Kolpak (hat)
Kolpak (Ukrainian and Rusyn: Колпак) is an octagonal, onion-dome–shaped, segmented and collapsible hat,[1] sometimes topped with a decorative cross, traditionally worn by Byzantine Catholic diocesan clergy of the Ruthenian and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Churches.[2]
It is intended primarily for outdoor use.[3] It is typically made of black cloth for lower clergy, while archpriests (or monsignors), canons[4] and bishops wear a version made of amaranth or violet colored fabric.[5]
History
The kolpak was introduced into discussion among Gallician Greek Catholic clergy in the late 19th century as a dignified and practical alternative to the Latin-style papafii (biretta), which many considered unsuitable to the Eastern tradition.
Metropolitan Joseph Sembratovych petitioned Rome for its approval, citing health reasons, and in January 1881 the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith authorized its use in the Archeparchy of Lviv, provided it differed from Eastern Orthodox models. Clergy soon adopted the headgear, but Austrian authorities objected that it too closely resembled kamilavka, headwear of Russian Orthodox clergy, and might encourage pro-Orthodox sentiment.[6] The use of the kolpak declined following the Second Vatican Council, as it came to be regarded by some as a symbol of the Latinisation of liturgy.[7][8]
References
- ^ Pospishil, Victor J. (1989). "Andrei Sheptyts'kyi and Liturgical Reform". In Magocsi, Paul R. (ed.). Morality and Reality: The Life and Times of Andrei Sheptyts'kyi. Edmonton, Canada: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. pp. 201–225. ISBN 978-0-920862-68-1. p. 223:
A visible symbol of this hybrid rite [the "Ruthenian Rite"] is the kolpak or headgear of the clergy ... It is not Eastern attire, but neither is it the Latin biretta. In the shape of an Eastern mitre, but segmented and collapsible, it was a hybrid creation incorporating features of both [Catholic and Eastern Orthodox] traditions.
- ^ Pastoral Guide of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in the United States of America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US: The Archeparchy of Philadelphia; The Eparchies of Stamford; of St. Nicholas in Chicago; of St. Josaphat in Parma. 1999.
- ^ Bohač, Vojtech (2 February 1997). "Liturgický slovník byzantského obradu". Slovo (in Slovak). p. 13.
- ^ Slivka, John. Historical Mirror Greek Rite Catholics 1884-1963.
- ^ Slipyj, Josyf (1979). Патріярші відзначення для духовенства (in Ukrainian). Rome: The Herald of the Supreme Archbishop of the Byzantine-Ukrainian (Greco-Ruthenian) Rite.
- ^ Himka, John-Paul (1999). Religion and nationality in Western Ukraine. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-1812-6.
- ^ Mahieu, Stéphanie; Naumescu, Vlad (2008). Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe. Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia.
- ^ Keleher, Serge; Figel, Jack. Ordo Celebrations – The Order for the Celebrations of Vespers, Orthros and the Divine Liturgy According to the Ruthenian Recension.