Philoganga
| Philoganga | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Clade: | Pancrustacea |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Odonata |
| Suborder: | Zygoptera |
| Superfamily: | Calopterygoidea |
| Family: | Philogangidae Kennedy, 1920[2] |
| Genus: | Philoganga Kirby, 1890[1] |
Philoganga is a genus of damselflies in the family Philogangidae.[3] The genus occurs in Southeast Asia, where its species inhabit forest streams. Philogangidae contains only the genus Philoganga and is one of several distinctive damselfly lineages formerly associated with Amphipterygidae that are now recognised as separate families.[4]
Species of Philoganga are medium-sized stream-dwelling damselflies with broad wings and a metallic body colouration. They are typically found in shaded forest habitats and are among the more distinctive damselflies of tropical Asia.[5]
Although Philoganga was traditionally placed in Amphipterygidae, morphological and molecular studies indicate that it represents an isolated evolutionary lineage. Modern classifications therefore place the genus in its own family, Philogangidae.[4][6][7][8]
Taxonomic history
Philoganga was traditionally classified in Amphipterygidae.[9] Novelo-Gutiérrez (1995) removed the genus from that family, considering it to be closely related to Diphlebia.[6] Subsequent morphological and molecular studies did not support that relationship and instead indicated that Philoganga represents a distinct evolutionary lineage.[7][8]
Dijkstra et al. (2014) found no support for a close relationship between Philoganga and the other genera formerly associated with Amphipterygidae. They concluded that these geographically isolated lineages are best treated as separate families, recognising Philogangidae as a monogeneric family containing only Philoganga.[4]
Species
The following species are currently placed in Philoganga:[3]
- Philoganga loringae
- Philoganga montana
- Philoganga robusta
- Philoganga vetusta
Etymology
The family name Philogangidae is derived from the type genus Philoganga, with the standard zoological suffix -idae used for animal families.
The genus name Philoganga is probably derived from the Greek φίλος (philos, "loving", "fond of" or "friend") and Ganga, the Sanskrit name of the river goddess Gaṅgā and the Ganges River. Kirby did not explain the derivation, but the type species was described from the Himalayas and the genus is restricted to South and Southeast Asia.[1][10][11]
References
- ^ a b Kirby, W.F. (1890). A Synonymic Catalogue of Neuroptera Odonata, or Dragonflies. With an Appendix of fossil species. London: Gurney & Jackson. pp. 202 [111]. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5534.
- ^ Kennedy, C.H. (1920). "The phylogeny of the zygopterous dragonflies as based on the evidence of the penes". Ohio Journal of Science. 21 (1): 19-29 [22] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b Paulson, D.; Schorr, M.; Abbott, J.; Bota-Sierra, C.; Deliry, C.; Dijkstra, K.-D.; Lozano, F. "World Odonata List". OdonataCentral. University of Alabama. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
- ^ a b c Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Dow, Rory A.; Stokvis, Frank R.; Van Tol, Jan (2014). "Redefining the damselfly families: A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata)". Systematic Entomology. 39 (1): 68–96. doi:10.1111/syen.12035.
- ^ Garrison, Rosser W.; von Ellenrieder, Natalia; Louton, Jerry A. (2010). Damselfly Genera of the New World: An Illustrated and Annotated Key to the Zygoptera. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 490.
- ^ a b Novelo-Gutiérrez, Rodolfo (1995). "The larva of Amphipteryx and a reclassification of Amphipterygidae sensu lato, based upon the larvae (Zygoptera)". Odonatologica. 24 (1): 73–87.
- ^ a b Rehn, Allan C. (2003). "Phylogenetic analysis of higher-level relationships of Odonata". Systematic Entomology. 28 (2): 181–239. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00210.x.
- ^ a b Bybee, S.M.; Ogden, T.H.; Branham, M.A.; Whiting, M.F. (2008). "Molecules, morphology and fossils: a comprehensive approach to odonate phylogeny and the evolution of the odonate wing". Cladistics. 24 (4): 477–514. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00191.x. PMID 34879634.
- ^ Bridges, Charles A. (1994). Catalogue of the family-group, genus-group and species-group names of the Odonata of the world (3rd ed.). Urbana, Illinois: Charles A. Bridges. p. II.1. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.15291.
- ^ Brown, Roland Wilbur (1954). Composition of Scientific Words: A Manual of Methods and a Lexicon of Materials for the Practice of Logotechnics. [Washington].
- ^ Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890). The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Containing Appendices on Sanskrit Prosody and Important Literary & Geographical Names in the Ancient History of India. Poona: Shiralkar & Co.