1986 Philippine presidential election

1986 Philippine presidential election
February 7, 1986
Turnout78.8% (2.1pp)
 
Candidate Corazon Aquino Ferdinand Marcos
Party UNIDO KBL
Running mate Salvador Laurel Arturo Tolentino
Popular vote 7,909,320 (NAMFREL)
9,291,716 (COMELEC) 		7,376,599 (NAMFREL)
10,807,197 (COMELEC)
Percentage 51.74% (NAMFREL)
46.10 (COMELEC) 		48.26% (NAMFREL)
53.62% (COMELEC)
Election results per province/city.
President before election

Ferdinand Marcos
KBL

Elected President

Corazon Aquino
UNIDO

1986 Philippine vice presidential election
February 7, 1986
 
Candidate Salvador Laurel Arturo Tolentino
Party UNIDO KBL
Popular vote 7,648,570 (NAMFREL)
9,173,105 (COMELEC) 		6,978,702 (NAMFREL)
10,134,130 (COMELEC)
Percentage 50.07% (NAMFREL)
45.85% (COMELEC) 		45.69% (NAMFREL)
50.66% (COMELEC)
Map showing the official results taken from provincial and city certificates of canvass. The inset shows Metro Manila.
Elected Vice President

Salvador Laurel
UNIDO

Presidential elections, commonly referred to as the 1986 snap election, were held in the Philippines on February 7, 1986. Incumbent president Ferdinand Marcos, facing pressure from the public, media, and international allies, agreed to call an election in November 1985. He was challenged by Corazon Aquino, the widow of assassinated opposition leader Ninoy Aquino.

Marcos called for the snap elections in an attempt to reassert legitimacy for his regime, which had ruled the Philippines for two decades, including a period of martial law from 1972 to 1981. However, Marcos was terminally ill and faced a series of challenges to his rule, beginning in 1983 with the Ninoy Aquino assassination, a period of rapid economic decline and civic discontent, and widespread public reporting on corruption and Marcos's misrepresentation of his military record.

The election itself was marred by substantial irregularities, political repression, and voting fraud. After the certified government results found Marcos had won, Aquino and the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL) challenged the legitimacy of the results through a campaign of mass demonstrations and civil disobedience, culminating in Marcos's deposition and exile. Aquino was inaugurated as the 11th president of the Philippines on February 25, and the Fifth Philippine Republic was established. Marcos later died in exile in Honolulu.

Background

Further information: First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Second term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, and Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos

Ferdinand Marcos was elected president of the Philippines in 1965 and re-elected in 1969. Despite his 1940 conviction for murdering his father's political rival, which was overturned on appeal, Marcos built a popular public image on his service record in World War II, when he was held as a prisoner of war by the Imperial Japanese Army, and his support for public spending on infrastructure projects. Throughout his political career, Marcos often exaggerated or misrepresented his military record, including claiming during his 1962 campaign for the Senate that he was "the most decorated war hero of the Philippines."

As president, Marcos received support from the Philippine armed forces and the United States, where he supported presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon in the Vietnam War. Following a period of social unrest, political violence, and a balance of payments crisis, and facing a two-term constitutional limit, Marcos declared martial law in September 1972, establishing himself as dictator through a 1973 constitutional plebiscite. He cited threats by radical communists and Muslim separatists, as well as the failed 1971 constitutional convention, to support his rule; critics accused him of exaggerating these threats to silence opposition.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Martial law was lifted in January 1981.[7]

Assassination of Ninoy Aquino

Main article: Assassination of Ninoy Aquino

During the period of martial law, Marcos marginalized and suppressed opposition politicians. Among the leaders of the opposition was Ninoy Aquino, who had been sentenced to death by a military commission but whom Marcos permitted to travel to the United States in 1980 for emergency triple bypass surgery.[8] Aquino remained in the United States for three years, working at Harvard University, writing, lecturing, and becoming an iconic symbol of Philippine democracy and resistance to military rule.

In 1983, Aquino returned to the Philippines, as stipulated in the conditions for his release from prison.[9] At the time, Marcos was seriously ill, and Aquino believed he could persuade Marcos to restore democracy before his death. However, Aquino was shot and killed aboard China Airlines Flight 811 while taxing at Manila International Airport. Sixteen military officers were later convicted for their involvement in the murder; while the Aquino family believed that Marcos had ordered it, no definitive proof has ever surfaced.

The assassination revived the domestic opposition, including in the press, and elevated Aquino's wife, Corazon, to the role of a central opposition figure. In the 1984 parliamentary elections, the opposition re-established its political power by winning thirty-five seats in the National Assembly under the banner of the United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO).

Influence of international media

The end of military rule and the Aquino assassination led to increased scrutiny of the Marcos regime by the domestic and international press, beginning with a December 1982 article by Eduardo Lachica in The Wall Street Journal Asia, investigating the Marcos family's landholdings in New York City.[10] The story was picked up in January 1985 by the San Jose Mercury News as part of a story on capital flight in the Philippines involving the Marcoses and their allies. Investigative reporters at the Mercury News revealed extensive holdings by members of the Philippine elite in New York, Chicago, and the San Francisco Bay Area. The series was reprinted in several Philippine local sources, leading to mass protests and an attempt to begin impeachment proceedings against Marcos. Marcos acceded to a brief independent inquiry into his conduct.[10]

Additional reporting in the Mercury News, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and The New York Times further painted the Marcos regime as a kleptocracy which extracted money from the United States, including money intended for humanitarian or other aid, and the Philippine public for personal gain. Although Marcos denied the allegations, they severely damaged his support in the United States and the Philippines.[10]

Declaration of election

On November 4, 1985, Sam Donaldson and George Will interviewed Marcos on the American Broadcasting Company political affairs program This Week with David Brinkley.[11][12] Marcos was being asked about his policies and public support when, without warning, he announced that he would hold a snap election on February 7, 1986, a year earlier than the supposed 1987 election. Marcos said that in the snap election, the vice president would also be determined, but that the final decision regarding the election would be determined by the National Assembly.[13][14][15] Despite initial concerns that the National Assembly, which was controlled by Marcos's New Society Movement, would not hold the elections,[13] they passed a law on December 3, 1985, setting the date of the election on February 7, 1986.[16][17]

Candidates and nominations

The opposition was divided between Corazon Aquino, the widow of their assassinated leader, and Salvador Laurel, the son of former president Jose P. Laurel. Archbishop of Manila Jaime Sin talked to both candidates. Aquino was hesitant to run but said she would be willing to run if a petition campaign with at least a million signatures supported her. Doy was earnest to run, since he believed his family background, training, and experience had prepared him for the presidency.

Campaign

The campaign period lasted 45 days from December 19, 1985, to February 5, 1986.[18][17][19]

As the election campaign continued, Marcos was able to campaign in selected key cities while Aquino was able to campaign intensively and extensively, even going to remote places from the north of the Philippines to the south of the Philippines. The Aquino campaign concluded a rally in Rizal Park and Roxas Boulevard that is believed to have 800,000 participants, forming a "sea of yellow".[20]

On February 4, Marcos declared February 6 and 7 as nationwide public holidays to "give all registered voters fullest opportunity to exercise their right of suffrage."[21]

Results

Main article: Batasang Pambansa canvass for the 1986 Philippine presidential election

About 85,000 precincts opened at seven o'clock in the morning of Election Day.[22] Each precinct was administered by a Board of Election Inspectors (BEI), which was tasked to oversee voting. The BEI did not continuously abide by the stipulated voting procedure, which raised the impression of fraud.

The voting period was also scheduled to close at three o'clock in the afternoon but was extended to give way for people who were in line. Counting of the ballots followed and in most precincts was able to finish by six o'clock in the evening.[19]

Results showed that a huge percentage of eligible voters did not vote. Out of the 26 million registered voters, only 20 million ballots were cast. This showed a decreased percentage of voters from the 1984 election, which had 89% of registered voters cast their ballots, to around 76% during the snap election.[19]

Number of voters in the 1986 election
Number of registered voters 26,181,829
Actual number of votes canvassed by the Batasan 20,150,160
Percentage of actual to registered voters 76.96%

A number of disenfranchised voters were evident during the snap election.

Estimated number of disenfranchised voters[19]
1984 percentage of actual to registered voters 89%
1986 number of voters based on the 1984 percentage 23,422,264
Actual number of votes canvassed by the Batasan 20,150,160
Estimated number of disenfranchised voters 3,272,104

COMELEC tally for president

CandidatePartyVotes%
Ferdinand Marcos
(incumbent)		Kilusang Bagong Lipunan10,807,19753.62
Corazon AquinoUnited Nationalist Democratic Organization9,291,71646.10
Reuben CanoySocial Democratic Party34,0410.17
Narciso PadillaMovement for Truth, Order and Righteousness23,6520.12
Total20,156,606100.00
Valid votes20,156,60697.30
Invalid/blank votes559,4692.70
Total votes20,716,075100.00
Registered voters/turnout26,278,74478.83
Source: Annex XXXVIII of the report by the International Observer Delegation
Popular vote
Marcos
 
 53.62%
Aquino
 
 46.10%
Others
 
 0.28%

The COMELEC proclaimed Marcos as the winner,[22] receiving more than 1.5 million votes more than Aquino. In the COMELEC's tally, a total of 10,807,197 votes was for Marcos alone. Conversely, NAMFREL's partial tally had Aquino leading with more than half a million votes.

By region

Region Marcos Aquino Canoy Padilla
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Metro Manila 1,394,815 46.17 1,614,622 53.45 794 0.03 10,687 0.35
I 1,239,825 74.00 431,877 25.78 282 0.02 3,399 0.20
II 856,026 85.93 139,666 14.02 111 0.01 381 0.04
III 1,011,860 50.03 1,008,157 49.85 243 0.01 2,268 0.11
IV 1,190,804 45.45 1,425,143 54.39 336 0.01 3,831 0.15
V 433,809 36.27 761,538 63.67 258 0.02 376 0.03
VI 902,682 53.71 777,312 46.25 386 0.02 244 0.01
VII 773,604 48.17 827,912 51.55 4,012 0.25 394 0.02
VIII 627,868 60.38 411,284 39.55 475 0.05 213 0.02
IX 540,570 59.41 365,195 40.13 3,686 0.41 505 0.06
X 563,547 51.61 519,841 47.61 8,244 0.76 223 0.02
XI 609,540 47.38 662,799 51.52 13,413 1.04 773 0.06
XII 662,247 65.52 346,330 34.27 1,801 0.18 358 0.04
Total 10,807,197 53.62 9,291,716 46.10 34,041 0.17 23,652 0.12
Source: Batasang Pambansa[23]

By province and city

Province/City Marcos Aquino Canoy Padilla
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Abra 77,386 95.30 3,794 4.67 4 0.00 17 0.02
Agusan del Norte 45,587 57.90 32,928 41.82 209 0.27 10 0.01
Agusan del Sur 58,375 56.77 43,436 42.24 996 0.97 14 0.01
Aklan 63,078 49.44 64,473 50.53 10 0.01 24 0.02
Albay 75,354 32.11 159,210 67.84 28 0.01 92 0.04
Angeles City 19,898 28.37 49,923 71.19 9 0.01 300 0.43
Antique 65,225 47.62 71,694 52.35 23 0.02 15 0.01
Aurora 19,891 51.01 19,071 48.91 15 0.04 16 0.04
Bacolod 52,591 44.58 65,321 55.37 13 0.01 52 0.04
Bago 22,400 62.93 13,195 37.07 0 0.00 0 0.00
Baguio 41,640 61.93 24,803 36.89 53 0.08 740 1.10
Bais 9,080 49.40 9,257 50.36 38 0.21 7 0.04
Basilan 26,664 46.50 30,651 53.45 11 0.02 16 0.03
Bataan 70,744 51.58 66,211 48.28 24 0.02 168 0.12
Batanes 2,808 48.32 2,994 51.52 2 0.03 7 0.12
Batangas 155,474 39.62 236,616 60.30 26 0.01 309 0.08
Batangas City 23,020 35.78 41,226 64.09 7 0.01 76 0.12
Benguet 41,756 43.82 51,826 54.38 73 0.08 1,644 1.73
Bohol 170,635 52.36 154,338 47.36 815 0.25 108 0.03
Bukidnon 115,176 49.87 113,224 49.02 2,506 1.09 46 0.02
Bulacan 219,432 44.23 275,738 55.58 127 0.03 819 0.17
Butuan 33,866 45.11 40,660 54.15 533 0.71 23 0.03
Cabanatuan 38,202 60.80 24,615 39.17 5 0.01 13 0.02
Cadiz 36,061 93.06 2,690 6.94 0 0.00 0 0.00
Cagayan 275,925 86.53 42,903 13.45 18 0.01 37 0.01
Cagayan de Oro 31,336 41.31 43,377 57.18 1,104 1.46 40 0.05
Calbayog 24,584 60.65 15,950 39.35 2 0.00 0 0.00
Caloocan 116,119 50.44 113,381 49.25 13 0.01 707 0.31
Camarines Norte 35,698 32.51 73,965 67.37 14 0.01 113 0.10
Camarines Sur 110,078 33.16 221,907 66.84 0 0.00 0 0.00
Camiguin 11,140 41.68 15,487 57.95 97 0.36 2 0.01
Canlaon 7,528 69.87 3,149 29.23 98 0.91 0 0.00
Capiz 78,130 54.93 64,078 45.05 19 0.01 8 0.01
Catanduanes 33,984 50.85 32,842 49.14 5 0.01 6 0.01
Cavite 198,574 58.58 139,574 41.18 47 0.01 769 0.23
Cavite City 30,221 66.32 15,193 33.34 5 0.01 152 0.33
Cebu 264,211 51.25 249,998 48.50 1,224 0.24 56 0.01
Cebu City 60,748 26.54 167,280 73.08 745 0.33 114 0.05
Cotabato 83,869 45.38 100,515 54.39 293 0.16 139 0.08
Cotabato City 8,803 31.71 18,931 68.20 13 0.05 12 0.04
Dagupan 22,022 48.01 23,795 51.87 10 0.02 44 0.10
Danao 57,225 99.40 342 0.59 3 0.01 1 0.00
Dapitan 12,485 56.09 9,559 42.94 210 0.94 5 0.02
Davao City 120,314 44.98 142,828 53.40 4,026 1.51 311 0.12
Davao del Norte 168,720 53.26 142,607 45.02 5,386 1.70 82 0.03
Davao del Sur 106,299 57.42 77,160 41.68 1,630 0.88 43 0.02
Davao Oriental 45,489 39.08 69,423 59.65 1,430 1.23 49 0.04
Dipolog 11,894 42.91 15,658 56.49 157 0.57 7 0.03
Dumaguete 9,963 31.27 21,808 68.45 55 0.17 35 0.11
Eastern Samar 43,680 44.82 53,764 55.17 4 0.00 3 0.00
General Santos 22,131 37.21 37,158 62.47 88 0.15 104 0.17
Gingoog 17,967 56.35 13,818 43.33 102 0.32 0 0.00
Ifugao 4,742 41.51 6,600 57.77 3 0.03 80 0.70
Iligan 24,965 35.72 44,040 63.02 820 1.17 57 0.08
Ilocos Norte 189,897 99.62 718 0.38 2 0.00 6 0.00
Ilocos Sur 191,613 87.21 28,063 12.77 7 0.00 37 0.02
Iloilo 224,617 48.85 235,029 51.12 108 0.02 49 0.01
Iloilo City 55,282 46.45 63,708 53.53 7 0.01 12 0.01
Iriga City 9,250 34.24 17,758 65.73 0 0.00 8 0.03
Isabela 402,860 95.25 20,072 4.75 15 0.00 19 0.00
Kalinga-Apayao 77,429 87.79 10,624 12.05 49 0.06 92 0.10
La Carlota 9,504 68.03 4,462 31.94 3 0.02 2 0.01
La Union 204,844 88.11 27,480 11.82 26 0.01 149 0.06
Laguna 180,409 44.84 220,924 54.91 83 0.02 904 0.22
Lanao del Norte 100,383 69.28 44,070 30.41 422 0.29 22 0.02
Lanao del Sur 191,755 86.99 28,676 13.01 14 0.01 1 0.00
Laoag 43,189 97.97 888 2.01 2 0.00 4 0.01
Lapu-Lapu City 22,374 51.02 21,416 48.84 56 0.13 6 0.01
Legazpi City 16,547 38.06 26,900 61.87 4 0.01 29 0.07
Leyte 300,803 67.70 143,261 32.24 245 0.06 34 0.01
Lipa 20,525 38.49 32,742 61.41 9 0.02 43 0.08
Lucena 20,102 40.72 29,039 58.82 15 0.03 213 0.43
Maguindanao 182,320 75.86 57,864 24.08 108 0.04 56 0.02
Makati 110,274 54.47 91,452 45.17 68 0.03 657 0.32
Malabon–Navotas–Valenzuela 110,824 44.01 140,244 55.70 44 0.02 686 0.27
Mandaluyong–San Juan 72,118 44.43 89,145 54.92 44 0.03 1,001 0.62
Mandaue 14,352 24.96 42,974 74.74 158 0.27 15 0.03
Manila 388,266 48.67 406,747 50.98 217 0.03 2,587 0.32
Marawi 16,203 59.85 10,829 40.00 17 0.06 23 0.08
Marinduque 34,464 46.15 40,181 53.81 7 0.01 25 0.03
Masbate 72,154 41.84 100,128 58.06 167 0.10 18 0.01
Misamis Occidental 51,758 55.20 41,470 44.23 526 0.56 8 0.01
Misamis Oriental 81,962 56.72 60,889 42.14 1,595 1.10 49 0.03
Mountain Province 9,803 47.01 10,664 51.14 29 0.14 358 1.72
Naga 10,874 26.53 30,080 73.39 7 0.02 28 0.07
Negros del Norte 85,721 63.29 49,703 36.70 14 0.01 9 0.01
Negros Occidental 156,595 61.64 97,292 38.30 90 0.04 51 0.02
Negros Oriental 113,402 50.56 110,187 49.13 656 0.29 30 0.01
Northern Samar 62,882 55.23 50,964 44.76 4 0.00 15 0.01
Nueva Ecija 222,095 62.73 131,814 37.23 18 0.01 116 0.03
Nueva Vizcaya 55,847 52.81 49,734 47.03 23 0.02 138 0.13
Occidental Mindoro 42,917 54.23 36,190 45.73 7 0.01 30 0.04
Olongapo 48,339 58.84 33,710 41.03 13 0.02 97 0.12
Oriental Mindoro 71,960 45.22 87,142 54.76 7 0.00 28 0.02
Ormoc 20,895 47.90 22,619 51.85 97 0.22 11 0.03
Oroquieta 8,812 40.22 12,919 58.96 175 0.80 6 0.03
Ozamiz 12,978 36.94 21,925 62.40 221 0.63 13 0.04
Pagadian 14,009 44.49 17,219 54.68 259 0.82 2 0.01
Palawan 39,970 47.16 44,742 52.79 15 0.02 22 0.03
Palayan 7,718 87.24 1,128 12.75 0 0.00 1 0.01
Pampanga 114,733 31.97 243,672 67.90 29 0.01 456 0.13
Pangasinan 398,138 62.29 240,565 37.64 76 0.01 400 0.06
Parañaque–Las Piñas 80,442 39.88 120,612 59.80 67 0.03 581 0.29
Pasay 77,469 51.00 73,939 48.67 42 0.03 462 0.30
Pasig–Marikina 95,206 38.77 149,410 60.85 44 0.02 889 0.36
Puerto Princesa City 16,349 51.51 15,380 48.45 1 0.00 11 0.03
Quezon 136,312 37.61 225,672 62.27 40 0.01 378 0.10
Quezon City 272,968 44.11 342,963 55.42 197 0.03 2,750 0.44
Quirino 36,415 84.37 6,739 15.61 1 0.00 8 0.02
Rizal 130,335 44.68 160,661 55.08 36 0.01 651 0.22
Romblon 30,619 43.60 39,594 56.38 3 0.00 8 0.01
Roxas City 19,016 51.75 17,709 48.19 2 0.01 18 0.05
Samar 68,281 58.19 49,069 41.81 0 0.00 0 0.00
San Carlos, Negros del Norte 14,454 50.50 14,069 49.15 95 0.33 4 0.01
San Carlos, Pangasinan 19,537 50.33 19,281 49.67 0 0.00 0 0.00
San Jose 21,017 63.70 11,966 36.27 2 0.01 10 0.03
San Pablo 27,187 41.64 37,902 58.05 12 0.02 186 0.28
Silay City 19,448 58.33 13,889 41.66 2 0.01 0 0.00
Siquijor 20,667 46.82 23,449 53.13 21 0.05 0 0.00
Sorsogon 69,870 41.41 98,748 58.52 33 0.02 82 0.05
South Cotabato 88,091 43.11 115,629 56.58 489 0.24 141 0.07
Southern Leyte 73,934 56.25 57,258 43.56 113 0.09 134 0.10
Sultan Kudarat 53,949 56.48 41,405 43.35 114 0.12 48 0.05
Sulu 128,854 78.94 34,337 21.04 22 0.01 20 0.01
Surigao City 12,919 37.78 21,204 62.01 70 0.20 3 0.01
Surigao del Norte 58,496 42.73 77,994 56.97 364 0.27 43 0.03
Surigao del Sur 76,541 61.82 47,202 38.12 71 0.06 7 0.01
Tacloban 32,809 64.04 18,399 35.91 10 0.02 16 0.03
Tagaytay 5,060 61.68 3,132 38.18 1 0.01 10 0.12
Tagbilaran 8,767 40.04 13,043 59.57 64 0.29 21 0.10
Taguig–Pateros–Muntinlupa 71,129 44.94 86,768 54.82 28 0.02 367 0.23
Tangub 5,130 31.14 11,302 68.61 39 0.24 2 0.01
Tarlac 166,900 58.31 119,229 41.65 5 0.00 114 0.04
Tawi-Tawi 65,096 85.15 11,339 14.83 9 0.01 5 0.01
Toledo 14,652 41.39 20,671 58.39 79 0.22 1 0.00
Trece Martires 7,415 97.86 162 2.14 0 0.00 0 0.00
Zambales 82,782 62.19 50,151 37.67 11 0.01 174 0.13
Zamboanga City 48,943 40.99 70,136 58.74 24 0.02 305 0.26
Zamboanga del Norte 94,509 63.55 53,221 35.79 953 0.64 29 0.02
Zamboanga del Sur 138,116 52.45 123,075 46.73 2,041 0.78 116 0.04
Total 10,807,197 53.62 9,291,716 46.10 34,041 0.17 23,652 0.12
Source: Batasang Pambansa[23]

COMELEC tally for vice president

CandidatePartyVotes%
Arturo TolentinoKilusang Bagong Lipunan10,134,13050.66
Salvador LaurelUnited Nationalist Democratic Organization9,173,10545.85
Eva Estrada KalawLiberal Party (Kalaw wing)[a]662,1853.31
Roger AriendaMovement for Truth, Order and Righteousness35,9740.18
Total20,005,394100.00
Valid votes20,005,39496.57
Invalid/blank votes710,6813.43
Total votes20,716,075100.00
Registered voters/turnout26,278,74478.83
Source: Annex XXXVIII of the report by the International Observer Delegation
  1. ^ Kalaw ran under her own wing of the Liberal Party, while the rest of party supported Laurel's candidacy.
Popular vote
Tolentino
 
 50.66%
Laurel
 
 45.85%
Others
 
 3.49%

By region

Region Tolentino Laurel Kalaw Arienda
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Metro Manila 1,411,863 47.32 1,336,162 44.78 219,763 7.37 16,009 0.54
I 1,173,312 70.37 394,255 23.65 96,257 5.77 3,410 0.20
II 825,886 83.83 150,538 15.28 8,111 0.82 620 0.06
III 984,045 48.86 920,095 45.69 104,957 5.21 4,811 0.24
IV 853,600 32.72 1,691,011 64.81 58,524 2.24 5,974 0.23
V 388,961 32.70 774,336 65.09 25,654 2.16 645 0.05
VI 814,916 49.23 783,183 47.31 56,910 3.44 351 0.02
VII 790,432 49.46 799,565 50.04 7,571 0.47 417 0.03
VIII 606,648 58.76 403,660 39.10 21,931 2.12 110 0.01
IX 531,457 59.27 359,502 40.09 5,192 0.58 568 0.06
X 552,528 51.17 519,502 48.11 7,451 0.69 300 0.03
XI 599,462 47.03 635,701 49.87 37,640 2.95 1,815 0.14
XII 601,020 60.72 375,595 37.95 12,224 1.24 944 0.10
Total 10,134,130 50.66 9,173,105 45.85 662,185 3.31 35,974 0.18
Source: Batasang Pambansa[23]

By province and city

Province/City Tolentino Laurel Kalaw Arienda
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Abra 76,233 94.27 4,441 5.49 159 0.20 33 0.04
Agusan del Norte 44,828 57.34 33,018 42.23 318 0.41 18 0.02
Agusan del Sur 56,988 56.24 43,944 43.37 340 0.34 55 0.05
Aklan 60,148 47.35 64,708 50.94 2,137 1.68 27 0.02
Albay 67,736 28.98 153,530 65.70 12,291 5.26 139 0.06
Angeles City 20,997 30.00 38,766 55.38 9,802 14.00 434 0.62
Antique 52,982 38.86 82,351 60.40 987 0.72 25 0.02
Aurora 18,739 48.24 19,565 50.37 509 1.31 29 0.07
Bacolod 52,522 44.47 55,408 46.91 10,077 8.53 100 0.08
Bago 21,634 61.48 12,798 36.37 759 2.16 0 0.00
Baguio 40,937 60.92 22,363 33.28 3,137 4.67 763 1.14
Bais 9,200 50.39 9,035 49.49 18 0.10 4 0.02
Basilan 26,426 46.34 30,076 52.74 497 0.87 27 0.05
Bataan 68,268 49.89 62,553 45.71 5,674 4.15 347 0.25
Batanes 2,817 48.68 2,944 50.87 16 0.28 10 0.17
Batangas 31,711 8.05 359,547 91.27 2,143 0.54 547 0.14
Batangas City 5,841 9.07 58,023 90.10 441 0.68 96 0.15
Benguet 42,638 45.04 47,939 50.64 2,694 2.85 1,398 1.48
Bohol 173,802 53.21 151,177 46.29 1,514 0.46 112 0.03
Bukidnon 113,085 49.57 113,693 49.84 1,316 0.58 41 0.02
Bulacan 217,443 44.04 238,810 48.37 35,554 7.20 1,885 0.38
Butuan 34,339 46.05 39,223 52.60 990 1.33 23 0.03
Cabanatuan 36,915 58.94 24,073 38.44 1,582 2.53 62 0.10
Cadiz 29,002 85.65 4,820 14.23 39 0.12 0 0.00
Cagayan 271,381 85.72 43,823 13.84 1,305 0.41 77 0.02
Cagayan de Oro 33,941 45.01 40,372 53.54 1,032 1.37 58 0.08
Calbayog 24,228 59.98 15,255 37.77 907 2.25 4 0.01
Caloocan 115,221 50.45 98,300 43.04 13,587 5.95 1,294 0.57
Camarines Norte 33,679 30.76 75,093 68.58 596 0.54 121 0.11
Camarines Sur 90,832 27.34 239,889 72.21 1,415 0.43 82 0.02
Camiguin 10,600 39.89 15,299 57.57 674 2.54 3 0.01
Canlaon 7,416 70.07 3,136 29.63 31 0.29 0 0.00
Capiz 73,891 52.47 65,304 46.38 1,600 1.14 21 0.01
Catanduanes 33,530 50.42 32,090 48.25 875 1.32 11 0.02
Cavite 178,925 53.05 147,039 43.60 9,861 2.92 1,456 0.43
Cavite City 28,451 62.60 15,477 34.05 1,244 2.74 279 0.61
Cebu 261,461 51.14 248,213 48.55 1,532 0.30 43 0.01
Cebu City 71,266 31.24 154,221 67.61 2,493 1.09 128 0.06
Cotabato 81,789 44.74 97,645 53.42 2,956 1.62 409 0.22
Cotabato City 10,111 36.55 16,930 61.19 565 2.04 61 0.22
Dagupan 19,201 41.55 16,510 35.72 10,417 22.54 88 0.19
Danao 57,167 99.34 372 0.65 6 0.01 1 0.00
Dapitan 12,566 57.40 9,262 42.31 60 0.27 3 0.01
Davao City 128,435 48.56 127,955 48.38 7,579 2.87 514 0.19
Davao del Norte 162,444 51.91 147,857 47.25 2,454 0.78 167 0.05
Davao del Sur 103,820 56.84 77,337 42.34 1,383 0.76 129 0.07
Davao Oriental 43,188 37.44 70,938 61.50 1,145 0.99 73 0.06
Dipolog 12,623 45.92 14,651 53.29 205 0.75 12 0.04
Dumaguete 11,708 36.84 19,818 62.36 214 0.67 40 0.13
Eastern Samar 41,577 43.00 52,482 54.28 2,627 2.72 1 0.00
General Santos 21,796 36.89 31,208 52.82 5,798 9.81 284 0.48
Gingoog 17,447 55.47 13,926 44.28 77 0.24 2 0.01
Ifugao 4,334 38.37 6,281 55.60 589 5.21 92 0.81
Iligan 29,890 43.11 38,756 55.89 579 0.84 114 0.16
Ilocos Norte 187,440 98.56 2,430 1.28 302 0.16 9 0.00
Ilocos Sur 184,184 84.51 32,937 15.11 785 0.36 48 0.02
Iloilo 195,815 42.91 238,083 52.17 22,409 4.91 52 0.01
Iloilo City 51,619 43.43 59,356 49.94 7,850 6.60 31 0.03
Iriga 8,637 31.96 18,263 67.58 115 0.43 8 0.03
Isabela 394,085 94.67 21,016 5.05 1,008 0.24 151 0.04
Kalinga-Apayao 72,797 83.25 10,626 12.15 3,944 4.51 76 0.09
La Carlota 9,043 65.26 4,643 33.51 168 1.21 2 0.01
La Union 197,273 85.11 31,834 13.73 2,479 1.07 205 0.09
Laguna 127,327 31.75 257,366 64.18 14,745 3.68 1,595 0.40
Lanao del Norte 94,619 66.71 46,890 33.06 297 0.21 37 0.03
Lanao del Sur 159,339 74.48 54,226 25.35 356 0.17 17 0.01
Laoag 42,460 96.45 1,342 3.05 208 0.47 13 0.03
Lapu-Lapu City 22,596 51.81 20,887 47.90 122 0.28 4 0.01
Legazpi 15,396 35.58 26,463 61.16 1,350 3.12 58 0.13
Leyte 296,341 67.18 142,647 32.34 2,089 0.47 42 0.01
Lipa 7,620 14.26 41,588 77.85 4,153 7.77 60 0.11
Lucena 14,517 29.45 33,571 68.09 933 1.89 281 0.57
Maguindanao 157,944 68.01 70,162 30.21 3,989 1.72 138 0.06
Makati 102,976 50.98 86,657 42.90 11,430 5.66 939 0.46
Malabon–Navotas–Valenzuela 113,273 45.26 120,308 48.07 15,456 6.18 1,217 0.49
Mandaluyong–San Juan 58,978 36.44 72,956 45.08 28,971 17.90 927 0.57
Mandaue 15,905 27.76 40,989 71.54 380 0.66 23 0.04
Manila 405,086 50.83 322,773 40.50 65,249 8.19 3,904 0.49
Marawi 14,456 53.83 12,255 45.63 114 0.42 32 0.12
Marinduque 26,997 36.36 46,621 62.78 585 0.79 54 0.07
Masbate 66,987 39.37 101,555 59.68 1,582 0.93 31 0.02
Misamis Occidental 50,573 54.51 41,842 45.10 346 0.37 11 0.01
Misamis Oriental 79,101 56.04 61,204 43.36 798 0.57 49 0.03
Mountain Province 9,407 46.07 10,340 50.64 410 2.01 260 1.27
Naga 8,859 21.57 31,876 77.62 299 0.73 34 0.08
Negros del Norte 71,106 56.88 50,289 40.23 3,610 2.89 5 0.00
Negros Occidental 145,019 57.61 101,145 40.18 5,511 2.19 55 0.02
Negros Oriental 113,500 51.16 107,334 48.38 987 0.44 41 0.02
Northern Samar 55,675 49.35 52,448 46.49 4,675 4.14 19 0.02
Nueva Ecija 210,492 59.75 134,169 38.08 7,297 2.07 333 0.09
Nueva Vizcaya 51,352 49.00 52,080 49.70 1,161 1.11 201 0.19
Occidental Mindoro 38,336 48.61 39,730 50.38 723 0.92 69 0.09
Olongapo 47,207 57.74 33,291 40.72 1,140 1.39 125 0.15
Oriental Mindoro 46,270 29.18 110,278 69.55 1,889 1.19 111 0.07
Ormoc 20,616 47.80 22,277 51.65 218 0.51 16 0.04
Oroquieta 8,782 40.44 12,843 59.15 84 0.39 5 0.02
Ozamiz 10,161 29.09 24,571 70.35 176 0.50 18 0.05
Pagadian 14,258 45.83 16,636 53.47 205 0.66 12 0.04
Palawan 36,056 42.89 47,742 56.79 223 0.27 48 0.06
Palayan 6,960 78.97 1,740 19.74 113 1.28 0 0.00
Pampanga 115,287 32.26 209,700 58.68 31,419 8.79 975 0.27
Pangasinan 357,257 56.24 208,983 32.90 68,443 10.77 593 0.09
Parañaque–Las Piñas 82,288 40.79 109,043 54.05 9,592 4.75 830 0.41
Pasay 73,926 48.74 68,968 45.47 8,106 5.34 681 0.45
Pasig–Marikina 101,009 41.20 122,873 50.12 19,946 8.14 1,341 0.55
Puerto Princesa City 15,776 49.91 15,554 49.20 250 0.79 31 0.10
Quezon 88,349 24.61 266,549 74.26 3,880 1.08 148 0.04
Quezon City 290,701 47.04 282,093 45.65 40,914 6.62 4,285 0.69
Quirino 29,114 67.73 13,768 32.03 88 0.20 13 0.03
Rizal 135,976 47.06 137,269 47.50 14,891 5.15 828 0.29
Romblon 27,372 39.39 41,803 60.16 285 0.41 31 0.04
Roxas City 18,134 49.64 17,228 47.16 1,138 3.12 29 0.08
Samar 63,110 54.10 43,484 37.28 10,051 8.62 0 0.00
San Carlos, Negros del Norte 14,690 51.66 13,637 47.96 109 0.38 1 0.00
San Carlos, Pangasinan 16,282 42.14 15,136 39.17 7,223 18.69 0 0.00
San Jose 19,254 58.50 10,692 32.49 2,940 8.93 27 0.08
San Pablo 15,706 24.11 47,457 72.84 1,689 2.59 298 0.46
Silay City 19,311 58.09 13,413 40.35 516 1.55 3 0.01
Siquijor 20,659 60.65 13,375 39.27 27 0.08 2 0.01
Sorsogon 63,305 38.10 95,577 57.52 7,131 4.29 161 0.10
South Cotabato 81,715 39.94 103,449 50.56 18,892 9.23 549 0.27
Southern Leyte 72,620 55.63 57,696 44.20 210 0.16 4 0.00
Sultan Kudarat 52,872 55.59 38,731 40.72 3,368 3.54 136 0.14
Sulu 125,083 77.25 36,651 22.63 179 0.11 17 0.01
Surigao City 13,107 38.50 20,198 59.32 735 2.16 8 0.02
Surigao del Norte 74,454 60.47 48,119 39.08 547 0.44 9 0.01
Surigao del Sur 58,064 42.85 76,957 56.79 389 0.29 99 0.07
Tacloban 32,481 63.65 17,371 34.04 1,154 2.26 24 0.05
Tagaytay 3,472 42.37 4,630 56.50 80 0.98 12 0.15
Tagbilaran 10,782 49.22 10,957 50.02 150 0.68 17 0.08
Taguig–Pateros–Muntinlupa 68,405 43.38 82,191 52.12 6,512 4.13 591 0.37
Tangub 5,122 31.25 11,250 68.64 18 0.11 0 0.00
Tarlac 161,970 57.05 113,906 40.12 7,709 2.72 346 0.12
Tawi-Tawi 59,875 82.47 12,175 16.77 552 0.76 4 0.01
Toledo 14,970 42.63 20,051 57.09 97 0.28 2 0.01
Trece Martires 6,159 83.66 1,202 16.33 0 0.00 1 0.01
Zambales 79,252 59.30 52,395 39.20 1,727 1.29 277 0.21
Zamboanga City 55,638 46.84 60,830 51.21 1,935 1.63 371 0.31
Zamboanga del Norte 91,862 62.71 54,177 36.99 393 0.27 45 0.03
Zamboanga del Sur 133,126 51.32 125,044 48.20 1,166 0.45 77 0.03
Total 10,134,130 50.66 9,173,105 45.85 662,185 3.31 35,974 0.18
Source: Batasang Pambansa[23]

NAMFREL tally for president

73.78% reporting
CandidatePartyVotes%
Corazon AquinoUnited Nationalist Democratic Organization7,909,32051.74
Ferdinand Marcos
(incumbent)		Kilusang Bagong Lipunan7,376,59948.26
Total15,285,919100.00
Source: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations[24]
Popular vote
Aquino
 
 51.74%
Marcos
 
 48.26%

By region

Region Aquino Marcos
Votes % Votes %
Metro Manila 1,541,725 53.99 1,313,750 46.01
I 346,715 32.57 717,958 67.43
II 106,727 34.49 202,713 65.51
III 858,249 54.40 719,355 45.60
IV 1,157,493 55.08 944,107 44.92
V 652,837 63.88 369,134 36.12
VI 576,809 49.84 580,514 50.16
VII 729,244 56.13 569,900 43.87
VIII 331,951 41.58 466,372 58.42
IX 274,897 50.82 266,076 49.18
X 480,737 50.32 474,623 49.68
XI 609,804 53.55 529,056 46.45
XII 242,132 52.05 223,041 47.95
Total 7,909,320 51.74 7,376,599 48.26
Source: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations[24]

By province and city

Province/City Aquino Marcos
Votes % Votes %
Abra 3,065 10.32 26,623 89.68
Agusan del Norte 29,953 42.33 40,816 57.67
Agusan del Sur 29,090 44.96 35,619 55.04
Aklan 36,313 52.86 32,385 47.14
Albay 149,854 69.21 66,674 30.79
Angeles City 50,124 71.50 19,976 28.50
Antique 61,119 55.14 49,717 44.86
Aurora 13,534 47.77 14,797 52.23
Bacolod 66,079 55.26 53,501 44.74
Bago 10,157 39.18 15,769 60.82
Baguio 20,684 37.04 35,151 62.96
Bais 9,118 50.76 8,845 49.24
Basilan 13,231 60.32 8,702 39.68
Bataan 59,944 49.58 60,959 50.42
Batanes 2,141 46.36 2,477 53.64
Batangas 183,946 61.11 117,044 38.89
Batangas City 37,853 64.98 20,403 35.02
Benguet 37,699 53.35 32,970 46.65
Bohol 127,084 48.32 135,901 51.68
Bukidnon 97,044 50.78 94,047 49.22
Bulacan 251,265 56.15 196,191 43.85
Butuan 37,546 54.86 30,892 45.14
Cabanatuan 18,649 41.33 26,478 58.67
Cadiz 563 59.01 391 40.99
Cagayan 17,397 19.84 70,290 80.16
Cagayan de Oro 61,223 56.99 46,198 43.01
Calbayog 8,778 40.48 12,905 59.52
Caloocan 106,866 50.08 106,511 49.92
Camarines Norte 66,266 67.10 32,489 32.90
Camarines Sur 163,744 66.19 83,657 33.81
Camiguin 15,477 58.15 11,140 41.85
Canlaon 3,074 29.55 7,328 70.45
Capiz 29,939 47.82 32,672 52.18
Catanduanes 29,359 50.23 29,092 49.77
Cavite 122,055 43.23 160,297 56.77
Cavite City 12,632 34.06 24,453 65.94
Cebu 205,826 53.20 181,098 46.80
Cebu City 156,383 73.41 56,642 26.59
Cotabato 86,464 55.10 70,468 44.90
Cotabato City 19,021 68.51 8,743 31.49
Dagupan 22,447 52.87 20,011 47.13
Danao — — — —
Dapitan 9,474 43.43 12,339 56.57
Davao City 139,190 55.98 109,465 44.02
Davao del Norte 124,883 47.11 140,187 52.89
Davao del Sur 62,734 43.59 81,198 56.41
Davao Oriental 63,948 61.14 40,651 38.86
Dipolog 15,638 56.21 12,182 43.79
Dumaguete 21,191 68.70 9,656 31.30
Eastern Samar 49,253 55.20 39,977 44.80
General Santos 35,726 63.83 20,243 36.17
Gingoog 13,176 43.61 17,038 56.39
Ifugao 7,135 55.01 5,835 44.99
Iligan 42,322 64.66 23,127 35.34
Ilocos Norte 271 1.22 21,934 98.78
Ilocos Sur 21,474 14.59 125,686 85.41
Iloilo 189,670 53.09 167,585 46.91
Iloilo City 63,261 53.39 55,237 46.61
Iriga 17,314 66.04 8,904 33.96
Isabela 24,899 31.92 53,116 68.08
Kalinga-Apayao 9,136 38.24 14,758 61.76
La Carlota 5,896 29.74 13,931 70.26
La Union 14,085 13.01 94,190 86.99
Laguna 176,045 54.44 147,359 45.56
Lanao del Norte 29,564 52.90 26,325 47.10
Lanao del Sur 5,338 35.39 9,745 64.61
Laoag 803 3.73 20,707 96.27
Lapu-Lapu City 21,018 50.01 21,011 49.99
Las Piñas 45,531 56.79 34,644 43.21
Legazpi 24,432 60.70 15,819 39.30
Leyte 108,170 33.43 215,433 66.57
Lipa 30,239 60.82 19,479 39.18
Lucena 27,654 59.89 18,521 40.11
Maguindanao 25,588 36.39 44,726 63.61
Makati 53,928 46.15 62,927 53.85
Malabon 52,131 55.10 42,489 44.90
Mandaluyong 54,868 58.22 39,370 41.78
Mandaue 42,946 74.15 14,968 25.85
Manila 389,723 51.04 373,828 48.96
Marawi 7,721 40.05 11,555 59.95
Marikina 70,679 62.66 42,118 37.34
Marinduque 34,152 53.35 29,861 46.65
Masbate 79,769 58.16 57,382 41.84
Misamis Occidental 35,425 46.30 41,094 53.70
Misamis Oriental 53,074 42.19 72,727 57.81
Mountain Province 6,657 58.29 4,763 41.71
Muntinlupa 25,430 59.44 17,355 40.56
Naga 29,363 73.38 10,652 26.62
Navotas 27,506 53.32 24,077 46.68
Negros del Norte 19,097 57.85 13,912 42.15
Negros Occidental 86,202 39.50 132,013 60.50
Negros Oriental 104,017 50.38 102,449 49.62
Northern Samar 43,796 45.46 52,544 54.54
Nueva Ecija 89,192 42.13 122,515 57.87
Nueva Vizcaya 40,917 46.30 47,449 53.70
Occidental Mindoro 26,940 44.30 33,879 55.70
Olongapo 28,737 41.83 39,969 58.17
Oriental Mindoro 65,909 56.54 50,657 43.46
Ormoc 19,883 53.67 17,164 46.33
Oroquieta 12,903 59.82 8,667 40.18
Ozamiz 21,508 64.16 12,016 35.84
Pagadian 16,883 55.77 13,389 44.23
Palawan 21,225 55.91 16,738 44.09
Palayan 799 23.82 2,555 76.18
Pampanga 244,646 68.45 112,737 31.55
Pangasinan 203,492 38.84 320,472 61.16
Parañaque 72,985 61.89 44,950 38.11
Pasay 72,956 48.97 76,037 51.03
Pasig 77,742 59.82 52,223 40.18
Pateros 7,852 59.05 5,446 40.95
Puerto Princesa 12,410 47.75 13,582 52.25
Quezon 183,054 62.93 107,851 37.07
Quezon City 343,780 55.01 281,125 44.99
Quirino 710 51.98 656 48.02
Rizal 152,632 55.61 121,841 44.39
Romblon 18,852 52.27 17,217 47.73
Roxas City — — — —
Samar 38,367 43.69 49,440 56.31
San Carlos, Negros del Norte — — — —
San Carlos, Pangasinan 16,038 50.93 15,451 49.07
San Jose 8,586 36.88 14,697 63.12
San Juan 35,662 53.01 31,609 46.99
San Pablo 35,229 58.43 25,068 41.57
Silay 8,513 39.21 13,201 60.79
Siquijor 5,841 36.67 10,086 63.33
Sorsogon 93,775 59.25 64,485 40.75
South Cotabato 110,893 56.97 83,745 43.03
Southern Leyte 45,609 49.27 46,964 50.73
Sultan Kudarat 26,114 47.95 28,352 52.05
Sulu — — — —
Surigao City 20,583 62.19 12,515 37.81
Surigao del Norte 42,433 47.59 46,724 52.41
Surigao del Sur 72,430 57.49 53,567 42.51
Tacloban 18,095 36.16 31,945 63.84
Tagaytay 3,132 38.23 5,060 61.77
Tagbilaran 13,047 59.81 8,768 40.19
Taguig 40,063 54.42 33,556 45.58
Tangub 11,302 68.78 5,130 31.22
Tarlac 18,430 42.07 25,383 57.93
Tarlac City 41,954 63.34 24,287 36.66
Tawi-Tawi 3,731 34.10 7,209 65.90
Toledo 19,719 60.00 13,148 40.00
Trece Martires — — — —
Tuguegarao 4,392 35.07 8,132 64.93
Valenzuela 64,023 58.46 45,485 41.54
Zambales 45,923 38.42 73,608 61.58
Zamboanga City 66,112 59.67 44,684 40.33
Zamboanga del Norte 32,982 41.49 46,505 58.51
Zamboanga del Sur 116,776 49.10 121,066 50.90
Total 7,909,320 51.74 7,376,599 48.26
Source: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations[25]

NAMFREL tally for vice president

73.78% reporting
CandidatePartyVotes%
Salvador LaurelUnited Nationalist Democratic Organization7,648,57050.07
Arturo TolentinoKilusang Bagong Lipunan6,978,70245.69
Eva Estrada KalawLiberal Party (Kalaw wing)648,0974.24
Total15,275,369100.00
Source: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations[24]
Popular vote
Laurel
 
 50.07%
Tolentino
 
 45.69%
Kalaw
 
 4.24%

By region

Region Laurel Tolentino Kalaw
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Metro Manila 1,297,451 45.31 1,333,817 46.58 232,346 8.11
I 309,654 29.21 668,336 63.05 82,004 7.74
II 110,052 35.82 191,051 62.18 6,143 2.00
III 773,142 49.09 706,737 44.87 95,136 6.04
IV 1,355,665 64.71 681,882 32.55 57,437 2.74
V 659,744 64.36 335,856 32.76 29,499 2.88
VI 565,662 48.86 534,441 46.16 57,674 4.98
VII 700,357 54.03 586,721 45.26 9,194 0.71
VIII 324,602 40.29 461,080 57.23 19,929 2.47
IX 264,449 49.12 269,211 50.00 4,735 0.88
X 477,209 49.85 470,552 49.15 9,619 1.00
XI 579,535 50.99 520,959 45.84 36,025 3.17
XII 231,048 50.51 218,059 47.67 8,356 1.83
Total 7,648,570 50.07 6,978,702 45.69 648,097 4.24
Source: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations[24]

By province and city

Province/City Laurel Tolentino Kalaw
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Abra 3,433 11.58 26,084 87.97 133 0.45
Agusan del Norte 29,995 41.69 41,638 57.88 308 0.43
Agusan del Sur 29,988 47.48 32,888 52.07 285 0.45
Aklan 36,014 52.83 30,731 45.08 1,426 2.09
Albay 145,024 65.52 61,450 27.76 14,871 6.72
Angeles City 38,750 55.52 21,001 30.09 10,040 14.39
Antique 68,826 62.30 40,748 36.89 895 0.81
Aurora 13,797 48.98 13,992 49.67 379 1.35
Bacolod 56,155 46.79 52,970 44.14 10,892 9.08
Bago 9,579 37.69 15,227 59.91 611 2.40
Baguio 18,791 33.63 34,454 61.67 2,625 4.70
Bais 9,030 50.16 8,953 49.73 20 0.11
Basilan 12,512 56.31 9,110 41.00 599 2.70
Bataan 56,635 47.09 58,375 48.53 5,266 4.38
Batanes 2,223 47.15 2,475 52.49 17 0.36
Batangas 276,567 91.66 22,867 7.58 2,311 0.77
Batangas City 50,596 90.05 5,171 9.20 421 0.75
Benguet 34,475 49.08 33,984 48.38 1,784 2.54
Bohol 124,013 47.24 137,229 52.27 1,289 0.49
Bukidnon 97,120 50.23 94,180 48.71 2,058 1.06
Bulacan 217,656 48.76 195,782 43.86 32,941 7.38
Butuan 35,030 52.19 31,112 46.35 978 1.46
Cabanatuan 19,033 41.59 25,449 55.61 1,281 2.80
Cadiz 522 55.53 378 40.21 40 4.26
Cagayan 17,805 20.40 69,075 79.13 415 0.48
Cagayan de Oro 57,075 52.72 49,726 45.93 1,464 1.35
Calbayog 8,480 39.36 12,651 58.72 415 1.93
Caloocan 91,746 43.14 107,804 50.69 13,105 6.16
Camarines Norte 67,147 68.26 30,688 31.20 536 0.54
Camarines Sur 173,896 70.50 70,540 28.60 2,217 0.90
Camiguin 15,305 57.59 10,600 39.88 673 2.53
Canlaon 3,084 29.80 7,238 69.93 28 0.27
Capiz 30,896 50.22 30,063 48.87 563 0.92
Catanduanes 28,165 48.95 28,786 50.03 590 1.03
Cavite 128,648 45.86 142,987 50.97 8,883 3.17
Cavite City 12,536 34.46 22,845 62.79 1,000 2.75
Cebu 203,473 52.94 179,150 46.61 1,757 0.46
Cebu City 143,923 67.54 66,647 31.27 2,532 1.19
Cotabato 83,221 54.00 68,085 44.18 2,819 1.83
Cotabato City 16,929 61.33 10,111 36.63 561 2.03
Dagupan 15,544 36.59 17,010 40.04 9,929 23.37
Danao — — — — — —
Dapitan 9,204 42.56 12,363 57.16 60 0.28
Davao City 124,386 49.79 118,482 47.43 6,956 2.78
Davao del Norte 129,206 48.52 134,986 50.69 2,085 0.78
Davao del Sur 62,679 43.81 78,662 54.98 1,737 1.21
Davao Oriental 65,177 62.32 38,685 36.99 726 0.69
Dipolog 14,647 52.98 12,810 46.33 191 0.69
Dumaguete 19,173 60.83 12,027 38.16 319 1.01
Eastern Samar 48,026 54.16 38,052 42.91 2,598 2.93
General Santos 29,964 53.93 19,875 35.77 5,720 10.30
Gingoog 13,279 43.11 16,766 54.43 758 2.46
Ifugao 6,899 56.67 4,687 38.50 588 4.83
Iligan 37,197 56.96 27,552 42.19 558 0.85
Ilocos Norte 467 2.11 21,597 97.60 64 0.29
Ilocos Sur 25,379 17.29 120,795 82.27 651 0.44
Iloilo 183,689 52.82 145,577 41.86 18,487 5.32
Iloilo City 59,153 49.94 51,629 43.59 7,664 6.47
Iriga 17,653 67.68 8,316 31.88 114 0.44
Isabela 26,579 34.41 50,310 65.14 344 0.45
Kalinga-Apayao 8,034 33.87 12,708 53.58 2,978 12.55
La Carlota 6,110 30.48 13,299 66.35 636 3.17
La Union 16,233 15.04 90,462 83.81 1,236 1.15
Laguna 204,033 63.33 105,133 32.63 13,011 4.04
Lanao del Norte 29,056 52.46 26,094 47.12 232 0.42
Lanao del Sur 5,181 35.20 9,520 64.69 16 0.11
Laoag 1,082 4.99 20,126 92.77 487 2.24
Lapu-Lapu City 20,257 48.30 21,305 50.80 378 0.90
Las Piñas 41,252 51.68 34,920 43.75 3,646 4.57
Legazpi 24,373 60.00 14,780 36.39 1,468 3.61
Leyte 107,413 33.00 215,712 66.27 2,381 0.73
Lipa 38,773 77.63 7,321 14.66 3,854 7.72
Lucena 31,567 68.58 13,551 29.44 911 1.98
Maguindanao 26,802 38.95 40,334 58.62 1,672 2.43
Makati 49,314 42.27 61,243 52.49 6,118 5.24
Malabon 44,931 47.81 42,985 45.74 6,069 6.46
Mandaluyong 48,341 51.28 37,356 39.62 8,578 9.10
Mandaue 39,916 71.13 15,672 27.93 529 0.94
Manila 308,381 40.54 387,823 50.99 64,456 8.47
Marawi 8,683 46.04 10,097 53.53 81 0.43
Marikina 55,645 49.40 46,323 41.12 10,684 9.48
Marinduque 39,681 62.21 23,560 36.93 548 0.86
Masbate 79,715 58.77 53,899 39.73 2,033 1.50
Misamis Occidental 35,881 46.64 40,404 52.52 642 0.83
Misamis Oriental 53,608 42.52 71,700 56.87 761 0.60
Mountain Province 6,406 56.68 4,654 41.18 242 2.14
Muntinlupa 24,196 56.58 16,902 39.52 1,670 3.90
Naga 32,027 78.27 8,600 21.02 291 0.71
Navotas 23,272 45.11 24,147 46.81 4,165 8.07
Negros del Norte 17,435 46.63 18,605 49.75 1,354 3.62
Negros Occidental 89,078 39.45 122,154 54.10 14,570 6.45
Negros Oriental 101,565 48.89 104,088 50.10 2,090 1.01
Northern Samar 44,828 46.66 47,302 49.24 3,943 4.10
Nueva Ecija 89,042 42.27 116,791 55.45 4,795 2.28
Nueva Vizcaya 43,483 49.65 42,620 48.66 1,480 1.69
Occidental Mindoro 29,048 48.09 30,751 50.91 604 1.00
Olongapo 28,441 40.87 40,225 57.80 923 1.33
Oriental Mindoro 80,791 69.10 33,859 28.96 2,273 1.94
Ormoc 19,698 44.54 24,142 54.58 390 0.88
Oroquieta 12,826 59.55 8,627 40.05 85 0.39
Ozamiz 23,336 70.30 9,676 29.15 185 0.56
Pagadian 16,337 53.75 13,650 44.91 407 1.34
Palawan 22,227 59.02 15,323 40.69 111 0.29
Palayan 999 29.84 2,318 69.24 31 0.93
Pampanga 209,712 59.02 113,793 32.02 31,824 8.96
Pangasinan 175,357 33.68 286,278 54.99 58,955 11.32
Parañaque 65,784 55.83 46,337 39.33 5,708 4.84
Pasay 69,634 40.86 74,403 43.65 26,398 15.49
Pasig 66,309 51.30 54,064 41.82 8,890 6.88
Pateros 7,064 53.24 5,606 42.25 598 4.51
Puerto Princesa 12,621 48.82 12,998 50.28 234 0.91
Quezon 216,755 74.35 70,570 24.21 4,199 1.44
Quezon City 283,973 45.94 292,797 47.36 41,419 6.70
Quirino 789 57.97 561 41.22 11 0.81
Rizal 129,090 47.24 127,456 46.64 16,737 6.12
Romblon 20,588 57.37 15,192 42.34 105 0.29
Roxas City — — — — — —
Samar 33,030 37.92 45,347 52.06 8,730 10.02
San Carlos, Negros del Norte — — — — — —
San Carlos, Pangasinan 12,487 39.92 12,892 41.22 5,898 18.86
San Jose 7,716 33.15 13,563 58.27 1,997 8.58
San Juan 25,357 37.75 20,852 31.04 20,963 31.21
San Pablo 43,717 72.47 14,838 24.60 1,771 2.94
Silay 8,205 37.64 13,060 59.91 536 2.46
Siquijor 5,832 36.58 10,105 63.38 6 0.04
Sorsogon 91,744 58.10 58,797 37.23 7,379 4.67
South Cotabato 96,970 50.43 76,977 40.03 18,352 9.54
Southern Leyte 46,025 49.72 46,230 49.94 311 0.34
Sultan Kudarat 23,979 44.69 27,266 50.81 2,417 4.50
Sulu — — — — — —
Surigao City 19,540 59.31 12,785 38.81 618 1.88
Surigao del Norte 42,976 48.29 45,228 50.82 784 0.88
Surigao del Sur 71,153 56.97 53,292 42.67 449 0.36
Tacloban 17,102 34.29 31,614 63.38 1,161 2.33
Tagaytay 4,630 56.58 3,468 42.38 85 1.04
Tagbilaran 10,960 50.00 10,813 49.33 148 0.68
Taguig 37,190 50.69 32,711 44.58 3,470 4.73
Tangub 11,250 68.21 5,222 31.66 20 0.12
Tarlac 17,565 40.22 24,282 55.60 1,826 4.18
Tarlac City 39,390 59.57 23,987 36.28 2,745 4.15
Tawi-Tawi 3,860 35.52 6,936 63.82 72 0.66
Toledo 19,131 58.46 13,494 41.24 98 0.30
Trece Martires — — — — — —
Tuguegarao 4,240 32.21 8,615 65.44 310 2.35
Valenzuela 55,062 50.51 47,544 43.61 6,410 5.88
Zambales 48,203 39.86 71,271 58.93 1,467 1.21
Zamboanga City 57,002 51.19 52,537 47.18 1,825 1.64
Zamboanga del Norte 32,961 42.03 45,256 57.71 202 0.26
Zamboanga del Sur 117,926 50.00 116,549 49.42 1,379 0.58
Total 7,648,570 50.07 6,978,702 45.69 648,097 4.24
Source: United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations[25]

Aftermath and legacy

See also: 1986 COMELEC walkout and People Power Revolution

The conduct of the election led to popular belief that the polls were tampered with and the results were fraudulent. The following days consisted of debates and actions as a sign of aversion to the conduct of the election. But in the end, international observers declared that the "election of February 7 was not conducted in a free and fair manner" due to the influence and power of the Marcos administration. The International Observer Delegation stated that Marcos's proclamation of victory was invalid because the Batasan "ignored explicit provisions of the Philippine Electoral Code requiring that the tampered or altered election returns be set aside during the final counting process, despite protests by representatives of the opposition party." After further investigation, a multinational team of observers cited cases of vote-buying, intimidation, snatching of ballot boxes, tampered election returns and the disenfranchisement of thousands of voters.[19]

On February 9, thirty-five computer programmers walked out of the COMELEC's electronic quick count at the Philippine International Convention Center, some fearing for their safety and seeking sanctuary in Baclaran Church. The technicians—whose protest was broadcast live on national television—claimed that the Marcos camp had manipulated the election results.[26][27]

Cardinal Ricardo Vidal, president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, declared, "If a government does not of itself freely correct the evil it has inflicted on the people, then it is our serious moral obligation as a people to make it do so." The declaration called on "every loyal member of the Church, every community of the faithful, to form their judgment about the February 7 polls," and "[n]ow is the time to speak up. Now is the time to repair the wrong. The wrong was systematically organized. So must its correction be. But as in the election itself, that depends fully on the people; on what they are willing and ready to do."[28] The United States Senate passed a resolution stating the same. Opposition from the Church and the United States eventually led to the resignation of defense minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Armed Forces vice chief of staff Fidel V. Ramos, who secluded themselves in the military and police headquarters of Camp Aguinaldo and Camp Crame, respectively. In response, the People Power Revolution was held from February 22 to 25, 1986, which toppled the Marcos dictatorship.

Aquino was praised in the American press:

The courage and the essential goodness of Corazón Aquino was so impressive in her battle against enormous odds. And the bravery of her followers— many of whom were killed as they pursued their belief in a true democracy... And then there was this: the role of the press, print and electronic. Through television cameras and newspapers, the whole world was watching. President Marcos could lie and cheat, but in the end he could not hide.[10]

— Tom Brokaw, NBC Nightly News

Although Marcos died in exile in 1989, many of his supporters remained powerful in government and society. Fidel Ramos was elected to succeed Aquino as president in 1992. The Marcos family have gone to great lengths to reestablish his reputation in the Philippines, including through a campaign of historical revision. As of 2026, his son Bongbong Marcos is president of the Philippines, having won the 2022 presidential election in a landslide.

Monument of Heroes

See also: Bantayog ng mga Bayani

A number of individuals who were killed in an effort to protect the integrity of the 1986 Philippine presidential election have been formally honored as "heroes" at the Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani (lit. 'Monument of Heroes'). These include Jeremias de Jesus, Evelio Javier, Francisco Laurella, Salvador Leaño, Fernando Pastor Sr., and Michael Sumilang.[29][30][31][32][33][34]

In media

The snap elections and their aftermath are dramatized in the 1988 film A Dangerous Life.

See also

References

  1. ^ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
  2. ^ Brillantes, Alex B. Jr. (1987). Dictatorship & martial law : Philippine authoritarianism in 1972. Quezon City, Philippines: University of the Philippines Diliman School of Public Administration. ISBN 978-9718567012.
  3. ^ Overholt, William H. (1986). "The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand Marcos". Asian Survey. 26 (11): 1137–1163. doi:10.2307/2644313. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644313. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  4. ^ Talitha Espiritu Passionate Revolutions: The Media and the Rise and Fall of the Marcos Regime Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2017.
  5. ^ Daroy, Petronilo Bn. (1988). "On the Eve of Dictatorship and Revolution". In Javate -de Dios, Aurora; Daroy, Petronilo Bn.; Kalaw-Tirol, Lorna (eds.). Dictatorship and revolution : roots of people's power (1st ed.). Metro Manila: Conspectus. ISBN 978-9919108014. OCLC 19609244.
  6. ^ "A History of the Philippine Political Protest". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  7. ^ "Proclamation No. 2045, s. 1981". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. January 17, 1981. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  8. ^ Hill, Gerald N.; Hill, Kathleen Thompson (1983). Aquino Assassination: The True Story and Analysis of the Assassination of Philippine Senator Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. Steve Psinakis. Sonoma, California: Hilltop. p. 13. ISBN 0-912133-04-X.
  9. ^ Hill & Hill 1983, p. 15.
  10. ^ a b c d Bain, David Haward (1986). "Letter from Manila". Columbia Journalism Review. Vol. 25. pp. 28–31. Archived from the original on November 27, 2016 – via EBSCOhost.
  11. ^ Russell, George (April 18, 2005). "The Philippines: I'm Ready, I'm Ready". Time. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  12. ^ Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1993). Philippines: A Country Study. Area handbook series (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Library of Congress. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-8444-0748-8.
  13. ^ a b Jagoe, Donald Alan (1986). Turmoil, Transition...Triumph? The Democratic Revolution in the Philippines (MA thesis). Naval Postgraduate School – via Archive.org.
  14. ^ Dolan, Ronald E., ed. (1993). Philippines: A Country Study. Area handbook series (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: GPO for the Library of Congress. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0-8444-0748-8.
  15. ^ Del Mundo, Fernando (December 16, 2010). "Marcos Told This Reporter He Had a Mission from God". Inquirer Politics. Archived from the original on December 18, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  16. ^ Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 – via Supreme Court E-Library.
  17. ^ a b Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 – via Supreme Court E-Library.
  18. ^ While Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 mandated a campaign period starting on December 11, 1985, this law was put on hold until the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality on December 19.
  19. ^ a b c d e International Observer Delegation. A Path to Democratic Renewal (PDF) (Report). p. 350. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 12, 2014 – via National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and National Republican Institute for International Affairs.
  20. ^ Santos, Antonio (1987). Power Politics in the Philippines: The Fall of Marcos. Quezon City: Center for Social Research. pp. 22–25.
  21. ^ "Proclamation No. 2487, s. 1986". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines – via Official Gazette.
  22. ^ a b "Nation Commemorates 25th Anniversary of the 1986 Snap Presidential Election" (PDF). Election Monitor. Vol. 1, no. 61. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016 – via NAMFREL.
  23. ^ a b c d Journal of the First Batasang Pambansa Second Session Journal No. 65. Batasang Pambansa. 1986.
  24. ^ a b c d Report to the President of the United States of America on the February 7, 1986 Presidential Election in the Philippines. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1986. p. 165.
  25. ^ a b Report to the President of the United States of America on the February 7, 1986 Presidential Election in the Philippines. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1986. pp. 166–178.
  26. ^ Soho, Jessica. Walkout on 9 February 1986. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2013 – via YouTube.
  27. ^ Carvajal, Nancy C. (February 24, 2016). "1986 Comelec tabulators fear Marcos return". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved October 31, 2022.
  28. ^ "Post-Election Statement". cbcponline.net. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  29. ^ "Slain Opposition Leader Talks in Tape of How He Might Be Killed with AM-Philippine Election". AP News. February 13, 1986.
  30. ^ "De Jesus, Jeremias S." Bantayog ng mga Bayani. October 15, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  31. ^ "Sumilang, Michael J." Bantayog ng mga Bayani. May 3, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  32. ^ "Laurella, Francisco "Frank" C." Bantayog ng mga Bayani. November 15, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  33. ^ "Leaño, Salvador Fabella". Bantayog ng mga Bayani. August 19, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  34. ^ "Pastor, Fernando T. Sr". Bantayog ng mga Bayani. July 13, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2022.

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