List of wars involving England

• Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum
• Creation of the Danelaw

Deheubarth
Gwynedd
Kingdom of Gwent
Brycheiniog

• Militarily inconclusive
• Constantine acknowledges Æthelstan's overlordship

Kingdom of Alba

Kingdom of Strathclyde

• Idwal Foel is defeated and killed in battle against the Saxons

• Strathclyde ravaged
• Strathclyde ceded to Scotland

Earl of Bamburgh

• Northumbria becomes absorbed by the Kingdom of England

• Gwynedd is invaded and ravaged

• King Æthelred makes a payment of Danegeld of 10,000 Roman pounds

• The Anglo-Saxons retreats to Winchester

• The Vikings burn Pinhoe to the ground

• The Vikings are repulsed

• Over a three-month period the Vikings wasted East Anglia, burning Thetford and Cambridge

• Sweyn Forkbeard becomes king of England and dies shortly after

Edmund II 
Eadnoth the Younger †
Ulfcytel Snillingr †

• King Edmund, cedes all of England, save Wessex, to Cnut.^[1]
• Following Edmund's death on 30 November, Cnut ascends to the throne as the sole king of England.
• Personal union formed between Denmark and England under Danish hegemony.

Kingdom of Strathclyde

Canute the Great

Anund Jacob Olaf II of Norway

• The Swedish and Norwegian attack to conquer Denmark while Canute is busy in England fails and Canute retains power
• Norway becomes a part of the North Sea empire and parts or the whole of Sweden are conquered by troops from England and Denmark including the capital, Gamla Uppsala
• Olaf II of Norway is forced into exile in Kievan Rus.
• Most of the Swedish forces, however, remain intact. The later invasion of Sweden seems to have ended badly, and in Anglo-Saxon sources the battle is described as a Swedish victory, and also that there was a great loss of English lives, and that the Swedes were in possession of the Battlefield.
• Sweden would continue to support Norwegian rebels loyal to Olaf II under the whole of Canute's reign. Most forces in the Battle of Stiklestad consisted of Swedes and the eventual Swedish support for Norwegian rebels would lead to the disintegration of the North Sea Empire and the Personal Union between Denmark and Norway.^[2]

Kingdom of Denmark Norwegian chieftains

• Norway conquered by Cnut

Kingdom of Denmark

• Malcolm II, Maelbaethe and Lehmarc subjugated

Kingdom of Denmark

• Successful blockade of Flanders in support of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor

• Gruffudd ap Llywelyn is defeated and dies

Duchy of Normandy

• Norman victory

England

Harold Godwinson
Morcar, Earl of Northumbria
Edwin, Earl of Mercia

Harald Hardrada † Tostig Godwinson † Eystein Orre †

• English Victory
• The Norse army is defeated

Harold Godwinson †
Gyrth Godwinson †
Leofwine Godwinson †

William of Normandy
Alan the Red
William FitzOsbern
Eustace II, Count of Boulogne

• Norman Victory
• England becomes absorbed by the Duchy of Normandy

Kingdom of Norway

• Establishment of the Welsh Marches and conquest of Welsh territory
• Failure to conquer all of wales

• Scottish attacks on Northumbria repelled
• Malcolm III forced to submit to William the Conqueror, though makes subsequent raids once the Norman king returns south

• Philip I of France prevents further Norman expansion into the region

• Failure to conquer the 'French Vexin'
• William I mortally wounded

• Victory of ducal faction

• Treaty of Caen

Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of France
Duchy of Apulia
Byzantine Empire
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

Danishmends
Fatimid Caliphate
Almoravids

• Recapture of Nicaea
• Formation of the Crusader States

• Mixed Results
  • Status Quo Ante Bellum in Vexin
  • Failure to conquer French Vexin
  • Northern Maine Annexed

Victory

• Normandy is conquered by England after the Battle of Tinchebray

Duchy of Normandy

• Henry I retains Gisors
• Henry I recognised as suzerain of Brittany and Maine

Duchy of Normandy

Norman Rebels

• Louis VI fails to annex the Duchy of Normandy
• Victory at the Battle of Brémule swiftly ends the war

Duchy of Normandy

County of Maine

• French-Supported rebels in Maine defeated

Scotland

• Rebels Defeated
• Máel Coluim was captured and imprisoned in Roxburgh Castle

• Treaty of Durham (1139)
• David's son Henry is given the earldom of Northumberland
• Stephen recognises the independence of Scotland

Anglo-Norman Crusaders Kingdom of Portugal

• Crusader forces fail to capture Lisbon

Kingdom of Jerusalem (Holy land Crusade)
Kingdom of France (Iberian and Holy Land Crusade)
Holy Roman Empire (Wendish and Holy Land Crusade)
Kingdom of Portugal (Iberian Crusade)
Castile (Iberian Crusade)
County of Barcelona (Iberian Crusade)
León (Iberian Crusade)
Byzantine Empire (Holy land Crusade)
Kingdom of Denmark (Wendish Crusade)
Duchy of Poland (Wendish Crusade)
Kingdom of Sicily (Holy land Crusade)

Almoravids (Iberian Crusade)
Almohads (Iberian Crusade)
Zengids (Holy Land Crusade)
Fatimids (Holy Land Crusade)
Obotrite Confederacy (Wendish Crusade)

• Crusader Victory in Iberian and Wendish Crusades
• Muslim Victory in the Holy Land Crusade

• Eastern English coast plundered

Angevins Supporting Prince Richard

• Revolt of 1173-74 is defeated
• Richard’s Revolt is successful in 1189 with French aid

• Brittany is absorbed into the Angevin Empire

Anglo-Normans Cambro-Normans

• Most of Ireland absorbed into the Lordship of Ireland

• Lordship of Ireland

• John returns to England. Hugh de Lacy falls out of royal favour.

Kingdom of Jerusalem
France
Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Hungary

Zengids
Sultanate of Rum
Byzantine Empire
Kingdom of Sicily

• Treaty of Ramla

• Truce at Vernon
• Successful defence of Angevin territories

• England loses Normandy, Maine and Anjou to France

• Alfonso VIII of Castile fails to conquer the Duchy of Gascony, giving up on the venture by 1208

• Kingdom of France
  • Duchy of Burgundy
  • Duchy of Brittany
  • County of Nevers
  • County of Auxerre
  • County of Saint-Pol
  • Viscounty of Donges
  • Viscounty of Torèna
• Papal States
  • Episcopal Inquisition
  • Dominican Order
  • Militia of the Faith of Jesus Christ
  • Hospitallers of the Holy Spirit
  • Knights of Saint George
• Duchy of Austria
  • Duchy of Berg
  • Electorate of Cologne

County of Aurenja

• County of Provence-Forcalquier

• Cathars
• County of Toulouse
  • Viscounty of Béziers and Albi
  • County of Valentinois
  • Lordship of Séverac
• Marquisate of Provence
• Viscounty of Béarn
• County of Astarac
• Crown of Aragon
  • County of Foix
  • County of Comminges
  • Viscounty of Carcassonne
  • Lordship of Menèrba
  • Lordship of Tèrmes
  • Lordship of Cabaret
  • Lordship of Montsegúr
• Exiled knights

• Treaty of Paris

• Lordship of Ireland

Deheubarth

• Uprising defeated
• Peace treaty calling for less involvement from King John in Wales
• Gwynedd cedes the Perfeddwlad to England, but Gwynedd would recover the land the following year

County of Flanders
County of Boulogne

• Truce of Chinon
• Collapse of the Angevin Empire

• French Victory
• La Rochelle absorbed into
  Capetian royal demesne

• English Withdrawal

France
Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Jerusalem

• Christians negotiated return of Jerusalem, Ascalon, Sidon, Tiberias, most of Galilee,^[3] Bethlehem, and Nazareth
• Kingdom of Jerusalem returned to largest size since 1187

• Anglo-Gascon forces secure control of the disputed territories and force a resolution, supposedly capturing Theobald I of Navarre in the process

Kingdom of Cyprus
Kingdom of Jerusalem
County of Tripoli
Ilkhanate
Armenian Cilicia

• Status quo ante bellum

• The Isle of Man comes under English rule

• Treaty of Paris

Aquitaine becomes a Fief of France

Connacht
Thomond
Uí Maine
Tyrconnell
Breifne O'Rourke
Oriel
Desmond
Magh Luirg

• Scottish independence from England maintained
• English victory in Ireland
• Reinstatement of Anglo-Scottish border from reign of Alexander III of Scotland

• Treaty of Berwick

Duchy of Burgundy
Duchy of Brittany (Montfort)
Portugal
Navarre
Flanders
Hainaut
Luxembourg
Holy Roman Empire

Castile
Scotland
Genoa
Majorca
Bohemia
Crown of Aragon
Brittany (Blois)

• Edwardian War - English Victory
• Caroline War - French Victory
• Lancastrian War - French Victory

Forces of Peter of Castile
Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Majorca
Kingdom of Granada
Duchy of Aquitaine Other Elite European mercenaries

• English forces withdraw from the conflict in 1367 as it became clear Peter of Castile would not honour the terms of the Treaty of Libourne
• Eventual Victory for Henry of Trastámara and his allies.

Portugal

• Treaty of Elvas
• 1383–85 Crisis

Portugal

• John of Avis becomes John I of Portugal, ushering in the Johanine Dynasty
• Consolidation of Portuguese independence from Castile.
• Signing of the Treaty of Windsor, strengthening the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and kickstarting the so-called "Illustrious Generation"

• Kingdom of Galicia
• Kingdom of Portugal
• Kingdom of England

• French mercenaries

• A number of Irish chieftains submit to English overlordship

• Treaty of Utrecht

Habsburg Monarchy
Habsburg Netherlands

• City walls of Bruges demolished, loses economic position

Papal States
Venice
Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Swiss mercenaries

Duchy of Ferrara
Scotland

• French and Venetian victory
• Victory over Scotland in the Battle of Flodden

Papal States
Holy Roman Empire Spain

Venice

• Execution of Thomas FitzGerald

Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Saxony
Brandenburg

Ottoman Empire
Jülich-Cleves-Berg

France

• Anglo-French War (1557-1559)

Holy Roman Empire
Spain
Duchy of Florence
Duchy of Savoy

Republic of Siena
Ottoman Empire

• Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
• Loss of Calais to France
• Spanish and Imperial victory overall

• Shane O'Neill is killed and his lands are forfeited to the English crown

Protestant Scots

Catholic Scots

• Catholic/French withstood siege.
• Mary of Guise died during the peace process.
• Treaty of Edinburgh signed with withdraw of English and French troops from Scotland.
• Auld Alliance between Scotland and France was dissolved.

Huguenots (Before Edict of Amboise

• Uneasy truce
• The Edict of Nantes granted the Huguenots substantial rights in certain areas
• Paris and other defined territories were declared to be permanently Catholic
• Failure of France's enemies to weaken France and to gain territories

Dutch Republic
France
Huguenots
German Protestants

Spain

• Peace of Münster, Netherlands becomes independent

King's Men

• King's Men Victory

• New Spain

• Second Desmond Rebellion

• Famine throughout Munster
• Plantation of Munster

Portugal loyal to Prior of Crato
 France
United Provinces

Portugal loyal to Philip of Spain

• Decisive Spanish victory
• Philip of Spain crowned King of Portugal^[4]

United Provinces
 France
Portuguese loyal to Prior of Crato
French Huguenot forces

• Portugal under Philip of Spain

French Catholic League
Irish alliance
Order of Saint John

• Status quo ante bellum
• Treaty of London

Spain
Scottish Gaelic mercenaries

• Treaty of Mellifont (1603)
• Flight of the Earls (1607)

Treaty of Hague

• Formation of the Dutch Empire
• Portuguese Restoration War
• Dutch victory in the East
• Portuguese victory in South America and Africa

East India Company

• Dutch forces colonise the Banda Islands.

Supported by:
 England
Dutch Republic

• Great Peace of Montreal
• Huron-Wendat Confederacy destroyed

Colony of Virginia

• Towns in Acadia successfully raided
• Prisoners taken

Republic of Venice
Dutch Republic

Holy Roman Empire
Kingdom of Croatia
Spain

• Many Uskok pirates executed or exiled; Austrian garrison installed to check Uskoks.

Sweden
Kingdom of France
Bohemia
Denmark–Norway (1625–1629)
 Saxony
Dutch Republic
Electorate of the Palatinate
Brunswick-Lüneburg
 England
 Scotland
Brandenburg-Prussia
Transylvania
Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels
Zaporozhian Cossacks
Ottoman Empire

Holy Roman Empire

• Catholic League
• Habsburg Monarchy Austria
• Bavaria

Spain and its possessions
Denmark–Norway (1643–1645)

• Peace of Westphalia
• Habsburg supremacy curtailed
• Rise of the Bourbon dynasty
• Rise of the Swedish Empire
• Decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire
• Franco-Spanish War until 1659
• Substantial decline in the power and influence of the Catholic Church

Safavid Iran

• Qeshm annexed to Persia

Safavid Iran

• Hormuz annexed to Persia

Support:

• United Provinces

• Spain seeks and signs peace treaty with England in light of imminent war with France
• Treaty of Madrid, similar to previous Anglo-Spanish treaty although somewhat less strict regarding trade
• England bankruptcy practically ends English support to Dutch Republic in Eighty Years' War

• Treaty of Suza
• Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)

Plymouth Colony Saybrook Colony Connecticut Colony Narragansett Mohegans

Western Niantic people

• Pequot defeat and massacre
• Treaty of Hartford (1638)

• Treaty of Lisbon
• Charles II of Spain recognizes the sovereignty of the House of Braganza over Portugal and its colonial possessions

Dutch East India Company

• Treaty of Westminster
• Established domination of the seas and rise of England’s naval power

• Forts of Saint John, Port Royal, and Pentagouet captured
• Acadia becomes a British Colony from 1654-1667 until the Treaty of Breda (1667)

• Treaties of Madrid (1667 and 1670).
• Acquisition of Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Dunkirk and Mardyck by the Commonwealth of England

Regency of Algiers

• This war is a follow up conflict from the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660) and largely shares the same results

• Cape Coast conquered

• Uti possidetis
• Treaty of Breda

Status quo ante bellum:

• Treaty of Westminster (1674)

Dutch Republic
Holy Roman Empire (from 1673)
Spain (from 1673)
Brandenburg-Prussia (from 1673)
Lorraine (from 1673)
Denmark–Norway (from 1674)

 France
Münster (1672–1674)
Cologne (1672–1674)
Swedish Empire (from 1674)

• Treaty of Westminster (1674)
• Treaty of Nijmegen (1678–79)
• Franche-Comté and Spanish Netherlands cities ceded to France

Mohegans Pequots Mohawks

Nipmucks Podunks Narragansetts Nashaway Wabanakis

• New England Confederation Victory
• Wabanaki Victory in Maine

• Victory for the Mughal Empire
• The British East India Company fined

English factory rejected from Siam, after minor naval action, along with massacre in the aftermath: the war was not pursued. In 1688, a coup forced the closure of all official European trade in Siam for 150 years except for the Dutch.

• King William's War

• Louis XIV recognises William III of Orange as King of England, Scotland and Ireland.

• English-supported Takyi Kuma becomes king of Eguafo.

Denmark–Norway

Danish India

• Queen Anne's War

• Treaty of Utrecht:
• Philip V recognised as King of Spain by the Grand Alliance
• Spain cedes the Spanish Netherlands, Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Sardinia to the Austrian Habsburgs; Sicily to the Duchy of Savoy; and Gibraltar and Menorca to Britain.
• France recognises British sovereignty over Rupert's Land and Newfoundland and cedes Acadia and its half of Saint Kitts to Britain.
• Indecisive or failure for Britain's various allies.

Kingdom of Denmark
Anglo-Saxons
Anglo-Scandinavians

An uprising which started 4 years after the Norman Conquest. Edgar Ætheling, the grandson of Edmund Ironside and the last notable heir to the House of Wessex, fought with the support of the King of Denmark Sweyn II, Anglo-Saxons, and Anglo-Scandinavians.

It ended in defeat for the Anglo-Saxons & Anglo-Scandinavians. William the Conqueror paid Sweyn and his Danish fleet to go home, but the remaining rebels refused to meet him in battle, and he decided to starve them out by laying waste to the northern shires using scorched earth tactics. The Norman campaign to reconquer Northern England resulted in a genocide against the people living there.

An anti-Norman insurrection centred on the Isle of Ely. The Danish king Sweyn Estrithson sent a small army to try to establish a camp on the Isle of Ely. The Isle became a refuge for Anglo-Saxon forces under Earl Morcar, Bishop Aethelwine of Durham and Hereward the Wake in 1071.^[5] The area was taken by William the Conqueror only after a prolonged struggle.^[6]

• Ralph de Gael
• Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford
• Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northumberland

• Waltheof was beheaded in 1076
• Roger lost his lands and earldom, was imprisoned, and was beheaded in 1087.
• Ralph lost his lands and earldom, and was expelled from England

• Treaty of Wallingford
• Henry would do homage to Stephen, in return Stephen promised Henry would become King of England upon his death

Treaty of Falaise

• Scotland cedes the castles of Roxburgh, Berwick, Jedburgh, Edinburgh, and Stirling over to English soldiers
• William is forced to recognize Henry's overlordship

Pro-Angevin forces

France
Kingdom of Scotland

• Treaty of Lambeth
• Restoration of Magna Carta

• Capture and imprisonment of King Henry III by baronial forces
• Establishment of de facto Protectorate ruled by Simon de Montfort's Parliament until 1265
• Restoration of Royal Authority in 1266
• Peace treaty agreed with Dictum of Kenilworth in 1267
• Statute of Marlborough issued in 1267; legal confirmation of the Magna Carta and Parliament

• Marcher Lords

Supported by: Kingdom of Scotland

• Return of the Despensers
• Execution of rebels
• Revocation of the Ordinances of 1311
• Strengthening of the monarchy until 1326

Edward II (POW)
Hugh Despenser the Younger 
Hugh Despenser the Elder 
Earl of Arundel 

Supported by:
County of Hainaut^[7]

Isabella of France
Roger Mortimer
Earl of Leicester
Earl of Norfolk
Earl of Kent

Continuation of the Despenser War. Isabella of France, and her lover, Roger Mortimers invasion led to:

• Executions of Hugh Despenser the Younger and Hugh Despenser the Elder
• Abdication of Isabella's husband, King Edward II for their son Edward III
• Edward II died, most likely assassinated by orders of Isabella and Mortimer.

• Most rebel leaders executed
• no further attempts by Parliament to impose a poll tax or to reform England's fiscal system.

• Rebellion Suppressed
• Rebel leaders executed

• Suppression of the revolt

Supported by:
Burgundian State
Lordship of Ireland
Duchy of Brittany^[a]

Supported by:
Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Scotland
Principality of Wales
Duchy of Brittany^[b]

Yorkist rebels

• End of the Plantagenet dynasty
• House of York reigns for 24 years
• Extinction of the House of Lancaster
• House of Tudor inherits Lancastrian claim to the throne and defeats the Yorkist dynasty
• Establishment of the Tudor dynasty
• End of the middle ages in England
• Strengthening of the English monarchy under the Tudors
• Dawn of the English Renaissance^[8][9][10]

Henry VII
Giles, Lord Daubeny

James, Baron Audley  
Thomas Flamank  
Michael An Gof  

Edward VI
Edward Seymour
John Russell
Anthony Kingston
William Francis

Sir Humphrey Arundell  
John Winslade  
John Bury  
Robert Welch, Vicar of St Thomas, Exeter  

• rebellion suppressed
• execution of rebel commanders

Elizabeth I of England English and Welsh Protestants Scottish Protestants

• Elizabeth's authority strengthened
• Aristocracy of the North weakened

• Kingdom of Ireland along with Gaelic allies

• Suppression of the revolt

Confederates

Scottish Covenanters

Bishops' Wars (1639)

• Covenanters defeat Scottish Royalists and England

Second Bishops' War (1640)

• Covenanters defeat Scottish Royalists and England

Irish Rebellion of 1641

• Founding of the Irish Catholic Confederation and beginning of the Irish Confederate Wars

First English Civil War (1642–46)

• Parliamentarian & Scottish Covenanters victory over the Royalists

Irish Confederate Wars (1642–48)

• Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland
• Defeat of Royalists and crushing of Irish Catholic Confederation

Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1644–47)

• Covenanters defeat Royalists and Irish Confederation

Second English Civil War (1648)

• English Parliamentarian victory over the Royalists and Scottish Covenanters forces.
• Execution of King Charles I
• Exile of Charles II
• Establishment of the republican Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell
• Kirk Party takes power in Scotland

Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649)

• English Parliamentarian & Protestant colonists victory over Irish Catholic Confederation and English Royalists
• English Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland
• End of the Irish Catholic Confederation
• Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652

Third English Civil War (1650–1652)

• Commonwealth of England victory over Scotland
• Scotland absorbed into the Commonwealth of England

• James II replaced as king by his daughter Mary II and her husband William III

Great Britain (from 1707)

in England, Scotland and Ireland

• Williamite War in Ireland (1688–91) - The Battle of the Boyne saw the last battle between two rival claimants for the throne
• Jacobite rising of 1689 (1689–1692)
• Jacobite rising of 1715 (1715–16)
• Jacobite rising of 1719 (1719)
• Jacobite rising of 1745 (1741–1746) - Jacobite restoration attempt defeated

• Military victory for William
• Diplomatic victory for Louis
• Long-term political victory for William

Papal States
Republic of Venice
Kingdom of Naples
Kingdoms of Spain
Duchy of Milan
Holy Roman Empire
Republic of Florence
Duchy of Mantua
Supported by:
England

• Swiss mercenaries

• Forced French retreat