in 1972 from a tomb in Linyi, Shandong, contained text from the Sun Bin's Art of War. 16 chapters have been identified; historical texts attributed 89 chapters to the work.
Sun Bin's Art of War includes sections related to the Battles of Guiling and Maling. A major difference between Sun Tzu's earlier The Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War is in siege warfare. The former advises against it, and the latter - reflecting developments in the later stages of the Warring States period - contains advice for attacking besieged cities.
Legacy
Sun sometimes appears as a Menshen (door god) in Chinese and Taoist temples, usually paired with Pang.
His rivalry with Pang is portrayed in the 2011 film The Warring States.
Sun is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI by Koei.
References
- ^ a b Sima, Qian. "孫子吳起列傳". In Sturgeon, Donald (ed.). 史記 (in Literary Chinese). Chinese Text Project.
孫武既死，後百餘歲有孫臏。臏生阿鄄之閒，臏亦孫武之後世子孫也。孫臏嘗與龐涓俱學兵法。龐涓既事魏，得為惠王將軍，而自以為能不及孫臏，乃陰使召孫臏。臏至，龐涓恐其賢於己，疾之，則以法刑斷其兩足而黥之，欲隱勿見。齊使者如梁，孫臏以刑徒陰見，說齊使。齊使以為奇，竊載與之齊。齊將田忌善而客待之。忌數與齊諸公子馳逐重射。孫子見其馬足不甚相遠，馬有上、中、下、輩。於是孫子謂田忌曰：「君弟重射，臣能令君勝。」田忌信然之，與王及諸公子逐射千金。及臨質，孫子曰：「今以君之下駟與彼上駟，取君上駟與彼中駟，取君中駟與彼下駟。」既馳三輩畢，而田忌一不勝而再勝，卒得王千金。於是忌進孫子於威王。威王問兵法，遂以為師。
- Lau, D. C. and Ames, Roger T. Sun Pin: The Art of Warfare. ISBN 0-345-37991-8.
- Sawyer, Ralph D. The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. ISBN 0-8133-1228-0.