Banjar people

The Banjarese^[a] (Banjar: Urang Banjar, Jawi script: اورڠ بنجر; Indonesian: Orang Banjar) or simply Banjar, are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Banjar regions (notably Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru, Banjar Regency, etc.) in the southeastern Kalimantan regions of Indonesia.^[1] Nowadays, Banjarese diaspora can be found in neighbouring Banjar regions as well; including Kotabaru Regency, the southeastern regions of Central Kalimantan, southernmost regions of East Kalimantan, and some provinces of Indonesia in general. The Banjarese diaspora community also can be found in neighbouring countries of Indonesia, such as Brunei,^[4][5] Malaysia (notably in Perak,^[6] Selangor,^[7] Kedah,^[8] and Johor,^[9] with significant minorities in Sabah),^[10] and Singapore.^[3][11]

The word Banjar is believed to have originated from the word Banjarmasih, which was once a village for Malay ethnic groups located at the mouth of the Kuwin River, a tributary of the Barito River.^[12] Banjar carries the meaning of "village" while Masih is the name of a Malay tribal chief or Patih—the Ngaju Dayak people refer to this Malay tribal chief of "Patih Masih" as "Oloh Masih".^[13] Another version states that the word means "rows", which turns into a row of houses, villages, hamlets, or water villages along the South Kalimantan riverbank.^[13] The word Banjarmasih gradually changed to its current pronunciation of Banjarmasin due to the Dutch pronunciation.^[13] Based on the Malay-English dictionary written by British colonial administrator and historian Richard James Wilkinson in 1908, banjar carries the meaning of row, which is also an Old Javanese language.^[14] The word is also derived from terminology in the Janyawai dialect of the Ma'anyan language, which is also rooted in Old Javanese.^[15] It is initially used to identified the Ma'anyan, Meratus Dayak, and Ngaju people who are already "Javanised" when the Javanese people arrived in the southeastern Kalimantan regions to establish their civilisation.^[16] The term banjar (ꦧꦚ꧀ꦗꦂ) itself in Javanese language is a short form of a verb mbanjarke (ꦩ꧀ꦧꦚ꧀ꦗꦂꦏꦺ), which means "to separate and rearrange" literally.^[17] It is 'common knowledge' within the communities of South Kalimantan that the Banjarese people were formerly part of larger Dayak community.^[17]

Austronesian people migrated to Borneo around 2500 BC. Later circa 400 AD, Sumatran brought their culture to Borneo. This cultural fusion led to the birth of the Upper Banjar language (Bahasa Banjar Hulu). In 520 AD, Sumatran immigrants formed the Buddhist Kingdom of Tanjungpuri in the present-day region of Tanjung, Tabalong.^[18][19]

In the 14th century, Empu Jatmika migrating from Keling, Kediri built the Hindu Kingdom of Negara Dipa by the river of Tapin.^[20] It later came to be ruled under Majapahit's Rajasa dynasty and became the start of the Javanese-style courts in South Kalimantan. This Hindu era in South Kalimantan remained influential period in South Kalimantan's history. Negara Dipa was succeeded by the Hindu Kingdom of Negara Daha in the 15th century.^[21][22]

According to history, Prince Samudera, the rightful heir to the kingdom of Negara Daha, was forced to flee the court of because of his uncle's revolt against him.^[23] He was accepted by the people of Bandar Masih (Bandar: port, Masih: Malay people). Supported by the Sultanate of Demak in Java, he formed a new Islamic Banjar Kingdom in 1526 with Bandar Masih as its capital.^[24][25] The name of Bandar Masih was later changed to its present name Banjarmasin.^[26][27]

Since the 19th century, migration of the Banjarese people went as far as the east coast of Sumatra and Malaysia.^[11] In Malaysia and Singapore, Banjarese people are classified as part of the ethnic Malay.^[3][28][29] The Banjarese in Singapore mostly reside within Kampong Glam, which is the melting pot between other ethnic groups, and they were categorised as part of the Malay Singaporeans.^[30]

The Banjar people can be divided into three ethnicities based on the locations of the assimilation between the Malays, the local Dayaks (Dayak Bukit, Dayak Ma'anyan, Dayak Lawangan, Dayak Ngaju, Dayak Barangas, and Bakumpai), and the Javanese people.

1. The Banjarese Pahuluan, who live in the valleys by the upriver of Meratus mountain ranges.
2. The Banjar Batang Banyu, who live in the valleys by the river of Negara.
3. The Banjar Kuala, who live in Banjarmasin and Martapura.

The native language of Banjarese people is Banjarese language (Basa Banjar; Jaku Banjar), it is an Austronesian language of the Malayic branch predominantly spoken in the southeastern Kalimantan regions. The Banjarese language is the de facto lingua franca for various indigenous community especially in South Kalimantan, as well as Central Kalimantan (notably in Seruyan Regency and Sukamara Regency) and East Kalimantan in general.^[31]

The language of the Banjar people in Kutai of East Kalimantan is said to share more than 90% of the vocabulary with the Brunei Malay/Kedayan languages of northern Borneo, with the Banjarese separated from both the Brunei Malay and Kedayan for 400 years with similar adherence to Islam.^[2][32] Both the Kedayans and the Banjarese are related, to a certain extent, because of the similarities in their languages.^[33]

The following texts are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Banjarese language along with the original declaration in English.

Here are examples of simple conversation in Banjarese language:

Most Banjarese are adherents of Islam. Islam first arrived in the South Kalimantan region around the 15th century.^[19]

Generally, Banjar cultural customs are rooted in the Kaharingan religious rituals, which, after mass conversion to Islam, were modified to align with their new faith, Islam.

One example is the baayun anak tradition, which in the past was a child-blessing ritual for Kaharingan followers involving the recitation of Balian mantras. Today, in the Islamic Banjar tradition, baayun anak no longer uses Balian mantras but instead involves the recitation of Quranic verses and salawat for the Prophet Muhammad.

The Banjar have a cultural practice of putting infants to sleep in an upright sling made of tied fabric. The practice is called "bapukung".^[35]

Banjar house refers to the traditional house of the Banjar people. Traditional Banjar architecture is characterised by symbolic elements, emphasis on the roof, ornamental and decorative designs, the use of ulin wood as the primary building material, and a symmetrical layout.

Banjar traditional houses have distinct styles and carvings that began to develop before 1871 and continued until 1935. Among the various types of Banjar houses, the Bubungan Tinggi type holds the highest status and is the most well-known, as it was once the residence of the king. Today, Bubungan Tinggi remains the iconic traditional house of the Banjar people.

The oral traditions of the Banjar people are influenced by Malay, Arabic, and Chinese cultures.^[36] Banjar oral traditions, which later evolved into art forms, began to develop around the 18th century, consisting of madihin and lamut (oral tradition).^[36][37] Madihin is derived from the Arabic word ﻤﺪﺡ‎ (madah) and carries the meaning of "praise".^[38] It is an anonymous folk poetry form that serves as entertainment, delivered orally or in written form in the Banjar language, adhering to specific physical and mental structures according to the conventions of Banjar folklore in South Kalimantan.^[38][39][40] Meanwhile, Lamut is a storytelling tradition that conveys messages and values related to Banjar religion, society, and culture where it originated in China and was initially performed in the Chinese language before being adapted into the Banjar language when it was introduced to the Banjarese by Chinese traders.^[41]

The only traditional theatrical art that developed on the island of Kalimantan is mamanda, which is a traditional theatre art developed in South Kalimantan with Malay origin.^[42] Compared to other performing arts, it is more similar to lenong of Betawi in terms of the interaction between the actors and the audience, although mamanda is usually performed in an arena, while lenong is not, with tables and chairs more commonly used as important properties.^[42] This interaction encourages the audience to actively share funny comments, which helps make the atmosphere more lively. The difference is that lenong has evolved with the times, whereas mamanda tends to follow a monotonous storyline centred around a royal court.^[43] In mamanda, the characters are fixed, such as the Raja, Perdana Menteri, Mangkubumi, Wazir, Panglima Perang, Harapan Pertama, Harapan Kedua, Khadam (Clown/Adjutant), Permaisuri, and Sandut (Putri) where all the characters must appear in every performance.^[44][45] The performers' dress uses the common dress by the society at the time, although Western fashion also influenced the fashion and makeup styles.^[45] Additional characters are often introduced, such as the Raja dari Negeri Seberang, Perompak, Jin, Kompeni, and other supporting characters to enrich the story.^[44] It is believed that the term mamanda was used because, in the play, the characters such as the Wazir, Menteri, and Mangkubumi are addressed by the Raja as pamanda or mamanda.^[46] Mamanda etymologically comes from the word "mama" (mamarina), meaning uncle in the Banjar language, and "nda", which means "honourable".^[47] Therefore, mamanda refers to an "honourable uncle", a respectful term used for a family member in the kinship system.^[46]

The Banjarese were also known for their unique wayang kulit Banjar (Banjarese leather puppet shadow theatre), a syncretic Hindu-Buddhist-Animist musical theatre form accompanied by gamelan music from Java with a blend of Javanese structural influences with distinct local Banjarese stories, characters, and language which has been around since the 14th century.^[48][49] It serves as both entertainment and a moral guide, often performed at weddings and traditional ceremonies and to fulfil vows.^[50] The form of Banjar shadow puppets is generally smaller than their Javanese counterpart, with the material used in the making usually from cow's or goat's hide.^[49]

One of the traditional music arts of the Banjar people is musik panting, which is dominated by a chordophone musical instrument derived from the Dayak kecapi (zither) and later influenced by the Malay gambus (resembles the Arabic qanbūs, although smaller in size), with the instrument being called panting.^[51] The music originated from the Tapin region in South Kalimantan.^[52] In the past, it was played solo with only one person performing but as time progressed and musical tastes evolved, it was found that the music could be more captivating when played along with other instruments, and it is now commonly accompanied by other musical instruments such as the babun (gendang), agung (gong), and piul (violin), with several musicians performing together.^[53][54] The person who first gave it the name musik panting was A.W. Syarbaini,^[55] and until the present, the music remains a well-known traditional music form originating from the region and has become an inseparable part of the Banjarese cultural identity.^[56]

Another traditional music art of the Banjar people is called musik kintung which originates from the Banjar Regency, specifically from Sungai Alat village in Astambul and Bincau village in Martapura.^[57] This form of musical art is, however, becoming increasingly rare due to modernisation, and in the past, it was especially played for rituals asking for rain.^[58] The musical art was also used in competitions in the past, with the result not only judged by the sound but also involving magical elements, such as whether the opponent's instrument would break or fail to produce sound during the contest.

Banjar dance art is divided into two types: dances developed in the royal palace (keraton) and dances developed by the Banjar people.

Palace dance is characterised by the term baksa, derived from the Javanese word beksan, which signifies the refinement of movements in the choreography. These dances have existed for hundreds of years since the Hindu era, but their movements and costumes have been adjusted to fit the present-day context. For example, certain movements considered inappropriate according to Islamic customs have been slightly modified.

The relationship between the Banjar people and the indigenous Dayaks are closely related.^[59] Some Dayaks who had converted to Islam or migrated to coastal areas without converting their religion have also assimilated into the Banjar culture and call themselves Banjar.^[60][61][62] Both the Banjars and the Dayaks also think of themselves as brothers and sisters.^[63][64] This is further strengthened by the fact there are many intermarriages between the Banjars and the Dayaks, even among the members of the royalty.^[65] For example, Biang Lawai, a wife of a Banjar king, was of Dayak Ngaju ethnicity, which subsequently resulted in some Banjarese kings and queens having Dayak lineage in their blood.^[66]

Based on the Meratus Dayak legends, Meratus and Banjarese are descendants of related brothers of Datung Ayuh or Sandayuhan, who was the ancestor of the Meratus Dayak, and Bambang Basiwara or Intingan, who was the ancestor of the Banjarese.^[67] In the legends, Sandayuhan is strong and good at fighting, while Intingan has a weaker physique but greater intelligence.^[68] Through the close relationship, this also reflects the recognition of Banjar authority among the Meratus Dayaks.^[69] This relationship grew strong when both ethnicities were affected by some policies throughout the colonisation by the Dutch in the 18th century.^[70] Some of the warriors involved in the Banjar War are of Dayak ethnicity or have Dayak lineage in their blood, with many of the Dayaks who adhere to Kaharingan (animism) siding with the Banjarese, although other Christian Dayaks also sided with the Dutch.^[71]

• A Banjar man playing the panting musical instrument
• Banjarese music accompanies the Japin Sigam dance, which originates from Pulau Laut
• Three Banjar dancers performing the movements of the Baksa Kembang dance
• Bingka, a traditional cake of the Banjar people

• Banjar Malaysians
• Banjar Singaporeans
• Banjarese language
• Banjarese architecture
• Banjarmasin
• South Kalimantan

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• Media related to Banjar people at Wikimedia Commons