Kurumba languages

Not to be confused with Koromfe language.

Kurumba
Native toIndia
RegionTamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala
Ethnicity88,750 Kurumbar
Tamil script, Kannada script, Malayalam script
Language codes
ISO 639-3kfi
Glottologkann1253
Kurumba or Kuruba is classified as severely endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[1]
[2]

Kurumba (also known as Kuruba in Karnataka and Kuruma in Kerala, IPA: [kuru(m)bɐ, kurumɐ]), refers to a group of languages within the Southern Dravidian branch of the Dravidian language family[3][4] These languages are spoken by the Kurumba communities, who inhabit Nilgiri Hills, in Tamil Nadu and nearby areas including of Coimbatore, Pudukottai etc.[5] The cultural identity of the Kurumba people is expressed extensively through oral traditions, folklore, and music.[6]

Etymology

Several etymological explanations appear in Dravidian linguistics including Tamil classical works. The term Kurumba (also found as Kuruba, or Kuruma) is believed to derive from early Dravidian roots associated with hill-dwelling and shepherd. The root also derived the terms Kurup, Kurichiya, Kurava, Koraga.[7]

Classification

Kannadoid

Together they are known as Kannada Kurumba as they are similar to Kannada.[8]

Iruloid

Malayalamoid

Language preservation and Documentation

Several Kurumba varieties are considered endangered, with ongoing language shift posing a threat to their linguistic heritage.[9][10][3] The Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) has initiated efforts to document and preserve these languages as part of broader revitalization measures[11]. Kurumba languages are distinct from Malayalam, Tamil, and Kannada, and linguistic analyses indicate that they retain several features characteristic of Proto-Dravidian.[12]

The Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages (SPPEL), implemented by the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) under the Government of India, includes Kurumba among the endangered languages targeted for systematic documentation.[11] The programme undertakes the preparation of primers, bi-/trilingual dictionaries (in electronic and print formats), grammatical sketches, pictorial glossaries, and detailed ethno-linguistic profiles of the community. In addition, the Centre for Endangered Languages of Kerala (CELK) at the University of Kerala is developing a primer for three tribal languages of the region: Irula, Muduga, and Kurumba.[13]

Literature and dictionary

Dieter B. Kapp, a German Indologist and linguist from the University of Heidelberg, made significant contributions to the study of Kurumba languages.[14][15] His work includes the compilation of a comprehensive grammar and an etymological dictionary of the Alu Kurumba language, supplemented with specimen texts and German translations. Kapp’s research supports the classification of Alu Kurumba as an independent South Dravidian language[12].

In addition, Srinivasa Varma of Annamalai University compiled a dictionary of the Pudukkottai Kurumba dialect, which was published in 1978, providing one of the earliest systematic lexical resources for this variety [5].

Movies on Kurumba language

The Kurumba-language film Mmmmm (Sound of Pain), directed by Vijeesh Mani, was included in the list of 366 films deemed eligible for the Academy Awards by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.[16] The film, which features former Indian footballer I. M. Vijayan in the lead role, portrays the life of a Kurumba tribesman who collects honey for his livelihood and the challenges he faces as environmental degradation leads to a decline in honey availability.[17][18]

Geographical distribution

Kannadoid Kurumba languages are spoken at the Karnataka-Tamil Nadu border. Irulic and Malayalamoid Kurumba languages are spoken in Wayanad district of Kerala.

References

  1. ^ Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (PDF) (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO. p. 205. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022.
  2. ^ Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre. "CC BY 3.0". UNESCO – via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. ^ a b "Betta Kuruba" – via sanchika.ciil.org.
  4. ^ "Adivasi-Kurumba corpses perform their own burial" (PDF). www.cds.ac.in.
  5. ^ a b Srinivasa Varma, G.. Kurumba Kannada: Pudukkottai Kurumba Dialect. India: Annamalai University, 1978
  6. ^ "Glottolog 4.8 - Mullu Kurumba".
  7. ^ Burrow, T. (Thomas); Emeneau, M. B. ; 1904-; (Murray Barnson) (26 December 1984). "A Dravidian etymological dictionary". dsal.uchicago.edu.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ "Glottolog 4.8 - Kurumba, Kannada".
  9. ^ "Documentation of Betta Kurumba | Endangered Languages Archive". www.elararchive.org.
  10. ^ Coelho, G. (2015). "Documentation of Betta Kurumba". Endangered Languages Archive.
  11. ^ a b "Preservation of tribal culture". www.pib.gov.in.
  12. ^ a b Burrow T. Dieter B. Kapp: Ālu-Kurumbaru Nāyan: die Sprache der Ālu-Kuṟumbas. Grammatik, Texte, Wörterbuch. (Neuindische Studien, Bd. 7.) xxxiii, 442 pp. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1982. DM 220. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 1984;47(2):368-369. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00037691
  13. ^ Kumar, Aswin Asok (1 August 2025). "Kerala University unveils tribal language primer to aid indigenous education". The New Indian Express.
  14. ^ Kapp, Dieter B. “The ‘Ālu Kuṟumba Rāmāyaṇa’: The Story of Rāma as Narrated by a South Indian Tribe.” Asian Folklore Studies 48, no. 1 (1989): 123–40
  15. ^ Kapp, D. B. (2006). Ālu-Kuṟumba-Texte. Harrassowitz
  16. ^ Jeshi, K. (23 January 2021). "Actor Semmalar Annam on playing a tribal woman in an upcoming Malayalam film" – via www.thehindu.com.
  17. ^ "Jamming with Nanjiyamma, cricket with kids: Vijayan shares lockdown experiences". Jamming with Nanjiyamma, cricket with kids: Vijayan shares lockdown experiences.
  18. ^ "Kerala tribal language film 'Mmmmmm (Sound of Pain)' eligible for Oscar race". IMDb.
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