Jiawang, Xuzhou

Jiawang
贾汪区
District
Location in Xuzhou
Jiawang
Location in Jiangsu
Coordinates: 34°25′06″N 117°30′12″E / 34.4184°N 117.5033°E / 34.4184; 117.5033
CountryPeople's Republic of China
ProvinceJiangsu
Prefecture-level cityXuzhou
Area
 • Total
690 km2 (270 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 census)
 • Total
453,555
 • Density660/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal Code
221011
Websitexzjw.gov.cn

Jiawang District (simplified Chinese: 贾汪区; traditional Chinese: 賈汪區; pinyin: Jiǎwāng Qū) is a suburban district of Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, China. It is located in the northern part of Xuzhou and adjacent to the prefecture-level city of Zaozhuang, Shandong in the north.

Originally a coal town and later a specialized industrial and mining area, Jiawang's economy was centered on coal production until the 2000s.[1] The district initiated an economic diversification program alongside environmental remediation of legacy mining subsidence areas. In 2019, the State Council of China cited Jiawang as a model case for the redevelopment of resource-exhausted regions.[2]

History

Jiawang (贾汪; 賈汪; Chia-wang) contracts Jiajiawang (贾家汪; 賈家汪; Chia-chia-wang),[3] a settlement established by the Jia clan near a local pond.[4] Historical records also frequently substitute the homophonous variant (贾旺; 賈旺). [5]

In 1880, flood erosion exposed coal outcrops, which prompted the Qing government to initiate industrial planning in 1882. Due to funding constraints, the project pivoted exclusively to coal. Founded in 1898, the Chiawang Mining Co. initially struggled with persistent losses due to poor transportation and manual extraction methods.[6]

In 1912, the company was sold to the family of Yuan Shikai, who modernized operations by constructing a narrow-gauge railway to Liuquan (Liuchuan) to connect with the Tianjin–Pukou railway.[7] Daily production soon exceeded 500 tons. Despite ownership transfers to Shanghai merchants during warlord conflicts, Chiawang developed into a modern enterprise with annual output surpassing 200,000 tons. Jiawang was officially recognized as a coal town in 1928.[8]

Despite its expansion, the firm faced chronic capital shortages and heavy debt under the guaranteed dividend system.[9] In the 1930s, entrepreneur Liu Hongsheng reorganized it into the Hua-tung (Huadong) Coal Mining Co., with annual production reaching 350,000 tons by 1936. However, miners faced harsh conditions and frequent wage arrears, triggering recurrent strikes from 1928 onwards.[10]

By the mid-1930s, the company maintained a highly leveraged capital structure, with significant liabilities held by domestic lenders and the Deutsch-Asiatische Bank.[11][12] After the 1937 invasion, management invoked German interests for nominal immunity. These maneuvers proved insufficient to deter expropriation, and the Imperial Japanese Army formally seized the mines in late 1938, renaming the operation Liuchuan Coal Mine (柳泉炭鉱, Ryūsen Tankō; 柳泉炭礦) under the North China Development Co., Ltd.[13]

Meiji Mining provided technical support in 1943,[14] and jurisdiction shifted to the Central China Development Co., Ltd. in March 1945.[15] Following the war, managing director Saito Tasukushu (斉藤弼州) was convicted as a Class C war criminal for "forcible land acquisition" and "killing of residents." However, the Nationalist government reduced his sentence for ensuring the mining facilities were handed over intact.[16]

In November 1948, during the Huaihai campaign, Generals He Jifeng and Zhang Kexia defected to the Communist forces at Jiawang with 23,000 troops, breaching Xuzhou's northeastern defenses. From 1949 to 1952, the town was officially renamed as the variant (贾旺) while serving as the seat of Tongshan county under Shandong's administration. Its original characters (贾汪) were restored when it returned to Jiangsu province in 1952.[17]

Following the nationalization of the mines, the Jiawang Mining Bureau was established to manage in 1953, before being abolished in June 1958, and its mines were subordinated to the Xuzhou Mining Bureau in October. Soviet experts helped extend the lifespan of local shafts,[18] and new deposits were discovered at Panjia'an and Dahuangshan. Jiawang District was officially established in 1965.[8] Around 2000, most mines began closing due to resource depletion. In 2011, Jiawang was designated a national resource-exhausted district; its last coal mine was sealed in 2016.[1]

Administrative divisions

Jiawang District has 8 subdistricts and 5 towns.

Subdistricts
  • Daquan (大泉)
  • Laokuang (老矿)
  • Pan'anhu (潘安湖)
  • Dawu (大吴)
  • Zhuyushan (茱萸山)
  • Damiao (大庙)
  • Dahuangshan (大黄山)
  • Jinlonghu (金龙湖)
Towns
  • Qingshanquan (青山泉)
  • Zizhuang (紫庄)
  • Tashan (塔山)
  • Biantang (汴塘)
  • Jiangzhuang (江庄)

Geography

In northeastern Xuzhou, Jiawang occupies a transition zone between the southern fringes of the Shandong hills and the Huang-Huai alluvial plain. The regional topography consists of residual hills interspersed with alluvial plains, descending in elevation from the northwest toward the southeast. The district encompasses over 300 individual hills, primarily concentrated in the northern and eastern sectors.[19] The Bulao River traverses the southern perimeter of the district, linking to the Grand Canal; on the eastern periphery, Mount Dadong [elevation 361 metres (1,184 ft)] serves as the highest point within the Xuzhou municipality.

Public services

The district is served by three major medical institutions: Jiawang District People's Hospital, and the Jiawang and Dahuangshan campuses of Xuzhou Mining Group General Hospital. Educational infrastructure includes the main campus of the Kewen College of Jiangsu Normal University.

References

  1. ^ a b "江苏徐州："百年煤都"的生态涅槃". www.xinhuanet.com. Xinhua News Agency.
  2. ^ Department of Regional Revitalization (2020-05-18). "江苏省徐州市贾汪区深入践行新发展理念努力走在高质量转型发展前列" [Typical Experience in Promoting the Transformation of Resource-Exhausted Cities (Part II): Jiawang District, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province]. ndrc.gov.cn (in Chinese).
  3. ^ Ch'en, Chia-hsuan (1935). 實用商業辭典 [A Practical Dictionary of Commerce] (PDF) (in Chinese). Shanghai: Commercial Press. OCLC 1462513059.
  4. ^ JWQZ 2002, p. 1-4.
  5. ^ Chu, Pei-lien (1987). 江蘇省及六十四縣市志畧 [Historical Gazetteers of Jiangsu Province and its Sixty-Four Counties and Municipalities] (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Historica. pp. 20, 226. OCLC 1462458043.
  6. ^ Li 1990, p. 39,42.
  7. ^ Wright 1985, p. 151.
  8. ^ a b Jiangsu Provincial Chorographies: Toponymy Chorography. Nanjing: Jiangsu People's Press. 2003. ISBN 7214035634.
  9. ^ Wright 1985, p. 19.
  10. ^ Wright 1985, p. 177,190.
  11. ^ Wright 1985, p. 151-2.
  12. ^ Kent, George O. (1972). A Catalog of Files and Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives, 1920-1945. Vol. IV. Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. p. 142. LCCN 62-19204.
  13. ^ Li 1990, p. 414-5.
  14. ^ 明治鉱業株式会社社史編纂委員会 (1957). 明治鉱業株式会社社史 [Company History of Meiji Mining Co., Ltd.] (in Japanese). 明治鉱业株式会社.
  15. ^ 外務省省茗荷谷研修所 (2005). 戦中期植民地行政史料総目錄: 外務省茗荷谷研修所旧蔵記錄. 経済編 総目録４ [General Catalogue of Colonial Administrative Materials During the War: Records Formerly Held by the Myogadani Training Institute of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Economy Vol. 4] (in Japanese). ゆまに書房. p. 308. ISBN 978-4-8433-1355-8.
  16. ^ "陳誠呈審核戰犯齋籐弼州保護我煤礦之功擬請改處十年有期徒刑文電日報表（一○九）" (in Chinese). Academia Historica. 002-080200-00536-050.
  17. ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (1998). 中华人民共和国行政区划 (1949-1997) [Administrative Divisions of the People's Republic of China (1949-1997)] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Press. p. 2217. ISBN 978-7-80146-034-9.
  18. ^ Shen, Zhihua (2015). 苏联专家在中国（1948-1960） [Soviet Experts in China (1948–1960)] (in Chinese). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-7-5097-3847-4.
  19. ^ JWQZ 2002, p. 55-7.

Sources

  • Wright, Tim (1985). Coal mining in China's economy and society 1895 - 1937. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-25878-4.
  • Li, Jinyao (1990). 中国近代煤矿史 [A History of Modern Chinese Coal Industry] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-5020-0254-1.
  • Jiawang District Local Gazetteer Compilation Committee (2002). 贾汪区志 [Gazetteer of Jiawang District] (in Chinese). Beijing: Fangzhi Press. ISBN 7-80122-883-9.
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