1929 Mexican presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Mexico on 17 November 1929. The winner of these elections was to serve the remainder of the 1928–1934 term for which Álvaro Obregón had been elected to the previous year before his assassination.

The National Revolutionary Party, founded in 1928 by Mexico's most powerful leader at the time, Plutarco Elías Calles, made its debut in these elections. The 1929 elections marked the beginning of 71 uninterrupted years of rule by that party, which was later renamed Party of the Mexican Revolution in 1938 and finally, Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1946. No opposition party would win a Presidential election until the 2000 elections.

According to the official results, the elections were won by Pascual Ortiz Rubio, who received 93.6% of the vote.^[1] Opposition candidate José Vasconcelos claimed that the elections had been fraudulent and unsuccessfully tried to organize an armed revolt to take power.

Ortiz Rubio was not able to serve the remainder of Álvaro Obregón's term as he was supposed to, as he resigned in September 1932 due to differences with Calles. Abelardo L. Rodríguez served the remaining two years of the term.

A new generation of caudillos, authoritarian military leaders with popular support, came to dominate Mexican politics as a result of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920).^[2] In 1920, Generals Álvaro Obregón, Adolfo de la Huerta, and Plutarco Elías Calles launched the Plan of Agua Prieta, which successfully ousted President Venustiano Carranza after the latter attempted to impose Ignacio Bonillas as his successor in the 1920 presidential election.^[3][4][5] Following Carranza's ouster, de la Huerta became interim president, and held the planned 1920 elections,^[4] which Obregón won.^[6] His candidacy was supported by the Laborist Party (PL) of the Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM) and its leader Luis N. Morones.^[7]

Obregón became president on 1 December of that year,^[8] being considered Mexico's last caudillo.^[2] Calles served as his secretary of the interior, while de la Huerta was his secretary of finance.^[9] In 1923, Obregón supported Calles to succeed him as president.^[10] Calles also received the support of the PL.^[11] De la Huerta felt that Obregón was imitating Carranza by imposing a successor, and so that same year he launched the Delahuertista Rebellion. By early 1924, the rebellion had been suppressed.^[4][12] Calles won the 1924 presidential election.^[13]

During Calles' presidency, his anti-clerical policies led to the three-year Cristero War between the government and Catholic militants, known as Cristeros.^[14] In 1927, the Constitution of Mexico was amended to allow for nonconsecutive presidential reelection and extended terms from four to six years.^[15] Obregón subsequently launched a campaign to be reelected to the presidency,^[16] which was supported by Calles.^[5] In the 1928 election, held on 1 July,^[17] Obregón was reelected unopposed.^[18][19]

As a result of the Cristero War, on 17 July 1928, President-Elect Obregón was assassinated by the Catholic militant José de León Toral.^[19][20] An interim president would soon have to be inaugurated and serve until another election could be called.^[21] Calles held a meeting with thirty of the country's most prominent generals to get their support for the interim president being a civilian.^[22] For the position, Calles supported Emilio Portes Gil,^[21] his secretary of the interior.^[23] Portes Gil was designated on 28 September by the Congress of the Union succeed Calles. He assumed office on 1 December.^[24] During his brief presidency, Portes Gil ended the Cristero War and held a new presidential election.^[25]

Following Obregón's assassination, Calles continued to exercise power and remained the most important political figure in the country.^[5] Calles' rule is sometimes known as the Maximato, deriving from his title of "Maximum Leader of the Mexican Revolution" (Spanish: Jefe Máximo de la Revolución Mexicana).^[26] Calles viewed the death of Obregón as an opportunity to reform Mexico's political system. In his final speech to congress on 1 September 1928, he denounced caudillismo as preventing Mexico's development, and that with the death Obregón Mexico should become a nation of institutions rather than caudillos. He also announced that he would not seek reelection.^[19][27]

Following the selection of Portes Gil as interim president, Calles began the process of forming a new political party, the National Revolutionary Party (PNR). He at first served as president of the PNR's Organizing Committee, though he shortly thereafter resigned to hold unofficial leadership.^[28] The same day Portes Gil took office, the Organizing Committee published its first manifesto. ON 20 January 1929, the party published their first program.^[29] On 1 March, the PNR began its first convention in the city of Querétaro. On 4 March, the party was legally declared to exist, and it named Pascual Ortiz Rubio as its candidate for that year's election.^[30]

Pascual Ortiz Rubio came from an aristocratic family in Michoacán,^[31] and was an engineer by profession. He participated in the Mexican Revolution, and became the governor of his home state, ultimately supporting the Plan of Agua Prieta. During the presidencies of Obregón and Calles, he served as Mexico's ambassador to Germany and Brazil.^[32][33] On 26 December 1928, he returned to Mexico from Brazil on Calles' orders.^[29] He was reportedly going to be named Portes Gil's secretary of the interior, but he did not assume the office.^[31] Mexican historian Enrique Krauze wrote that Ortiz Rubio had an "impeccable record", but as he had been out of the country for several years, he had no personal political base.^[28]

José Vasconcelos hailed from a middle-class family from Oaxaca.^[31] He became a prominent philosopher and politician, participating in the Mexican Revolution. Post-revolution, he served as the rector of the National Autonomous University of Mexico from 1920 to 1921, and then as secretary of public education under Obregón from 1921 to 1924.^[34] In the latter post, he oversaw, among other projects, a widespread campaign to combat illiteracy and sponsored the Mexican muralist movement.^[35] He sought to become the governor of Oaxaca in 1923, but Obregón refused to support him, and he ultimately resigned.^[31] Becoming an opposition politician, he spent several years lecturing abroad. He returned to Mexico upon Calles' promise of free elections for 1929. He subsequently launched an independent presidential campaign.^[36]

In 1927, the National Anti-Reelectionist Party (PNA) declared Gen. Arnulfo R. Gómez to be their candidate for the 1928 elections. However, later that year, he and Gen. Francisco R. Serrano conspired to overthrow and imprison Obregón and Calles, but their effort failed and they were executed.^[37] On 12 June 1929, PNA registered José Vasconcelos as their candidate. On 5 July, Vasconcelos was officially elected the PNA's candidate.^[38] The PNA's endorsement of Vasconcelos came late, as he was already several months into his campaign.^[39]

On 25 January 1929, the Mexican Communist Party named Gen. Pedro Rodríguez Triana as their candidate. In his acceptance speech, Rodríguez Triana stated that he expected to lose the election.^[40]

Ortiz Rubio began his campaign on 10 May 1929 with a banquet in Xochimilco.^[38] He began his tour of the country in Hidalgo on 26 May.^[39] The PNR's first declaration of principles declared that they would "help and stimulate gradually the Mexican woman's access to the activities of civic life" but did not promise equality of political rights. By contrast, the PNA endorsed women's suffrage and according to Mexican historian Gabriela Cano Ortega, a high percentage of their supporters were women.^[41]

Vasconcelos began his campaign in Nogales, Sonora in January 1929, and from there he continued through the northeast to the center of the country.^[39] He also toured the United States to win the support of migrants.^[34] To prevent migrants from voting, the government closed the border with the United States during the election.^[42] Vasconcelos' supporters primarily came from urban areas and the middle class.^[43] During his campaign, Vasconcelos argued that the military was too large for the country's needs, and called for a sharp reduction in military spending.^[44]

The election was held on 17 November 1929.^[43][45] Results were announced on 28 November.^[46]

Ortiz Rubio became president on 5 February 1930.^[49] Calles served as his secretary of war and the navy from 1931 to 1932.^[50]

The opposition candidate José Vasconcelos refused to recognize the official results, claiming that a massive electoral fraud had taken place, and proclaimed his "Plan de Guaymas", urging the Mexican people to rebel against the alleged fraud. He was subsequently jailed, and after being released he moved to the United States.

Many modern analysts, such as Enrique Krauze, have arrived at the conclusion that the 1929 elections were indeed rigged and Ortiz Rubio probably lost the election. In subsequent decades, the National Revolutionary Party, later renamed Institutional Revolutionary Party, continued resorting to electoral fraud to perpetuate itself in power.^[51][52][53]

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