Indonesian diaspora

Indonesian diaspora
Orang Indonesia Perantauan
Flag of Indonesia
Map of the Indonesian diaspora around the world
Total population
Total: 6–9 million[a]
2023 estimate[1][2][3]
 Malaysia
Netherlands
  • c. 1,700,000 (2021)[10][11]
    (by ancestry)
  • 349,301 (2022)[12]
    (by migration background)
  • 106,128 (2022)[13]
    (Indonesian-born)
  • 14,673 (2024)[14]
    (by citizenship)
Saudi Arabia
 Singapore
  • c. 500,000[d][19]
  • c. 250,000 (2022)[20] (by citizenship)
  • c. 500–600 (2003)
    (Sundanese Singaporeans)
South Africa300,000 (by ancestry)[e][21][22]
Taiwan300,000 (2020)[23]
 Bangladesh60,000(2024)[24](Indonesian emigrants in Bangladesh)
 Hong Kong200,000 (2019)[25]
Japan157,000 (2024)[26]
United States145,031 (2022)[27][28][29]
Australia120,160 (2024)[30]
United Arab Emirates111,987 (2019)[31]
Suriname
Cambodia166,795 (2025)[34]
Brunei80,000 (2018)[35]
(excluding Indonesian ancestry)
Oman75,000 (2020)[24]
Jordan46,586 (2019)[31]
 Philippines43,871[36][37]
South Korea42,000 (2019)[38]
Sri Lanka40,148 (2014) (assimilate into the local Sri Lankan Malays)
China38,000 (2020)[39]
(only Indonesian legal workers)
Qatar37,669 (2019)[31]
Bahrain33,000[24]
Kuwait28,954 (2020)[31]
Germany24,000 (2021)[40]
Canada21,390 (2016)[41]
Papua New Guinea14,000 (2020)[24]
Libya14,000 (2020)[24]
Syria12,904 (2019)[31]
United Kingdom11,000[24]
Vietnam8,000 (2020)[24]
Brazil7,310 (2022)[42]
New Zealand7,000[24]
France25,000–30,000 (2021)[24]
New Caledonia4,300
Sweden3,000–5,000 (See: Overseas Acehnese)[24]
Italy4,000[24]
 Switzerland4,000 (2020)[24]
Belgium4,000 (2020)[24]
Timor Leste4,000 (2020)[24]
French Guiana3,000
Spain3,000 (2020)[24]
Egypt3,000 (2020)[24]
Turkey2,400 (2020)[43]
Norway2,000[24]
Lebanon2,000 (2020)[24]
Austria1,000 (2020)[24]
Hungary1,000 (2020)[24]
Thailand1,000 (2020)[24]
Languages
Indonesian, Regional Languages of Indonesia, English, Dutch, Chinese, Arabic, Afrikaans, German, Japanese, Tagalog, Korean, Papiamento, Cantonese, Taiwanese
Religion
Islam · Christianity · Hinduism · Buddhism · Confucianism · Irreligion
Related ethnic groups
Native Indonesians, Dutch Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, Chinese Indonesians
  1. ^ Indonesian citizens, ex-Indonesian citizens, foreign citizens who are children of Indonesian citizens, and children of ex-Indonesian citizens, illegal and undocumented workers. However, it does not include Indonesian descendants. According to the Director of Indonesian Citizen Protection, from that number 2,276,722 people are Indonesian citizens. Although it is estimated that there are still millions of Indonesian citizens who have not been recorded.
  2. ^ assimilate into the local Malaysian Malays, more than half of Malays in Malaysia have ancestry from various ethnic groups in Indonesia[4][5][6][7][8]
  3. ^ Indonesian citizen registered in KBRI (Embassy of Indonesia in Saudi Arabia) and undocumented workers
  4. ^ Indonesian ancestry, more than 60% of Singaporean Malays are of Javanese descent
  5. ^ assimilate into the local Cape Malays
  6. ^ including Javanese diaspora

Indonesian diaspora (Indonesian: Orang Indonesia Perantauan) are Indonesians who live outside of Indonesia. These include citizens that have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Indonesian descent. According to Ministry of Law and Human Rights, more than 6–9 million Indonesians diaspora live abroad in 2023.[Note 1]

History

See also: Maritime History and Spice trade

Since ancient times, people from various ethnic groups of Indonesia have been leaving their hometowns to other parts of the world for purposes of trade, education, labor, or travel. Migration of ancient Indonesians began 2,000 years ago, to various places including Madagascar, East Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Australia, and Southeast Asian countries.

Early history

Beginning between the 5th and 7th centuries, Austronesian seafarers from the Indonesian archipelago, particularly from Kalimantan and Sulawesi, embarked on a remarkable journey across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar. These early migrants established settlements, bringing with them advanced agricultural techniques, including the cultivation of rice and bananas, as well as their language and cultural practices. The influence of these early Indonesians is evident in the Malagasy language, which retains many Austronesian elements, and in the genetic makeup of the Malagasy people, who exhibit a blend of Southeast Asian and African ancestries.

During the era of the Srivijaya Empire (7th - 13th centuries), centered in Sumatra, Indonesian traders and settlers expanded their influence throughout Southeast Asia. The Srivijaya Empire was a powerful maritime kingdom that controlled key trade routes, facilitating the movement of people and goods. Indonesian traders established communities in the Malay Peninsula, Thailand, and the Philippines, spreading their cultural and religious practices, including Buddhism and Hinduism. This period of maritime dominance laid the groundwork for further cultural and economic exchanges in the region.

The subsequent Majapahit Empire (13th - 16th centuries), based in Java, continued to expand Indonesian influence through its extensive trade networks. The Majapahit Empire was known for its powerful navy and commercial prowess, which allowed it to control trade routes and exert influence over much of Southeast Asia. Indonesian traders and settlers played a crucial role in the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies, further integrating the region and spreading Indonesian cultural and religious practices.

During the colonial era

The Dutch colonial period (16th - 20th centuries) marked a significant shift in Indonesian migration patterns. Under the control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which wielded authority over vast swathes of the Indonesian archipelago, Indonesians were forcibly relocated as laborers to other parts of the Dutch Empire. This included destinations such as Suriname, Malaysia, Singapore, and Sri Lanka. Additionally, during the 18th century, political dissidents opposing Dutch colonization were deported from Indonesia to South Africa, where they formed a community known as the Cape Malays.[44]

Merantau culture

The practice of going abroad has been motivated by the Merantau culture of the Indonesian people since ancient times. Merantau has been associated deeply with the Minangkabau people as a cultural way of life. A Minangkabau man at the time of young adulthood (20–30 years old) is often encouraged to go abroad as part of the Minangkabau culture; this serves as a sign of manhood to accrue wealth, knowledge, and life experience.[45] This practice can be traced to the 7th century, when Minangkabau merchants played a major role in establishing of the Malay kingdom in Jambi, which was a strategic position for trade via the Silk Road.

Other Indonesian ethnic groups such as the Bugis, Banjar, Madura, Aceh, Batak, and Javanese have also been traveling overseas to gain opportunities, experience, knowledge, and versatility.

Indonesians worldwide

Australia

Main article: Indonesian Australians

Before Dutch and British sailors arrived in Australia, Indonesians from Southern Sulawesi have explored the Australia northern coast. Each year, the Bugis sailors would sail down on the northwestern monsoon in their wooden pinisi. They would stay in Australia for several months to trade and take tripang (or dried sea cucumber) before returning to Makassar on the dry season off shore winds. These trading voyages continued until 1907. Nowadays, many Indonesian residents of Australia are either foreign students or workers, with a large number being of Chinese Indonesian heritage. Furthermore, the Cocos Malays are descendants of native Indonesians brought by the Clunies-Ross family to work in the copra industry in the 19th century.

Cambodia

According to the Interior Ministry of Cambodia, more than 100,000 Indonesian citizens lived in Cambodia.[46] Many of them work for illegal online casino companies, sparking concerns about human trafficking.[47]

Hong Kong

Main article: Indonesians in Hong Kong

Indonesians are the second largest foreigner group after Filipinos, mainly working as female domestic helpers from Java Island. There are also several Chinese Indonesian families and students that reside in Hong Kong. Central and Wan Chai are the main districts that most Indonesians live in.

Japan

Main article: Indonesians in Japan

In 2013, approximately 20,000 Indonesians lived in Japan, including about 3,000 illegal Indonesians. These numbers dropped from the previous years for various reasons, including the high cost of living in Japan and the difficulty of finding jobs in Japan. Most of them are in Japan for a short term and deportation remains high for Indonesian residents. In 2022, approximately 98,865 Indonesians lived in Japan.[48]

Malaysia

Main article: Indonesian Malaysians
See also: Indonesian citizens in Malaysia, Javanese Malaysians, and Bugis-Malay

Malaysia shares a land border with Indonesia and both countries share many aspects of their culture, including mutually intelligible national languages. Populations have long moved between the areas which make up the modern-day states. Since the distinction between the two regions emerged in the early 19th century, many people from Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Sulawesi, which are located in modern-day Indonesia, migrated and settled in the Malay Peninsula and in Malaysian Borneo. These earlier populations have mostly effectively or partially assimilated with the larger Malaysian-Malay community due to religious, social and cultural similarities. Currently, it is also estimated that there are around 2 million Indonesian citizens in Malaysia at any given time, ranging from all types of backgrounds including a significant majority of labour migrants alongside a considerable number of professionals and students.

Netherlands

Further information: Indo people

Indonesia was a colony of the Netherlands from 1605 until 1949. During and after the Indonesian National Revolution, many Moluccans and Indo people, people of mixed Dutch and Indonesian ancestry migrated to the Netherlands. Most of them were former members of the KNIL army. In this way, around 360,000 Indo people and Totoks (white people) and 12,500 persons from Maluke ancestry were settled in the Netherlands. Giovanni van Bronckhorst, Denny Landzaat, Roy Makaay, Mia Audina, and Daniel Sahuleka are notable people of Indonesian ancestry from the Netherlands. These 372,500 first generation people and their 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation offspring account for some 1.6 million Dutch passport-holders and form as much as 10% of the overall population of the Netherlands.

Tong Tong Fair is the largest cultural festival in the world for Indonesian diaspora. Established in 1959, it is one of the oldest festivals and the fourth largest grand fair in the Netherlands. It is also the annual event with the highest number of paying visitors of the Dutch city of The Hague, having consistently attracted more than 100,000 visitors since 1993.

The Netherlands is also one of the European countries with most Indonesian students. In the early 20th century, many Indonesian students studied in the Netherlands. Most of them lived in Leiden and were active in the Perhimpoenan Indonesia (Indonesian Association). There were 1,402 Indonesian nationals enrolled in Dutch universities in 2018/2019, which makes it the 13th largest student communities in the country.[49]

Philippines

Main article: Indonesians in the Philippines

The official number of Indonesians in the Philippines range anywhere from 43,871 to 101,720.[36] They reside mostly in the island of Mindanao, in the Muslim parts with a noticeable community in Davao City that has an international school for the overseas community. They tend to be protective of their separate ethnic identity. Most are Muslims, while many others are also Christian, coming from Minahasan-speaking ancestry.

Qatar

There are about 39,000 Indonesian citizens in the State of Qatar according to the Indonesian Embassy.[50]

Saudi Arabia

Main article: Indonesians in Saudi Arabia

Indonesian pilgrims have long lived in Hejaz, a region along the west coast of Saudi Arabia. Among them was Shaykh Ahmad Khatib Al-Minangkabawi who was from Minangkabau origin in Sumatra. He served as the Imam and taught at the Shafi'i school at the Grand Mosque in Mecca during the late 19th century.[51]

Many Indonesians in Saudi Arabia are domestic workers, with a minority of other types of labour migrants and students. Most of the santris (Islamic boarding school pupils) from Indonesia also have continued to pursue their education in Saudi, such as in the Islamic University of Madinah and the Umm al-Qura University in Mecca. A number of Indonesian expatriates in Saudi Arabia work in diplomatic sectors and local private and foreign companies, such as in the Saudi Aramco, banking companies, Saudia Airlines, SABIC, Schlumberger, Halliburton, Indomie, etc. Most Indonesians in Saudi Arabia reside in Riyadh, Jeddah, and all around the Dammam area.

Saudis of Indonesian descent

There are Saudi citizens who reside in Mecca and Jeddah that are of Indonesian descent. Their forefathers came from Indonesia by sea during the late 19th century til the mid 20th century for pilgrimage, trade, and Islamic education purposes. Many of them did not return to their homeland thus they decided to stay in Saudi and their descendants have become Saudi citizens ever since. Many of them also married with local Arab women and stayed permanently in Saudi. Their descendants today are recognizable with their family name originating from their forefathers' origins back in Indonesia, such as "Bugis", "Banjar", "Batawi" (Betawi), "Al-Felemban" (Palembang), "Faden" (Padang), "Al-Bantani" (Banten), "Al-Minangkabawi" (Minangkabau), "Bawayan" (Bawean), and many more. One of them is Muhammad Saleh Benten, a Saudi politician appointed by King Salman as the Minister of Hajj and Umrah.[52]

Singapore

Main article: Malays in Singapore


The Malays in Singapore (Malay: Orang Melayu Singapura) make up about 14% of the country's population. Most of them came from what we know today as Indonesia and southern Malaysia. In the 19th century, Singapore was part of Johor-Riau Sultanate. Many Indonesian people, mainly Bugis and Minangkabau settled in Singapore. From 1886 till 1890, as many as 21,000 Javanese became bonded labourers with the Singapore Chinese Protectorate, an organisation formed by the British in 1877 to monitor the Chinese population. They performed manual labour in the rubber plantations. After their bond ended, they continued to open up the land and stayed on in Johore. Famous Singaporeans of Indonesian descent are the first president of Singapore Yusof bin Ishak, and Zubir Said who composed the national anthem of Singapore Majulah Singapura.

According to the Indonesian Embassy in Singapore, as of 2010 there are 180,000 Indonesian citizens in Singapore. As much as 80,000 work as domestic helpers/TKI, 10,000 as sailors, and the rest are either students or professionals. But the number can be higher as registering one's residence is not compulsory for Indonesians, putting the number to around 200,000 people.

South Africa

Main article: Cape Malays

South Korea

Main article: Indonesians in South Korea

Suriname

Main article: Javanese Surinamese

People of Indonesian descent, mainly Javanese, make up 15% of the population of Suriname. In the 19th century, the Dutch sent the Javanese to Suriname as indentured laborers in plantations. The most famous person of Indonesian descent is Paul Somohardjo as the speaker of the National Assembly of Suriname.[53]

Taiwan

Main article: Indonesians in Taiwan

United Arab Emirates

Main article: Indonesians in the United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

Main article: Indonesians in the United Kingdom

United States

Main article: Indonesian Americans

The United States is home to many Indonesian students and professionals. In the Silicon Valley region of Northern California, there are many professional Indonesian-American engineers in the technology industry who are employed in companies like Cisco Systems, KLA Tencor, Google, Yahoo, Sun Microsystems, and IBM. Sehat Sutardja, the CEO of Marvell Technology Group, is a prominent Indonesian professional in the USA.[54]

In April 2011, the Special English service of Voice of America reported on a push for American universities to attract more Indonesians to study in America in order to compete with students' preferred universities in Australia, Singapore, and Malaysia.[55]

List of Indonesian diaspora by ethnicity and culture

Politics

2024

Province[56] Total
valid votes
Anies Baswedan
Independent 		Prabowo Subianto
Gerindra 		Ganjar Pranowo
PDI-P
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Overseas 125,110 18.64 427,871 63.73 118,385 17.63 671,366
Total 40,971,906 24.95 96,214,691 58.59 27,040,878 16.47 164,227,475

2019

Province Total valid votes
Joko Widodo
PDI-P 		Prabowo Subianto
Gerindra
Votes % Votes %
Overseas 570,534 73.31 207,746 26.69 778,280
Total 85,607,362 55.50 68,650,239 44.50 154,257,601
Source: Tempo[57]

2014

Votes by countries[58] Total votes
Prabowo Subianto
Gerindra 		Joko Widodo
PDI-P
Votes % Votes %
Afghanistan Kabul 14 36.84 24 63.16 38
Algeria Algiers 355 51.82 330 48.18 685
Argentina Buenos Aires 44 23.53 143 76.47 187
Australia Canberra, ACT 114 20.11 453 79.89 567
Darwin, NT 108 25.41 317 74.59 425
Melbourne, Vic 778 12.21 5,594 87.79 6,372
Perth, WA 547 15.06 3,084 84.94 3,631
Sydney, NSW 1,505 13.31 9,799 86.69 11,304
At-large 2,652 12.11 19,247 87.89 21,899
Austria Vienna 87 20.23 343 79.77 430
Azerbaijan Baku 23 33.33 46 66.67 69
Bahrain Manama 213 52.46 193 47.54 406
Bangladesh Dhaka 85 45.21 103 54.79 188
Belgium Brussels 156 19.50 644 80.50 800
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo 9 34.62 17 65.38 26
Brazil Brasília 30 43.48 39 56.52 69
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan 2,825 42.99 3,746 57.01 6,571
Bulgaria Sofia 15 27.78 39 72.22 54
Cambodia Phnom Penh 326 29.05 796 70.95 1,122
Canada Ottawa 70 21.59 270 79.41 340
Toronto 188 13.49 1,206 86.51 122
Vancouver 171 12.46 1,201 87.54 1,372
At-large 429 13.81 2,677 86.19 3,106
Chile Santiago 13 11.93 96 88.07 109
China Beijing 90 10.10 801 89.90 891
Guangzhou 125 9.10 1,248 90.90 1,373
Hong Kong SAR 10,728 25.74 30,956 74.26 41,684
Shanghai 98 11.05 789 88.95 887
At-large (Mainland China) 313 9.93 2,838 90.07 3,151
At-large (Mainland China+SARs) 11,041 24.63 33,794 75.37 44,835
Colombia Bogotá 6 8.45 65 91.55 71
Croatia Zagreb 6 17.14 29 82.86 35
Cuba Havana 10 35.71 18 64.29 28
Czech Republic Prague 32 27.35 85 72.65 117
Denmark Copenhagen 55 15.99 289 84.01 344
East Timor Dili 1,108 25.96 3,160 74.04 4,268
Ecuador Quito 6 18.75 26 81.25 32
Egypt Cairo 1,809 71.81 710 28.19 2,519
Ethiopia Addis Ababa 23 57.50 17 42.50 40
Finland Helsinki 31 11.61 236 88.39 267
Fiji Suva 75 44.91 92 55.09 167
France Marseille 57 20.88 216 79.12 273
Paris 252 19.92 1,013 80.08 1,265
At-large 309 20.09 1,229 79.91 1,538
Germany Berlin 372 29.50 889 70.50 1,261
Frankfurt 709 17.94 3,242 82.06 3,951
Hamburg 331 21.72 1,193 78.28 1,524
At-large 1,412 20.96 5,324 79.04 6,736
Greece Athens 145 28.94 356 71.06 501
Hungary Budapest 18 18.00 82 82.00 100
India Mumbai 210 95.02 11 4.98 221
New Delhi 57 33.33 114 66.67 171
At-large 267 68.11 125 31.89 392
Iran Tehran 34 17.53 160 82.47 194
Iraq Baghdad 167 51.54 157 48.46 324
Italy Rome 153 20.82 582 79.18 735
Japan Osaka 746 42.00 1,030 58.00 1,776
Tokyo 2,103 39.32 3,245 60.68 5,348
At-large 2,849 40.00 4,275 60.00 7,124
Jordan Amman 215 70.03 92 29.97 307
Kazakhstan Astana 17 30.36 39 69.64 56
Kenya Nairobi 83 32.68 171 67.32 254
Kuwait Kuwait City 837 55.95 659 44.05 1,496
Laos Vientiane 72 40.22 107 59.78 179
Lebanon Beirut 62 50.00 62 50.00 124
Libya Tripoli 76 71.70 30 28.30 106
Madagascar Antananarivo 13 29.55 31 70.45 44
Malaysia Johor Bahru 42,248 61.29 26,681 38.71 68,929
Kota Kinabalu 20,790 41.84 28,905 58.16 49,695
Kuala Lumpur 111,794 84.26 20,891 15.74 132,685
Kuching 33,633 45.62 40,091 54.38 73,724
Penang 10,773 55.02 8,806 44.98 19,579
Tawau 11,933 30.33 27,412 69.67 39,345
At-large 231,171 60.21 152,786 39.79 383,957
Mexico Mexico City 34 26.36 95 73.64 129
Morocco Rabat 97 62.18 59 37.82 156
Mozambique Maputo 35 32.41 73 67.59 108
Myanmar Yangon 229 52.53 207 47.47 436
Namibia Windhoek 46 28.22 117 71.78 163
Netherlands The Hague 770 19.45 3,189 80.55 3,959
New Caledonia Noumea 71 27.20 190 72.80 261
New Zealand Wellington 260 14.61 1,519 85.39 1,779
Nigeria Abuja 184 34.20 354 65.80 538
North Korea Pyongyang 6 35.29 11 64.71 17
Norway Oslo 84 17.54 395 82.46 479
Oman Muscat 444 47.84 484 52.16 928
Pakistan Islamabad 168 69.71 73 30.29 241
Karachi 71 67.62 34 32.38 105
At-large 239 69.08 107 30.92 346
Panama Panama City 14 30.43 32 69.57 46
Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 168 36.92 287 63.08 455
Vanimo 176 30.24 406 69.76 582
At-large 344 33.17 693 66.83 1,037
Peru Lima 20 25.64 58 74.36 78
Philippines Davao City 912 52.47 826 47.53 1,738
Manila 162 12.67 1,117 87.33 1,279
At-large 1,074 35.60 1,943 64.40 3,017
Poland Warsaw 32 21.92 114 78.08 146
Portugal Lisbon 22 26.51 61 73.49 83
Qatar Doha 2,087 56.96 1,577 43.04 3,664
Romania Bucharest 27 40.30 40 59.70 67
Russia Moscow 70 26.42 195 73.58 265
Saudi Arabia Jeddah 5,626 51.22 5,357 48.78 10,983
Riyadh 4,184 49.71 4,233 50.29 8,417
At-large 9,810 50.57 9,590 49.43 19,400
Senegal Dakar 174 28.16 444 71.84 618
Serbia Belgrade 12 17.91 55 82.09 67
Singapore 7,639 20.16 30,250 79.84 37,889
Slovakia Bratislava 24 36.36 42 63.64 66
South Africa Cape Town 11 15.49 60 84.51 71
Pretoria 26 21.31 96 78.69 122
At-large 37 18.75 156 81.25 192
South Korea Seoul 3,018 33.77 5,920 66.23 8,938
Spain Madrid 140 23.45 457 76.55 597
Sri Lanka Colombo 37 18.88 159 81.12 196
Sudan Khartoum 268 73.83 95 26.17 363
Suriname Paramaribo 87 32.83 178 67.17 265
Sweden Stockholm 92 20.35 360 79.65 452
Switzerland Bern 87 15.21 485 84.79 572
Syria Damascus 185 91.58 17 8.42 202
Taiwan Taipei 17,525 26.87 47,692 73.13 65,217
Tanzania Dar es Salaam 14 31.11 31 68.89 45
Thailand Bangkok 389 35.40 710 64.60 1,099
Songkhla 247 34.07 478 65.93 725
At-large 636 34.87 1,188 65.13 1,824
Tunisia Tunis 41 49.40 42 50.60 83
Turkey Ankara 189 76.21 99 23.79 248
Istanbul 135 53.36 118 46.64 253
At-large 324 64.67 217 35.33 501
Ukraine Kyiv 5 9.09 50 90.91 55
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 1,024 54.15 867 45.85 1,891
Dubai 720 40.89 1,041 59.11 1,761
At-large 1,744 47.75 1,908 52.25 3,652
United Kingdom London 805 24.79 2,442 75.21 3,247
United States Chicago, IL 123 15.36 678 84.64 801
Houston, TX 313 13.93 1,934 86.07 2,247
Los Angeles, CA 421 11.97 3,095 88.03 3,516
New York City, NY 866 16.87 4,267 83.13 5,133
San Francisco, CA 1,283 20.89 4,860 79.11 6,143
Washington, D.C. 277 25.39 814 74.61 1,091
At-large 3,283 17.34 15,647 82.66 18,930
Uzbekistan Tashkent 19 33.93 37 66.07 56
Vatican City 67 7.74 799 92.26 866
Venezuela Caracas 31 17.71 144 82.29 175
Vietnam Hanoi 21 14.58 123 85.42 144
Ho Chi Minh City 110 31.61 238 68.39 348
At-large 131 26.68 360 73.32 491
Yemen Sana'a 1,369 92.25 115 7.75 1,484
Zimbabwe Harare 167 31.33 366 68.67 533
At-large 313,600 46.26 364,257 53.74 677,857

2009

Province Yudhoyono Megawati Kalla
Votes % Votes % Votes %
Overseas 235,146 69.08 47,521 13.96 57,743 16.96
Total 73,874,562 60.80 32,548,105 26.79 15,081,814 12.41
Source: General Elections Commission

2004

Province Yudhoyono Megawati
Votes % Votes %
Overseas 166,634 67.98 78,500 32.02
Total 69,266,350 60.62 44,990,704 39.38
Source: Ananda, Arifin & Suryadinata;[59] Statistics Indonesia[60]
Province Yudhoyono Megawati Wiranto Amien Hamzah
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
Overseas 95,644 37.80 62,381 24.65 43,995 17.39 36,745 14.52 14,266 5.64
Total 39,838,184 33.57 31,569,104 26.61 26,286,788 22.15 17,392,931 14.66 3,569,861 3.01
Source: Statistics Indonesia;[61] Ananda, Arifin & Suryadinata[62]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ this include ex-Indonesian citizens, foreign citizens who are children of Indonesian citizens, and children of ex-Indonesian citizens, illegal and undocumented workers. However, it does not include Indonesian descendants.[1] According to the Director of Indonesian Citizen Protection, from that number 2,276,722 people are Indonesian citizens. Although it is estimated that there are still millions of Indonesian citizens who have not been recorded.[3]

References

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  2. ^ "Imigrasi Terbitkan Visa Diaspora Untuk Dukung Ekonomi" (in Indonesian).
  3. ^ a b "Kemlu: 2,2 Juta WNI Tinggal di Luar Negeri" (in Indonesian). 19 December 2023.
  4. ^ "Malaysia, Negeri Perantau Indonesia". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). September 2009.
  5. ^ Wahyu Dwi Anggoro (20 August 2013). "Mayoritas Melayu Malaysia Keturunan Indonesia". Okezone (in Indonesian).
  6. ^ "Migrasi dan Perkawinan Politik Menghubungkan Melayu dan Nusantara" (in Indonesian). 5 June 2021.
  7. ^ "History of Javanese Migration to Malaysia" (in Indonesian). Kompas. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  8. ^ "The Javanese connection in Malaysia". MalaysiaKini. 21 November 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  9. ^ "Visualisasi Data WNI di Luar Negeri" (in Indonesian). Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
  10. ^ "Diaspora Indonesia di Belanda Semangat "Bangun Negeri via Investasi"". Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 February 2022.
  11. ^ "PM Rutte: 1 dari 10 Orang Belanda Berasal dari Indonesia" (in Indonesian).
  12. ^ "Migratie uit Indonesië en Indonesische inwoners in Nederland" (in Dutch). 27 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  13. ^ "CBS StatLine" (in Dutch). 31 May 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Visualisasi Data WNI di Luar Negeri" (in Indonesian). Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
  15. ^ "Mantan Dubes RI: 50 Persen Penduduk Makkah Keturunan Indonesia". 28 March 2016.
  16. ^ "4 Tokoh Arab Saudi Keturunan Indonesia, Terakhir Jadi Saksi Kemerdekaan RI".
  17. ^ "Negara yang Banyak Orang Jawa, Nomor 1 Jumlahnya Lebih dari 1,5 Juta Jiwa".
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