Gurjars in Uttarakhand

Gurjars in Uttarakhand
Uttarakhandi Gujjars
Gurjar tribal girl from Uttarakhand
Regions with significant populations
Uttarakhand
Languages
Gujari, Garhwali, Kumaoni, Urdu, Hindi
Religion
• Majority: Islam • Minority: Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Gurjar, Van Gurjars

Gurjars in Uttarakhand, Uttarakhandi Gujjars, or Uttaranchali Gujjars[a] are a community native to the Indian state of Uttarakhand. They descended from Gurjars who moved into this region during medieval times. They are mainly found in the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions[1]: 56-70 [2] and scattered across almost all districts of Uttarakhand; they are densely populated in Dehradun, Haridwar, Nainital, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarkashi, Tehri Garhwal, and Almora districts, while Pithoragarh district has the smallest Gujjar population. In the 1931 Census of India, 63.21% of Gurjars in present-day Uttarakhand state were Muslims, while the remaining 36.79% were Hindus.[3]

Hindu Gujjars in the state have traditionally been settled, with some being nomads, while Muslim Gujjars are mainly nomads with some settled communities. Amongst the nomadic Muslim Gurjar communities Van Gujjar is a major subgroup.[4]

Etymology and origin

Etymology

The word Gurjar is derived from the Sanskrit word Gurjara, which means "enemy destroyer".[4][5]

Origin

Some historians believe Gurjars were nomad from Central Asia who moved to India between 5th and 6th centuries.[4][6] Another theory is that they were originally from India, specifically in western Rajasthan, Malwa, and Gujarat, and later moved Punjab and Uttarakhand around the 16th century.[4]

History

The Gazetteer of Dehradun notes that Gurjars and Rajputs lived in Dehradun district around the 18th century. This probably refers to when Gurjars first moved to Uttarakhand, around the same time as the Rajputs.[1]: 62 [7] Many scholars believe 'Gurjars' came to the region of Uttaranchal (Uttarakhand) about 200 years ago from Jammu.[8]

It is generally believe that Gurjars initially moved to the Kumaon and Garhwal regions of Uttar Pradesh between the mid 19th and 19th century, which are now part of Uttarakhand.[9][4]

Gujjars are believed to have migrated to the Garhwal division of Uttarakhand from Jammu and Kashmir, via Himachal Pradesh, looking for grasslands for their livestock.[4]

In the late 1800s, the Jaunsar-Bawar forest division in Dehradun district was a key spot for nomadic Gurjars. It connected nearby regions, and when summer came, Gurjars would gather there to head to highland pastures with their cattle. Some stayed there for summer, while others moved on to other areas.[10]: 92 

Dynasties/states

Landaura state

The Panwar Gurjars ruled in the Landhaura state in the Landaura town of Haridwar district over more than 600 villages for about 375 years. In 1759–60, the Mughal governor gave Nahar Singh, a Gurjar leader of Panwar clan rights to collect revenue in the area of Landaura.[11] Many Gurjars joined him, and he became a powerful local leader. Under Mughal rule, Gurjars traded cattle, paying taxes to the Mughals. Nahar Singh switched sides between Mughals and Sikhs, was imprisoned, and eventually lost part of his land. He later worked with the Mughals to drive out Sikhs. After his death, his son Ram Dayal Sin took over.[11][1]: 67 

In 1804, Ram Dayal Singh supported the East India Company during a local rebellion. After his death in 1813, a dispute over leadership was settled when Dhan Kunwar paid off her husband's relative, Badan Singh, to keep control of Landaura state for her infant son, Kushal Singh. In 1824, a relative of Ram Dayal Singh, Vijay Singh Gurjar tried to take over but failed and was killed.[12] Kushal Singh died in 1829, followed by his mother Dhan Kunwar in 1849. His son Harbans Singh died young in 1850, leaving behind a baby son, Ragubir Singh.[11]

Timli state

In the 15th century, Phoda Singh and Lal Karan Singh from the Chokar clan of Gujjars established Timli state in Dehradun.[13] The state was ruled by their dynasty until it was annexed by Mughals.[14][15] Their family ruled until the Mughals took over. Later, in 1548, they again took control, founded Timli town and ruled it. Bhagwan Singh, a notable king from the same family, even controlled prices in north India. When took over some areas in Dehradun, Timli state remained independent. After Bhagwan Singh's death, his daughter Satyaditi ruled the state.[16][15][17]

Kunja estate

In the 19th century Kunja principality was ruled Raja Vijay Singh Gurjar in Dehradun district. In 1857 he started a rebellion against the British. He killed many British with the help of Gurjars but a large army of the British killed him and his commander Kalyan Singh Gurjar and set fire to Kunja village.[18][19]

Demographics

Gurjars and Van Gujjars communities mainly found in the Shivalik, Kalsi, Jim Corbett National Park and Rajaji National Park forest areas of Uttarakhand.[20][8] The Tons Valley in the Jaunsar-Bawar region of the Garhwal division and districts like Dehradun, Haridwar, Uttarkashi, Roorkee, Nainital, Almora and Bageshwar and also have large settlements of Gurjars.[20][21]

The Shivalik region east of Garhwal division has a pastoral area stretching from Kalsi forest to Kotdwar. Gujjars live in many places here, including Gangabhogpur, Gauhari range, Gaendikhata,Dumet, Dhaula Tapad, Pauri Garhwal, Batoli, Dharmawala, Majri, Kulhal, Simlash, Dudhli, Bhaniyawala, Timli, Kadwapani (Dehradun), Sajanpur, Aamsaut, Katebad, Sherpur, Chidiyapur Rang, South Nlowala, North Nlowala (Haridwar), Shikroda, Khanpur, Laldang, Jakhan, Nastarwari, Dasoywala, Shyampur, Peeli beet, Sidha beet, Mithi beri, Kanswali (Haridwar), and the Rajaji National Park area.[8]

Religion

Gurjars in Uttarakhand are divided into two distinct ethno religious groups: Hindu Gurjars and Muslim Gurjars. Muslim Gurjars of Uttarakhand predominantly belong to the Sunni sect of Islam. In the 1931 Census of India, 63.21% of Gurjars in present-day Uttarakhand state were Muslims, while the remaining 36.79% were Hindus.[3]

The Van Gujjars of Uttarakhand state adopted Islam in the 13th to 14th centuries,[22] but other Gurjars of the state mostly adopted Islam in the 17th century.[1]: 62 

Population

In the 1931 census, the total population of Gurjars in the Indian state of Uttarakhand was 2,210, of which 1,397 were Muslims, making up 63.21% of the total Gurjar population.[3] An unknown number of Hindu Gurjars live in Uttarakhand, and the Muslim Van Gurjars population in the state approximately reached to 70,000.[23][24]

Population of Gurjars recorded in different census reports of British India for the present-day Indian state of Uttarakhand (formerly a region as Uttaranchal in Uttar Pradesh).

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1891997—    
19011,250+2.29%
19112,148+5.56%
19212,609+1.96%
19312,210−1.65%
source: 1891 census - 1901 census[25] - 1911 census[26] - 1921 census[27] - 1931 census[3]

Gotras

Some important clans (Gotras) found among the Gurjars of Uttarakhand state are as follows:

Culture

Attire and appearance

"Gurjars in Uttarakhand" are typically tall, dark and sharp in appearance. Gurjar men wore checked lungis, loose kurtas, waistcoats, and unique colorful embroidered caps in shades of pink and blue. Many went shoesless with sturdy feet like the Dhobi people. Some modern Gurjars wore shirts, cheap rubber shoes, and even wristwatches.[6] Nowadays, Gurjar men typically wear a turban, a loose sarong, and often have a long beard, with some adding embroidered waistcoats to their outfit especially in winter.

In appearance Gurjar women are generally smaller than the men. They wear a hill-styled salwar-kameez, similar to the one worn in the plains, with a shalwar featuring many pleats and small floral prints on a green or blue background. Their attire is very similar to salwar-kameez of Gujjar women of Kashmir. They wear minimal silver jewellery.[6]

Gurjar women usually wear a long kurta type shirt, tight pants (pajamas), and a jacket. Women of Hindu and Muslim Gurjars in Uttarakhand typically do not cover their faces or practice Purdah system.[2]

Festivals

Gurjars in Uttarakhand celebrate various regional and religious festivals. Muslim Gurjars celebrate Islamic festivals like Ramazan, Muharram, Eid al-Fitr, and Eid al-Adha, while Hindu Gurjars celebrate Hindu festivals like Diwali, Holi, Baisakhi, and Lohri.[2]

Dwelling

Tribal Gujjars in the forest areas of Rajaji National Park live in deras (traditional dwelling), simple homes made from forest materials. They move in big family groups to find good grazing land and set up temporary homes for the stay.[28][29][30]

Marriages

Gujjars practice various marriage customs in Uttarakhand. Hindu Gurjars mostly practice polyandry marriages.[31][32] Muslim Gujars practice cousins marriages and exchange marriages (where families swap a boy and a girl).[31]

Language

In Uttarakhand, they speak various regional languages, including Garhwali, Kumaoni, Hindi, Urdu, and Gujari. The Garhwali and Kumaoni language mainly spoken by Hindu Gurjars in the state. Muslim Gurjars in the state mostly speak Gujari as their mother tongue. In the 2011 census, there were 3,822 Gujari speakers among the Muslim Gurjars in Uttarakhand.[33]

Social status

In Uttarakhand Hindu Gurjars are socially classified as Other Backwards classes (OBC) in the state.[34]

In 2012, the Government of Uttarakhand promised to give Schedule Tribe (ST) status to Gurjars of Uttarakhand and Muslim Van Gujjars, but this promise hasn't been kept yet. The Van Gujjars, a semi-nomadic pastoral community, have been fighting for this recognition, which would grant them rights to forest land and other benefits.[35]

Economy

Many people in Uttarakhand were herders, farmers, or both. They mainly raised cattle, which was a big part of their economy. Some groups in Uttarakhand like the Gurjars and Bhotiyas, relied entirely on livestock.[10][7]: 84 

Traditional Veterinary Practices

In 2023, a study was conducted in the Terai region of southern Uttarakhand. The areas located at Terai-Bhabar of Udham Singh Nagar district and foothills of Dehradun, Haridwar, and Pauri districts were part of the study. This study found 90 plants from 47 families that the Gurjars in Uttarakhand uses for women's health issues.[36] Leguminosae was the most common plant family. Asparagus racemosus was the top plant used, mainly for menstrual problems and leucorrhoea. The Gurjar tribe mostly used roots (22%) and made medicines by boiling the plants (52%). The plants treated issues like menstrual disorders (37), leucorrhoea (26), post -delivery, fever (10), and breastfeeding problems (10). Other commonly used plants included A. precatorius, B. Ceiba, M. Oleifera, C. Orchioides, and C. Hirsutism.[36]

Relocation

The Government of India relocated around 1,902 Gujjars families from forests areas of Haridwar, Chila, Motichur, Chilawali, Ramghar and Gohri in Rajaji National Park, to Gaindhikhata and Pathri in Uttarakhand between 1985 and 1998.[29]

Another 400 Gujjar families families were relocated from Jim Corbett National Park to Gaindhikhata in March 2000.[37][38]

Notable

References

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  2. ^ a b c Rawat, Ajay Singh (1993). Man and Forests: The Khatta and Gujjar Settlements of Sub-Himalayan Tarai. Indus Publishing. pp. 105–165. ISBN 978-81-85182-97-1.
  3. ^ a b c d Census of India, 1931. Vol. XVIII United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. pp. 509 & 525
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Sharma, Vijay Paul; John Mortan, Kohler-Rollefson (2020). Pastoralism in India: A Scoping Study (PDF). Natural Resources institute, University of Greenwich, UK. pp. 5–7.
  5. ^ Pandhe, M. K. (1976). Bonded Labour in India. India Book Exchange : [exclusive distributors, K. P. Bagchi]. p. 35. The Gujjars take their name from the Sanskrit "Gurjara" (enemy destroyer).
  6. ^ a b c Pandhe, M. K. (1976). Bonded Labour in India. India Book Exchange : [exclusive distributors, K. P. Bagchi]. pp. 34–37.
  7. ^ a b Degen, A. Allan; Dana, Léo-Paul, eds. (2024). "Lifestyle and Livelihood Changes Among Formerly Nomadic Peoples". Ethnic and Indigenous Business Studies: 194–195. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51142-4. ISBN 978-3-031-51141-7. ISSN 2948-1635.
  8. ^ a b c Johnsingh, A. J. T. (2006). Field Days: A Naturalist's Journey Through South and Southeast Asia. Universities Press. pp. 187–193. ISBN 978-81-7371-552-5.
  9. ^ Foundation, Disha (2019). "TRIBAL LIVELIHOOD MIGRATION IN INDIA: Situational Analysis, Gap Assessment & Future Directions in 12 States of India" (PDF). Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India. p. 77.
  10. ^ a b Dangwal, Dhirendra Datt (2009). "The Lost Mobility: Pastoralism and Modernity in Uttarakhand Himalaya (india)". Nomadic Peoples. 13 (2): 84–101. doi:10.3167/np.2009.130206. ISSN 0822-7942. JSTOR 43123852.
  11. ^ a b c Dirk H.A. Kolff: Grass in Their Mouths: The Upper Doab of India Under the Company's Magna Charta, 1793-1830 p. 453-493
  12. ^ Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Documents of the Indian Uprising, Vol 1, p.35-39
  13. ^ Handa, O. C. (July 2009). Art & Architecture of Uttarakhand. Pentagon Press. ISBN 978-81-8274-417-2.
  14. ^ Chauhan, Rana Ali Hasan (1998). A Short History of the Gurjars: Past and Present. Chauhan Publications. ISBN 978-969-8419-00-4.
  15. ^ a b Walton, h G. Ed (1911). Dehra Dun, a Gazetteer, vol.1.
  16. ^ Murtaza, Mahnoor; Shad, Dr Elizabeth (2024-03-05). "An overview of Ada Jafri's Autobiography "Jo Rahi So Bekhabri Rahi"". Noor e Tahqeeq. 8 (1): 6–17. doi:10.54692/nooretahqeeq.2024.08012136. ISSN 2521-0157.
  17. ^ Williams, George Robert Carlisle (1874). Historical and Statistical Memoir of Dehra Doon. Printed at the Thomason Civil Engineering College Press.
  18. ^ Rahi, Javaid (2012-01-01). The Gujjars Vol: 01 and 02 Edited by Dr. Javaid Rahi. Jammu and Kashmir Acacademy of Art, Culture, Languages, Jammu.
  19. ^ Grant, James (1978). Cassell's Illustrated History of India. Oriental Publishers & Distributors.
  20. ^ a b Sharma, Man Mohan (1978). Through the Valley of Gods: Travels in the Central Himalayas. Vision Books. p. 248.
  21. ^ Bedi, Freda (1979). Social Welfare. Publications Division. pp. 4–32.
  22. ^ Srivastava, Raghav (2022). "The making of pastoralisms: An account of the Gaddis and Van Gujjars in the Indian Himalaya". Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice. 12 (1) 42. Bibcode:2022Pasto..12...42S. doi:10.1186/s13570-022-00259-z. ISSN 2041-7136. PMC 9590384. PMID 36311345.
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  24. ^ Hamilton-Jones, Phoebe; Gabrys, Jennifer; Westerlaken, Michelle (2024). COMMUNITY-LED FOREST TECHNOLOGIES: A SMART FORESTS INTERIM REPORT. UK: University of Cambridge. p. 44. The Van Gujjars, who identify as Indigenous to South Asia, follow Islam and practice transhumance and semi-nomadic activities in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Within Uttarakhand, where this case study is located, about 70,000 Van Gujjars are spread out across various constituencies in forested landscapes.
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Bibliography

Notes

  1. ^ Garhwali/Hindi: उत्तराखंड में गुर्जर / उत्तराखंडी गुर्जर; Gujari/Urdu: اتراکھنڈ میں گجر/ اتراکھنڈی گجر
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