Settam-e-Melli

Against National Oppression Party
ستم ملی
LeaderTahir Badakhshi (1967–1979)
FounderTahir Badakhshi
Ghulam Dastagir Panjsheri[1]
Founded1966[2] or 1968[3]
Split fromPeople's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (Parcham)[4]
Merged intoGuruh-i Kar
Succeeded byNational Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
IdeologySocialism
Marxism–Leninism–Maoism[5][6][7]
Anti-Pashtun sentiment[8][9]
Secularism
Tajik and Turkic interests[10]
Political positionLeft-wing
National affiliationShola-e Javid

The Revolutionary Organisation of the Working People of Afghanistan (Dari: سازمان انقلابی مردم زحمتکش افغانستان), also called the Against National Oppression Party (Dari: ‎ستم ملی, romanized: Hezb-e Setam-e Melli), more commonly known as Settam-e Melli[a] was a political movement in Afghanistan, led by Tahir Badakhshi. The organization was affiliated with the Non-Aligned Movement, and was opposed by both the Afghan monarchy and by the Soviet-aligned People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan. Its followers were mostly Persian speakers. Most of its members were non-Pashtuns—Tajik, Uzbek, and other minorities—and it has been variously described as an anti-Pashtun separatist group and as a Tajik and Uzbek separatist group.[11][12][13][14][15][16] "Information on Settam-e-Melli is vague and contradictory, but it appears to have been an anti-Pashtun leftist mutation."[17] The group was founded in 1968 by Tahir Badakhshi, an intellectual, author, political activist who formerly had been a founder of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and split with the party.[13][16] The group emphasized "militant class struggle and mass mobilization of peasants" and recruited Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras and other minorities from Kabul and the northeastern provinces.[13]

During the communist ruling of Taraki-Amin period, the organisation members withdrew to the countryside to resist against the tyranny, though as an urban movement this removed them from their powerbase. Almost 4000 members had been arrested by the communist regime and killed. Later on, during the 1979–1986 rule of Babrak Karmal, the organisation rehabilitated itself and became closer with the government.[18] A Setami leader, Bashir Baghlani, went over to the government in 1983, and was made Minister of Justice.[19][18]

References

  1. ^ Nunan, Timothy (2016). Humanitarian Invasion: Global Development in Cold War Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-1107110199.
  2. ^ Albo, Gregory; Klassen, Jerome (2013). Empire's Ally: Canada and the War in Afghanistan. University of Toronto Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1442645158.
  3. ^ Gankovskiĭ, I︠U︡riĭ Vladimirovich (1985). A History of Afghanistan. Progress Publishers. ISBN 978-0828533935.
  4. ^ Magnus, Ralph H.; Naby, Eden (1998). Afghanistan: Mullah, Marx, and Mujahid. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0813340197.
  5. ^ Gankovskiĭ, I︠U︡riĭ Vladimirovich (1985). A History of Afghanistan. Progress Publishers. ISBN 978-0828533935.
  6. ^ Goyal, D. R. (1984). Afghanistan Behind the Smoke Screen. Ajanta Publications. p. 103. ISBN 978-8120201095.
  7. ^ Albo, Gregory; Klassen, Jerome (2013). Empire's Ally: Canada and the War in Afghanistan. University of Toronto Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-1442613041.
  8. ^ Shahrani, M. Nazif; Canfield, Robert L. (2024). Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253066770.
  9. ^ Schiffman, Harold F. (2011). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice. Brill. ISBN 978-9004217652.
  10. ^ Ende, Werner; Steinbach, Udo (2011). Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801464898.
  11. ^ Diego Cordovez & Selig S. Harrison, Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal (Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 34–35.
  12. ^ Dan Caldwell, Vortex of Conflict: U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq (Stanford University Press, 2007), p. 24.
  13. ^ a b c Senzil Nawid, Language Policy in Afghanistan: Linguistic Diversity and National Unity, in Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors (Koninklijke Brill NV 2012), p. 42.
  14. ^ M. Hassan Kakar, Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982 (University of California Press, 1995), p. 58.
  15. ^ Asger Christensen, Aiding Afghanistan: The Background and Prospects for Reconstruction in a Fragmented Society (NIAS Press, 1995), p. 24.
  16. ^ a b Frank Clements, Badakhshi, Tahir (?–1979), in Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia (2003), p. 37.
  17. ^ Anthony Arnold, Afghanistan's Two-party Communism: Parcham and Khalq (Hoover Press, 1983), p. 39.
  18. ^ a b Gilles Dorronsoro. Revolution unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the present.. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2005. ISBN 1-85065-703-3, ISBN 978-1-85065-703-3
  19. ^ J. Bruce Amstutz. Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. DIANE Publishing, 1994. ISBN 0-7881-1111-6, ISBN 978-0-7881-1111-2

Notes

  1. '^ Transliterations include Setam-i-Milli, Setami Milli, Setam-i-Meli, Setam-e-Meli, Setami-i-Milli and Setame Melli.
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