Gurjars in Kashmir

Gurjars in Kashmir

Kashmiri Gujjars
Gujjar man and his son with their horse in Indian Kashmir
Total population
19,38,294 (see below)
Regions with significant populations
• Pakistan • India • China
Jammu and Kashmir	11,35,196 (2011 census)[1] (estimated 15 lakh)[a]
Azad Kashmir	8,00,000 (2020 census)[2]
Gilgit-Baltistan	3,098 (1931 census)[3]
Ladakh	N/A
Aksai Chin	N/A
Languages
• Gujari[b] • Pahari[b] • Kashmiri[b] • Dogri[b] • Shina[b] • Balti[b] • Punjabi[b] • Ladakhi • Urdu[b]
Religion
Sunni Islam[c]
Related ethnic groups
Gurjar, Muslim Gurjars, Kashmiris, Bakarwals
Titles : Sardar, Malik, Mian, Khan, Rana, Choudhary[11]

Gurjars in Kashmir or Kashmiri Gujjars,^[d] are a community native to the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 and between India and China since 1959. They are descended from Gurjars who moved into this region during medieval times. They are mainly found in the Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan and Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh union territories. They are accounted as the largest ethnic group in Azad Kashmir, third-largest ethnic group in Jammu and Kashmir, and a minority ethnic group in Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh.^[e] They are scattered across almost all districts of the Kashmir region; they are densely populated in Poonch, Rajouri, Reasi, Ganderbal, Kishtwar, Ramban, Anantnag, Muzafarabad, Kotli, Hattian Bala, Haveli, Gilgit, Skardu, and Kargil, while Leh, Sudhanoti and Srinagar districts have the smallest Gujjar population. In Kashmir, they adopted Islam through the influence of Sufism in the 16th century.

Gujjars make up around 88% of the total tribal population and roughly 20 to 25% of Jammu and Kashmir's total population,^[f] While in Azad Kashmir, they make up 20% of the total population. As per the 1931 census of British India, they make up 3.21% of Gilgit-Baltistan's total population.

Gurjars and Bakarwals in Kashmir region speak their own language, Gujari, along with various regional languages. Gujari is the second most spoken language in Azad Kashmir and Jammu and Kashmir,^[13] and rank 6th or 7th in Gilgit-Baltistan.

Gurjars in Jammu and Kashmir are divided into three major groups: settled Gujjars (Zamindar/landlord), semi-settled Gujjars, and landless Gujjars. The landless or nomad Gujjars are further divided into subgroups: Bakarwal, Banjara and Dodhi Gujjars.^[g]

A 2024 field survey found that 97% of Gujjars in Jammu and Kashmir are now settled and ended their nomadic lifestyle. Over 30-40 years, they've settled in one place due to climate change, fores laws, and shepherding being not profitable. Only 3% are still nomadic, mainly in the Kashmir Valley.^[20]

Gurjar and Bakarwal in Kashmir are also known as 'natures's own children and Lords of the forest', due to their strong bond with nature and the forest.^[21] In Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir, there are almost 150 clans or Gotras of Gurjars, out of a total around nine hundred Gurjar clans scattered across the Indian Sub-continent.^[22]

The word Gurjar is derived from two Sanskrit words: Gur (meaning enemy) and Jar (meaning destroyer). The phrase's literal meaning is "enemy destroyer".^{[23][24]: 4 [25]}

There's disagreement among historians and anthropologists about exact of Gurjars. According General Cunningham Gurjars are related to the Kushanas (Scythian people). He says Kushan and Korsi words on Kanishka's coins is similar to Gurjars clans of Kushan (Kusane) and Gorsi (Korsi). He said Gurjars came to India in the 3rd century with the Kushans. Denzil Ibbeston also agreed Gurjars might be descendants of Scythians.^{[25][26][27]: 612 [28]}

Some other historians and Hari Om also believe that the Gurjars are descendants of Kushans and Huns.^[29][26]

Historian Niharranjan Ray said Gurjars of Kashmir are descendants of the Gurjaras and they likely came from north Punjab during the rule of Karkota dynasty in 627 - 795 AD, when Kashmir controlled parts of Punjab.^{[30]: 155 [25]} Historian Uhlig said they moved from India's plains to Kashmir, where they got land after helping with irrigation.^[30]: 155

The earliest mention of Gurjars in the Kashmir region is found in the Chamba Copper Plates, indicating they were present in the region as early as the 10th century. These Gurjars were Muslims, and it is likely that they had converted to Islam prior to migrating to this area of the Indian subcontinent.^[31][32]

Historian A.N Bharadhwaj said most of the scholars are agree that Gurjars are descendants of the Georgians.^[28]

According to historian Hari Om, it is believed Gurjars came to Jammu and Kashmir as early as in the 12th century and they're likely descendants of Gurjis (Georgians) or lord Krishna's herders.^[33]

In 1967, Huthi, a Georgian scholar came to India to study the Gurjar community. After studying the Gurjars, he linked them to tribes in Georgia. Huthi thinks similarities in culture, language, stories, and Archeological findings indicate the Gurjars might have originally come from Central Asia.^[28]

Some theorists believe Georgia was once called Gurjistan (Gurj-i-stan) and that Gurjars originally came from Georgia.^[27]: 612 They believe Gurjars left Georgia moved through Central Asia, Iran, and Afghanistan, and entered India via the Khyber Pass.^[27]: 612 They settled in Gujarat and later moved to regions like Punjab, Hazara, Swat and Kashmir. The book "Kashmir: Land and People" and Indian Anthropology surveys support this theory.^[26]

Historian A.R Khan states in his book "Geography of Jammu and Kashmir" that the Gurjars originally came from Georgia, a country previously known as Gurjistan located between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea.^[27]: 612

Gurjars in Kashmir region came in two waves: some directly from Rajasthan, Gujarat and Kathiawar, while others came from the Punjab, where they had settled earlier.^{[34][30]: 179 [29]} It is generally believed that Gurjars of Kashmir are racially related to Gujjars of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran and north India.^[34]

In the medieval era, Gujjars in Kashmir faced attacks from the armies of Mahmud of Ghazni, Mughals, and Sikhhs when they attacked Kashmir.^[35]

Gurjars are believed to have been residents of the Kashmir region long before the arrival of Mughals in Kashmir. The Mughal emperor Babar encountered them in Sialkot, a district currently in Punjab, Pakistan, which borders Jammu and Kashmir, indicating their established presence in the surrounding area.^[36]

Gujjars in the districts of Poonch, Udhampur, Reasi, Jammu, Rajouri, and Kathua districts claimed their ancestry from the Gujarat district of Punjab, Pakistan. In Kashmir Valley, Gurjars claimed their ancestors moved there - some claimed it was in the 16th century, while others said it was between 1127 - 1154 AD, during Raja Bajay Singh's rule near Pir Panjal Range.^[30]: 179

Dr. Dharamvir Bharati, a known Hindi writer, wrote a travel book about Kashmir called "Ek Yaad Ek Prarihana". He describes his personal experiences in Kashmir region, including the mountains, Gujjar community, Gurez Valley, Kashmir Valley, Krishna Ganga Jungles and other tribes of Kashmir.^[37]

In the 18th century a Gujjar of Sangu clan Rooh Ullah Khan established Sangu dynasty or state in Poonch region of Kashmir.^[38][39][29] During the reign of Raja Bahadur Khan, Ruhullah rose to such prominence that he was appointed the post of Wazir.^[40] In 1797, Abdullah Khan, the Nazim of Kashmir, attacked Poonch and appointed Wazir Ruhullah Khan as its ruler in 1798.^[41][42]

In June 1814 Ranjit Singh's army attacked Poonch and Rajauri. Ruhulla Khan, Poonch's ruler blocked their way. A fight broke out, and around 500 people were wounded or killed on both sides. In this battle Ruhulla Khan convincingly defeated Maharaja Ranjit Singh.^[39][29] Aghar Khan helped Ruhullah by spreading rumors the Sikhs were losing, which led locals attack the Sikhs and steal their supplies. After this the two local leaders started attacking the Sikhs with their armies.^[42][43] Ruhullah Khan died in 1819 and was succeeded by his grandson Mir Baz Khan.

In the 17th century Abdur Razzak Khan was a Gujjar chief of the Poonch region of Kashmir.^[44] He was the son of Abdul Fateh Khan Zamindar of Poonch.^[45] In the early 18th century Muslim Gujjars with Bomba and Khakha tribes from the lower Jehlum Valley, would often attack Kashmir. They'd raid the valley when the central government of Mughal Empire was weak, killing and looting. These attacks terrified the people of Kashmir and the tribes names became synonymous with terror.^[44][46] During Ali Muhammad Khan's rule (1713–15), the Bomba chief with Gujjar chief Abdur Razzak of Poonch region started causing trouble in Karna and Baramulla areas. Ali Muhammad Khan stopped this trouble arrested Gujjar chief and Haibat Khan grandson of Bomba Chief. In 1732 during rule of Abu Barakat Khan again and Haibat Khan raided but Abu Khan personally stopped him.^[44][46]

In the past, Ianayat Ullah Khan, a Mughal noble, lost control of Kashmir to Abu Barakat Khan. Abu Barakat declared himself independent established his power in Kashmir, but Inayat Ullah Khan and his son gathered a force and defeated him. Then Abu Barakat sought refuge with the Gujjar ruler of Poonch region, who took him in and helped him attack Inayat Ullah Khan.^[46] Inayat Ullah Khan teamed up with local tribes (Bomba and Khakha) to fight back, but Abu Barakat Khan got help mainly from Gujjars in Poonch and defeated him, killing Inayat Ullah Khan.^[44][46] Later in the 1740s, Babar Ullah Khan, a district commissioner, wanted independence and hot support from Gujjars, Bomba and Khakha tribes to rebel against Abu Barakat Khan. The violence stopped when a new governor, Abu Mansur Khan took over in 1745. But the Gujjars, Bomba and Khakha tribes kept causing trouble until 1846, when Maharaja Ghulab Singh and British army stopped them.^[44]

Frederick Drew, a British geologist, known for his study of Kashmir's geography, wrote about physical appearance of the Gurjars of Kashmir in his 1857 book "The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical account". He said:

I agree with Sir George Campbell that they are an Aryan race; but their countonanco cannot be called high Aryan. Their forehead is narrow; they want the well-formed brow of the finer races. The lower part of the face is narrow also; but the nose. has always something of the curve, as is often seen in Aryan nations. Some I mot with had lighter eyes than other common among the other tribes of the country, and, generally, as compared with the people we have hitherto had to describe, their beard was scant. In figure they are tall and gaunt; in motion slow and ungainly. They are rather surly in disposition, having that kind of independence which consists in liking to be left alone and to have as little as possible to do with other races. When, however, one does come in contact with them, they are not bad to deal with.^[47]

Walter Roper Lawrence in his book "The Valley of Kashmir (1895)" discussing other tribes of the Kashmir region he mentioned about Gurjars as follows:

"They are Musalman by religion. They are a fine tall race of men, with rather stupid faces and large prominent teeth. Their one thought is the welfare of the buffaloes. They are an ignorant, inoffensive and in their relation with the state are indefinitely very honest."^[24]: 85

Zuni Gujjari a Muslim Gurjar woman was a key figure in Kashmir's nationalist movement. She showed bravery and leadership in the Women's Self Defense Corps (WSDC), a women's group formed in 1947 to protect Kashmir from attackers. Zuni was born around 1912 into a poor Gurjar family, and she started fighting against the Maharaja Hari Singh's unfair rule, which led to her being jailed several times. She became a symbol of resistance and was featured in posters, photos, and pamphlets, inspiring many Kashmiri women to join the fight for freedom and justice. Zuni's story highlights the important role women played in shaping Kashmir's history.^[48][49]

In 1947, the partition of India affected Jammu and Kashmir, splitting it into two parts (Pakistani-adminsitered Kashmir and Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir). Despite serving in the Maharaja Hari Singh Dogra's army, many Gurjars and Bakarwals massacred in Jammu division and nearby areas in 1947 Jammu massacres. Some escaped to Pakistan, but some in Rajouri, Poonch and Kashmir stayed in India. The Partition of India still had a big impact on them. Pakistan's control part of Kashmir restricted the Gujjars and Bakarwals movements, dividing families across the border. Partition of India, hurt the community socially, politically, and economically.^[50] During the rule of the Dogra dynasty, the Gurjars were largely pushed out of the politics of the Jammu and Kashmir. Hari Singh gave a few seats to some Gurjar leaders in the "Praja Sabha" before 1947. A small number of Gujjars also served in the Maharaja's army, with Choudhary Khuda Baksh Gujjar, and Chowdhary Bali Mohammed Gujjar rising to the ranks of Brigadier and Colonel, respectively.^[51]

The All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference had a strong presence in central and south Kashmir Valley and some Jammu cities. Because of this, Mian Nizamuddin's friends suggested he start a different group. This led to the Gujjar-Jat Conference forming in 1932, focusing on representing people in outer areas. It wasn't meant to compete with the Muslim Conference, led by Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah - Mian Nizamuddin and Abdullah were actually friends.^[52] Some big Gujjar and Bakarwal leaders went against the Maharaja Hari Singh, but most backed him. Later, a power struggle between Sheikh Abdullah and Choudhary Ghulam Abbas led to fee Gujjars joining the Muslim conference. At that time Gujjars and Bakarwals lacked political guidance. When Sheikh Abdullah took power in 1947 - 1948, he sent many Gujjars to Pakistan - administrated Kashmir (Azad Kashmir), possibly because he saw them as anti-Indian. Choudhary Ghulam Abbas was also released from the jail and sent to Pakistan. This treatment stemmed from the National Conference's view of Gujjars as unfriendly to India.^[52]: 104

During the 1947 Partition of India, many Muslim Gujjars were killed in the Jammu division and nearby areas. Survivors fled to Pakistan, but most Gujjars in Poonch, Rajauri, and Kashmir division stayed in their homes.^[53]

In the 1947 Partition of India, communal violence broke out in Jammu and Kashmir. Muslim soldiers were disarmed, while soldiers of other faith were not. According to Ian Stephens, Maharaja Hari Singh supported violence against Muslim Gurjars and even ordered his forces to fire at them.^[54] Eyewitnesses also accused Hari Singh of directly participating in killings, including shooting three 'Muslim Gujjars' at Mishriwala.^[55]

When India was divided in 1947, many Gurjars moved from Jammu and Kashmir (controlled by India) to areas now part of Pakistan, like Azad Kashmir and Punjab and it is estimated Approximately 17,000 Gurjars migrated to Azad Kashmir.^[56][57]

In Jammu and Kashmir Gurjar and Bakarwal communities have faced violence and displacement multiple times. In 1947, they were affected by war. In India–Pakistan war of 1965, their homes were burned by the Indian army, forcing them to flee. In the 1990s, they were caught between militant groups and security forces, making life unpredictable.^[58]

Gujjars and Bakarwals are ethnically different ethnic group from Kashmiri people. They're often seen as informers for the Indian Government and security forces, especially when militants hide in the mountains. Because of this, militants have been targeting them.^[59] Massacres of Gujjars and Bakarwals, two similar ethnic groups, have been reported in various incidents.^[60]

In Jammu and Kashmir, Pahari Muslims and Gurjars initially supported militancy, but turned against each other due to security forces targeting Muslims. On 3 August 1998, a Gujjar militant was killed by a Pahari militant, sparking retaliation. Gurjars then became untrusted by militant leaders, suspected of being informers, and some Gujjars we're killed by militants.^[61]

On 6 June 2000, 32 people were killed in the Pahalgam massacre. 21 were Hindus, and 11 were Muslim Gujjars and Bakarwals from Doda and Anantnag districts.^[62]

In February 2001, 5 Gujjars were killed in Bhandrai Taryath, Udhampur district. The following month, 8 Gujjars were killed as Atholi in Doda district.^[60] On 9 February 2001, 15 Gujjars were killed in a militant attack in Rajouri district. Militants in Jammu and Kashmir often target Gujjars and Bakarwals, suspecting them of being informers for the Indian Government.^[62] In May 2001, 10 Bakarwals were killed near Kishtwar, Doda and 7 Gujjars were killed in Dara Sangla, Surankote, Poonch district.^[60]

In further incidents include the killing of 7 Gujjars in Kupwara in August 2002, and 12 Gujjars, including a woman and 4 children, were killed in a militant attack in June 2004.^[59] Additionally, there were report of Gujjars of militants chopping off the noses of Gujjars in Kotdhara in 2002. In July 2004, 5 Gujjars were gunned down in Rajouri district, and in August 2004, a Gujjar couple was brutally killed in Poonch district, reportedly for not supporting militants.^[60]

In July 2005, 4 Gujjars were killed in the Dachigam area near Srinagar district, followed by another 4 Gujjars were killed in the same area in June 2005.^[59]

Two Gujjar Men, Abdul Qadeer Kohli and Manzoor Ahmed, from Pulwama district, originally from Rajouri district, were kidnapped and killed on 20 August 2019 by the militants.^[63][64][65]

Gujjar and Bakarwal communities in Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir are victims of Custodial deaths & alleged encounters by the Indian army and Jammu and Kashmir Police. In August 2020, three Gurjar families from Rajouri district in Jammu and Kashmir reported their sons missing. The sons, Imtiyaz Ahmad, Ibrar Ahmad and Moharmad Ibrar, had gone to southern Kashmir to look for work. After they didn't return, the families went to the police station. Weeks later, pictures of three alleged "terrorists" killed in a shootout in Amshipora village appeared online. The Indian army said they were terrorist, but it turned out they were the missing sons, confirmed by DNA tests. They were from the Gujjars and Bakarwals communities.^[66][67] The Amshipora fake encounter wasn't just a single even. It's part of a bigger issue - many in the community believe the government and Indian army has been targeting Gujjar and Bakarwal communities with violence and unfair treatment since 2014.^[66]

On 24 December 2020 The People's Anti-Fascist Front (PAFF) attacked on Indian army. In response Indian army picked up three men from Gujjar-Bakarwal communities in Jammu and Kashmir. The men - Safeer Ahmed 44, Mohammad Showkat, 26, and Shabir Ahmed, 28 - died from injuries in Indian Army's custody.^[68][67]

In July 2020, three Gurjar workers from Rajouri district were killed in fake encounter by Indian army in Amshipora (Shopian), and a man named Mukhtar Hussain Shah died in custody in April 2023. These events made Muslim Gujjars in Pir Panjal region population uneasy.^[69]

In April 2023, several young Gujjar men were found dead in a canal in South Kashmir. The police said it was an accident, but the families believe they were tortured and killed.^[66] A few months later, in July 2023, another young Gujjar was killed Jammu district. The police claimed it was a shootout, but his family said it was set up.^[66]

In November 2023, an Indian army captain was given bail and had his life sentence suspended for killing three Gurjar and Bakarwal men in Amshipora. Later, militants killed four solidiers in Poonch district. The Indian army then detained villagers from a Gujjar Hamlet, and three died in custody. Videos showed soldiers beating and torturing detainees.^[66][67]

In February 2025, a young Gujjar man named Makhan Din made a video before taking his own life. He said in the video that police had beaten him until he falsely admitted to seeing militants. Police deny this, saying they only asked him about suspicious contacts with Pakistan. Din's father says his son was beaten and couldn't take it anymore. This event has shocked the Gujjar community and made them feel scared and hopeless, like they're being punished by the government.^[66][67]

In March 2025, three young Gujjar men from Kulgam district went missing on their way to a wedding. They were later found dead in the Veshaw River. Their families say they were killed by the Jammu and Kashmir Police and they showed signs of torture, but police say they drowned.^[70]

In April 2025, Altaf Hussain Lali, a Gujjar from Bandipora district, was killed in an encounter. His family says it was a fake encounter, and he was labeled as a militant supporter.^[70]

On 4 May 2025, Imtiyaz Ahmad Magray, a 23 years old Gujjar from Tangmarg, Kulgam district, died after allegedly jumping into a stream during a search operation while in Indian army's custody.^[70]

On 25 July 2025, a police constable in Jammu was arrested for killing a 21-year-old Gujjar man, Mohammad Parvez from Javed Nagar, Nikki Tawi area of Jammu district. He was shot dead near Jammu city in an encounter, and the Gujjar community protested, saying it was a fake encounter. The police had claimed he was a drug peddler killed in a shootout, but actually he had no criminal record. Former CM Mehbooba Mufti called the arrest a "crucial step towards justice", saying no one is above the law.^[71][72][73]

In Jammu and Kashmir, Muslim Gurjars have a long history of serving in the Indian army, often providing crucial support and information. However, they're now seeking greater recognition and representation within the Indian Army. In recent years Gurjars from the Indian Kashmir demanded for the separate Gurjar regiment in Indian army. The recent killing of rifleman Aurangzeb who comes from Gurjar community by terrorist highlights the sacrifices they've made for India. Aurangzeb's family, from Salani village in Poonch district, has strong army connections. His brother Mohammad Qasim is currently serving in Pune, and his 15-year-old sibling Asim wants to follow in their footsteps. The family's ties to the army run keep, but they're aware of the risks involved. Aurangzeb's father, Mohammad Hanief, a retired soldier, said his son's death isn't the first time a Muslim Gurjar has died for India. Many from their community have died fighting, and some have been killed in cross-border firing. He emphasized that it's the Muslim Gurjars, not Kashmiri Muslims, who are fighting against militancy.^[74]

The family understands the dangers of military service, having faced them before. In 2004, Aurangzeb Gujjar's uncle, also a soldier, was kidnapped and killed by terrorists. Another example is Mohammad Din Jagir, a Bakarwal Gujjar who alerted authorities to suspicious Pakistani activity before the India–Pakistan war of 1965, earning him the Padma Shri Award in 1966. He was also killed by terrorists 25 years later.^[74]

Another Gurjar who served in Indian army from Kashmir was Brigadier Khuda Baksh. He was born on August 22, 1904, in a Muslim Gujjar family. He joined the state forces in 1922 as Second Lieutenant and became a Lieutenant Colonel by 1937. He led the 2nd Jammu and Kashmir Rifles in World War II, showing great bravery and earning awards and land in Multan. He was promoted to Brigadier in 1946 and got Awards from the British Empire.^[75] His service was appreciated by Maharaja Hari Singh and Indian Army's top commander. He was made Chief of Staff of the state forces at Jammu brigade which was previously led by Brigadier N.S. Rawat. When Pakistan-led invaders attacked Kashmir in 1947, Khuda Baksh was in charge of the Jammu Cantonment and played a crucial role in defending the borders due to his military expertise.^[75][76][51]

Malli or Mali Bibi, a Muslim Gurjar woman from Poonch district, India, played a crucial role in Poonch during the 1971 Indo-Pak war. On December 13, 1971, Malli saw suspicious activity at Pillanwali, a remote area, while collecting fooder for livestock. She found Pakistani soldiers preparing to attack Poonch district and informed the Indian army despite challenges. Guiding the army through difficult snow-covered terrain, Malli's efforts led to the soldiers and stopped the attack.^[77][78]

Her actions saved many lives and she received the Padma Shri Award in 1972. Malli's story highlights the involvement of Gurjar women in important events. The Government Degree College in Mandi is named after her. Malli's actions are part of history, showing women's roles in wars.^[79][80]

In Azad Kashmir, Gujjar is the single largest ethnic and are widely found in Muzaffarabad, Poonch, and Mirpur divisions. They are found in all ten districts of Azad Kashmir and constitutes as a major ethnic group in the districts except in Sudhanoti District. Their population in Azad Kashmir is reached to 8,00,000 and they make up 20% of the entire population of AJK.^[2]

Gujjars made up a significant portion of the population in several districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir: 35% for Muzaffarabad, Kotli and Hattian Bala (Jehlum) districts, 30% for Haveli district and 10% for Neelum and Mirpur districts.^[81]

Population of Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the British India for present-day Pakistan administrated Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	77,612	—
1911	62,287	−2.18%
1921	81,031	+2.67%
1931	81,763	+0.09%
source: 1901 census[82] - 1911 census[83] - 1921 census[84] - 1931 census[3]

In Gilgit-Baltistan, Gujjars are the 6th or 7th largest ethnic group of the region. They're found in all three divisions: Gilgit, Diamer, and Baltistan. Most of their population live in the districts of Astore, Ghizer, Nagar, Shigar, Gilgit, Hunza, Skardu, Kharmang, Ghanche, and Naltar.^[85][86]

The Gujjars in Gilgit Valley likely came from Kashmir and Baltistan, along with the Dom people.^[87] They mostly speak Gujari as mother tongue, while some speak regional languages including Balti, Khowar and Shina.^[6]

The Gurjars in Gilgit-Baltistan have been residing in the high mountain valleys where Shina speaking (Shinaikis) people live, for at least eight generations, and it's believe they initially migrated from Baltistan.^[88]

Population of Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the British India for present-day Pakistan administrated Gilgit-Baltistan.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	2,032	—
1911	3,018	+4.04%
1921	3,507	+1.51%
1931	3,098	−1.23%
source: 1901 census[82] - 1911 census[83] - 1921 census[84] - 1931 census[3]

Gurjar is the third largest ethnic in Jammu and Kashmir. They found across in all valleys and districts of Indian administrated Jammu and Kashmir.^[89] In Kashmir division and Kashmir Valley Gujjar is the second largest ethnic group and in the Jammu division and Chenab Valley they are the third largest ethnic group. They make up 53% of the total population of Pir Pir Panjar Range, 35% for Chenab Valley, 23% for greater Himalayas and 15% for lesser Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir.^[90]

Gujjars made up a significant portion of the population in several districts of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory): Poonch 40.39%, Rajouri 35.17%, Reasi 25.6%, Ganderbal 20.21%, Kishtwar 14.36%, Ramban 12.18% and Anantnag 11.46%.^[91]

In the 2011 census of India the population of Gurjars and Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir was recorded at 11,35,196.^[1]

Population of Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the British India for present-day Indian administrated Jammu and Kashmir.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	206,138	—
1911	262,613	+2.45%
1921	277,624	+0.56%
1931	317,920	+1.36%
source: 1901 census[82] - 1911 census[83] - 1921 census[84] - 1931 census[3]

---

The population of Gujjars and Bakarwals recorded in different census reports of India for present-day Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh union territories.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1981	469,000	—
2001	824,530	+2.86%
2011	1,135,196	+3.25%
source: 1981 census[92] - 2001 census[93] - 2011 census[1]

In Ladakh union territory Gurjar is a minority ethnic group mainly found in the Kargil district. Most the Gujjars in Ladakh are migrated from Jammu and Kashmir. In Ladakh's Rangdum area, Gujjars and Bakarwals face land disputes. People are taking over grazing land and building without permission. In 2024 the government of Ladakh tried to resolve these issues.^[94][95]

Population of Gujjars recorded in different census reports of the British India for present-day Indian administrated Ladakh.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1901	2,000	—
1911	85	−27.08%
1921	15	−15.92%
source: 1901 census[82] - 1911 census[83] - 1921 census[84]

Gurjars of Kashmir region are all Muslim^[7] and they belong to the Sunni sect of Islam.^[96][97][33]

It is generally believed that Gurjars were sun worshipers and they were devotees of Solar deity. According to historian M.K. Kennedy, the Gujjars of Kashmir were originally Sun worshipers, before adopting Hinduism.^[98]

The Gujjars and Bakerwals of Kashmir region adopted Islam in the 16th century during the rule of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Indian subcontinent.^[99]

Gurjars and Bakarwals of Kashmir are subdivided into various subgroups based on their occupation. Gurjars of Jammu and Kashmir are subdivided into divisions: Settled (landlord) Gujjars, semi-settled Gujjars and landless (nomad) Gujjars.^{[100][101]: 3283 [102]} Nomad Gujjars are further divided into subgroups: Bakarwal, Banjara and Dodhi Gujjars.^[17][18]

Zamindar (landlord) or settled Gujjars in Azad Kashmir and Jammu and Kashmir are those who own land and their main occupation is agriculture.^{[17][18][16]: 93} The Gujjars who mainly do farming crops like maize, and wheat, and stay in one place are known as settled or Muqami Gujjars. These Muqami Gujjars live in houses that are typically called Kothas or Bandi.^[102] In Kashmir they are also known as "Basneeks" or Basneeks Gujjars.^[103]

Semi-settled or semi-sedentary Gujjars are those live near high pastures, farming and raising animals. They move to higher lands in summer for grazing their livestock.^[100][26]

Among nomadic Gujjars, Banihara or Dodhi Gujjars are those tend Buffalo, sell milk and milk products.^{[103][16]: 93 [26]}

Among nomadic Gujjars, Bakarwals are those who rear and sell sheep and goats.^[103][26]

The Bakarwal tribe has two main groups: Kunhari and illahiwal. The Kunhari Bakarwals are believed to come from Kunhar valley from swat, Pakistan and the illahiwal Bakarwals are linked to Pakistan's Illahiwal region.^{[104][101]: 3281 [26]}

Banjara Gujjars are those who wanders in the forests (jungle) of Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir.^[103]

The names of the clans (gotras) are the same for Hindu Gurjars, Sikh Gurjars, and Muslim Gurjars in the Indian Sub-continent. Some Gurjar clans claim to be descended from famous historical figures, philosophers, and warriors and they also believe that their gotra (clan) is better that the others.^[22]

In Indian-administrated Jammu and Kashmir, there are almost 150 clans or Gotras of Gurjars, out of a total around nine hundred Gurjar clans scattered across the Indian Sub-continent.^[22]

Gurjars, Bakarwals and Banihara/Dodhi Gujjars in Jammu and Kashmir are divided into various clans each clan has their own Mukkadham and council of Panchayat (Jirga). Some of the notable clans include:^[103]

• Awana^[103] or (Awan)^[102][105]
• Bajjar^[103]
• Bajran^[106]
• Bhatti^[103] (Bhati)
• Chechi^[103][107]
• Kushan^[103] (Kasana)
• Bhadana^[22]
• Khatana^[103][107]
• Bokan^[103]
• Baniya^[103]
• Berger^[103] (Bargar)
• Bigyal^[105]
• Lassana^[106]
• Ladi^[106] or (Ladhi)
• Checki^[106]
• Tienda^[106] or (Tinda)
• Gorsi^[106]
• Banth^[103]
• Baru^[103]
• Meelu^[103] or (Mehlu)
• Poswal^[103][107]
• Phambra^[102]
• Bhalesar^[103]
• Barwal^[103]
• Bogri or (Bagri)^[103]
• Chauhan^{[107][105][103]} (Chohan)
• Chockar^[103]
• Chopra^[103]
• Khari^[103][108]
• Kohli^[103][107]
• Chabra^[103]
• Chad^[103]
• Doi^[103]
• Deda^[107][108] (Dedhar)
• Rathore^[103]
• Dahder^[103]
• Gegi^[103]
• Hakla^[103]
• Jagal^[103]
• Kandhal^[103]
• Khaiper^[103]
• Khan^[105]
• Kalas^[103]
• Lodha ^[103][109] or (Lohda)
• Mehsi^[103]
• Munder^[103]
• Mukri^[103]
• Noon^[103]
• Nagar^[103]
• Pore^[103] (Por)
• Sangu^[103] or (Sango/Sago)
• Pundir^[103]
• Sood^[103] (Sud)
• Thikariya (Thikaria)^[103][108]
• Mair^[107]
• Mandhar^[102] (Mandar)
• Qureshi^[105]
• Tass^[103][106]
• Lone^[105]
• Manhas^[105]
• Mir^[105]
• Moti^[105]
• Mooner^[105]
• Plaser^[105]
• Pathan^[105]
• Rather^[105]
• Sheikh^[105]
• Thakiyal ^[105]

Gujjars are typically healthy and strong, with a tall stature, long nose, big head, and flat forehead. They often have a sporting beard and wear majestic white and grey turbans, colorful waist-coats, and salwar kammez. Gujjar women are also tall, with medium height, and have long noses.^[110]

Gujjars like wearing their traditional clothes and jewellery. Gujjar men mostly wear salwar kameez, their outfits include a loose kameez, colorful waistcoat with buttons, tahmund, small chadder, white turban, and special shoes with iron nails.^{[111][112]: 512 [113]: 224} Dhodhi Gujjars men typically wear a specific type of shirt and lower garment, while their women wear a shirt with tight fitting salwar and shoes.^[112]: 512

Gujjar women are also known as Mehri or Gurjarani. Gujjar women in Kashmir mostly wore salwar and a loose-sleeved, full-skirted tunic. They covered their heads with a thick veil and braided their hair into multiple plaits that hung down, partly covering their faces.^[114] Women's outfits include loose kurtas with buttons and embroidery, block suthen, colorful duppat, and a round cap with a long tail.^{[111][113]: 224 [16]: 93}

Gujjar women cover their heads with a chaddar or khesh and a colorful Duppat (Chippra). Unlike other Muslim communities in north India or Gujjar women don't wear a burkha of follow strict pardha system in Kashmir.^[113]: 224

In regions like Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan, Ladakh, and Jammu and Kashmir, Gurjar women are skilled at making their own clothes, bags, caps, and thread. They typically use patterns and vibrant colors like pink, red, yellow, orange, green, blue, for embroidery. Their techniques include stem stitch, chain stitch, hem stitch, and bead work. To add an extra touch of beauty, they often use patchwork with bright colors on black fabric, making their creations more eye-catching.^[115]

Additionally, Gujjar women play a role in Kashmiri textile production by supplying colored yarns to local weavers, who then create shawls, blankets, and other fabrics for their use, highlighting their involvement in traditional craftsmanship. These ornaments, along with goat hair and leather, are sold to generate income for the Tribal Gujjar community. Often, they exchange goods instead of using money, similar to a barter system. The Gujjar women not only add decorative touches to their products but also style their hair in intricate braids and adorn it with ornamental clips, showcasing their creativity and flair.^[115]

Kani Shawl weaving is a traditional craft from Jammu and Kashmir, mainly practiced by the Gujjar community. These shawls are famous for their beautiful patterns and high-quality wool, often featuring designs inspired by nature and Kashmiri art. Kani Shawls are made on a handloom using Pashmina and wooden needles. Small wooden sticks (kanis) create the intricate designs, with each stick representing one knot. Weavers follow a graph paper design to get the pattern right.^[116] Skilled Gujjar weavers create intricate patterns using various colors and techniques. Kani Shawls are treasured for their elegance and craftsmanship, showcasing the Gujjar tribe's connection to their heritage and Kashmir's old artistic traditions.^[117]

They love wearing heavy jewellery like kangan, karras, seheeri, mahail, loung, and bails made from gold and silver. The hair style of Gujjar women is also very unique - they weave their hair into many plaits, which takes a whole day. They only undo their hair once a month to wash it.^{[111][113]: 224}

Gujjar and Bakarwal women wear silver jewelery in their traditional attire. They wear items like Haseri (a neck piece), Churain/Chudiyan (bangles), Haar (necklace), kante (earrings), and karre (heavy bangles). Traditionally parents gift silver jewellery to their daughters when they get married. Their jewellery includes various earrings, nose pins, and rings, often with intricate designs and bells. Married Gujjar women wear a long nose pin, while younger girls wear smaller ones. They also wear kungarain-wale-challar, rings with tiny bells, on their fingers.^[113]: 224

Gurjar women in Kashmir region also wear another type of jewelry made of using different colorful beads, which stands out because of its bright colors and unique designs.^[115]

Gujjar women wear a special necklace called Duldo, which is considered their valuable ornament. It's made of three strings with silver beads, and has bells and chains hanging from it, weighing around 30 tolas (360 grams).^[115]

The Gurjar women wear a nose ring, typically made of a gold or silver with a central stone, which is referred to as Dunli or Laong (long). They also wear a smaller nose ring called Tilo or Konka.^[115]

Gujjar women wear locally handmade shoe made by local craftsmen like cobblers. Traditionally, poorer communities wore simple shoes like Poolan, made from waste paddy grass, or Kheri, a type of Sandal, shoe protected their feet from thorns snas nails while working in the fields.^[113]: 224

Gujjar women and kids wear a special cap called Lachka or Lachko. It's a fitted cap with a flat that covers the back of the neck. Skilled crafters decorate it with patterns like circles, triangles, and wavy lines. The cap is also adorned with things like coins, buttons, charms, shells, and beads, making it look really pretty.^{[118][119][115]}

In Gilgit-Baltistan, the Gujjar tribal women wears a special traditional cap called Gujari or Dayani Gujari cap. It's a unique cap that covers hair, has embroidery, and sometimes even jewellery attached.^[120]

Rauf dance is a traditional dance performed by the Gujjar community in Jammu and Kashmir during cultural festivals. The dance features rhythmic movements and traditional music from instruments and dhol. Colorfully dressed performers move in sync, often acting out rural scenes and seasonal changes. It showcases the Gujjar community's culture, joy and spirit.^[117]

In Jammu and Kashmir, Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh Gurjars and Bakarwal are multi-lingual communities, they speak their own Gujari language with various regional languages, including Kashmiri, Pahari, Dogri, Balti, Shina, and Urdu.^[4][6] Gurjar community in Kashmir have their own Gujari literature and music. The DD Kashir Channel on Doorsarshan broadcasts a Gujari programme. Gojari programs are also available on All India Radio Kashmir.^[22]

In the 2011 census of India for Jammu and Kashmir, there were 11,35,196 Gujari speakers in the state.^[121][122] In 2020 census of Azad Jammu and Kashmir there were 7,00,000 to 8,00,000 Gujari speaking Gujjars.^[81]

In recent years some film were peoduced in Gujari language in Jammu and Kashmir, India. In 2021 the first Gujari film "Malli Gujjari" was released. It was written by Dr Javaid Rahi, directed by Qayoom Raja and produced by Neeru Raina. The film, about women's empowerment in tribal culture, was well-received by the audience, mostly Gujjar youth and community leaders. It tells the story of 'Malli Gujjari', a brave woman who recieived the Kirti Chakra award. Th film features local actors and uses authentic Gujari language and proverbs.^[123] Other films in language, like 2024 film Noor Pari (2024) and 2021 film Darshi (2021), were also released in Pakistan.^[124][125]

Gujjars mainly eat 'makki ki roti' or Chapati of grain floor, grains, wheat, and maize. Their main dietary sources are milk, grain, Lassi, Kalari, Karam, Ganhar, ghee, and lassi. They rarely cook vegetables or dal.^[111] They also eat Sarson ka Saag with butter and desi ghee.^{[112]: 512 [101]}

They also eat a lot of veggie stuff like rice, veggies, greens, flatbread, and dry fruits. And they love having Kashmiri wazwan on special days like Eid, Urs, and when they're celebrating a boy's circumcision.^[16]: 93

Kalari or Kalaari is a traditional cheese made by the Gurjar community in Kashmir region. It is a staple in Gurjar cuisine, often served as a snack or used in local dishes like "Kalari Kulcha". The cheese is made from cow's or goat's milk and is known for its unique texture and flavor. Kalari cheese is typically made by boiling milk, then curdling it with yogurt or lemon juice. The curds are shaped into balls or parties and cooked in boiling water until they play. The cheese can be served hot or stored in water in the fridge.^{[126][127][128]} Kalari's size varies across the Kashmir state. In Udhampur and Reasi, women make smaller Kalari, in Rajouri, Poonch and Kashmir, Gurjars make larger yellowish Kalari, often called "milk roti" due to its large size and different color.^[129]

Kudan cheese is a traditional smoked cheese made by the Gurjars of Kashmir. It is often served grilled or pan-fried, known for its unique flavor and popular as a snack. To make it, boil 1 liter milk (cow or goat), mix in 1/2 cup plain yogurt and salt to taste, let it curdle, strain and shape into balls, smoke over wood chips or hay until golden brown, and serve grilled or pan-fried. Gujjars traditionally smoke kudan over open fires, giving it a distinct flavor.^[130][131]

Anch is a traditional dish of Gurjar people, made with goat's milk and buffalo yogurt drink (lassi). It's prepared by boiling these ingredients, then cooling and serving them. This traditional dish shows the use of local ingredients by Gurjar and Bakarwal communities.^[128]

Gujjars kinship structure is based on three main family groups. The "Dera" (household) is a family unit consisting of parents, children and grandparents. The "Dada-potre" (lineage) refers to relatives connected through a common ancestor, typically covering up to seven generations. The Jat or Gotra (clan) is a larger group linked to their Hindu ancestry.^{[22][132][133]}

The basis social unit for Gujjar families are the Deras. A Dera is formed when a person gets married and wants to live independently. Within a Dera, people share work responsibilities. Gujjars typically live in Kullas made of special grass, while Bakarwals live in temporary shelters or tents. Some Gujjars own land and cattle, and they've built parmenent homes called Kothas.^{[112]: 511 [16]: 93}

A new born baby is a gift from Allah, whether it's a boy or a girl. In the past, husbands weren't allowed in the delivery room if it was a boy. Important Islamic traditions for Gujjars include birth, circumcision, marriage, and funerals - all joyous or important occasions. At birth, a molvi whisper the call to prayer in one ear and praise of God in the other. Seven days later, the baby's named in an Aqiqah ceremony, involving head-shaving and sharing sacrificed meat. Girls aged 2-6 get their nose and ears pierced in a simple ceremony.^{[113]: 225 - 226}

Gujjars have fun in different ways. On special days, they invite, singers and flute players to perform. They enjoy Gujjar-Bait (poetry competitions), wrestling, weight lifting, and arm-wrestling. These events exist to watch, with wrestling matches happening to the beat of drums. Herdsmen often play the flute, creating a lovely atmosphere in the fields.^[111]

Gujjars play various games like weight lifting (Bughdar), arm wrestling (beeni panjo), and chitto, a game typically played by Gujjar girls. They also play panj geet, an indoor game involving five small stones.^[112]: 512

The Gujjars have a rich folk culture with many songs and stories. Some popular songs include Gujjar-Bait, Kainchi, Boar, Mahiya, doli, and Sehra.^[112]: 512

Gujjar Bait or Bait is a type of vocal music that doesn't use instruments. It's poetry about love, culture, spirituality, and social issues, often with a philosophical touch. Usually, one or two people sing it, typically men, but sometimes women too. The singing starts softly and builds up to a high pitch. Each piece of Gujjar-Bait is sung in four continuous breaths.^[112]: 512

The Kainchi song tells, the story of a beautiful Gujjar farmer's daughter who married a Munshi. However, he was murdered by a man who wanted to marry her. When she searched for her husband in the forest and couldn't find him, she sang the Kainchi song to express her sadness, and it remains a popular folk song.^[112]: 512

These folk songs are sung by Gujjar women, and sometime unmarried girls, on special occasions like when a marriage party is received, a bride departs after the ceremony in a decorated palanquin (palki or doli), or during Sehra bandi.^[112]: 512

Gujjars and Bakarwals typically arrange marriages between adults, often with family members' input. They commonly marry within their family circle. In some areas like Rajouri and Poonch districts, Gujjars often get married at a young age.^[113]: 225

Gujjar weddings usually are two or three day event. The first and second day of marriage begin with the oiling ceremony (Mainyan or Mehndi Kholna) in the late morning. Women from the groom's family visit the bride, unbraid her hair, and gently massage oil into it - typically started by her elder brother or uncle. A feast follows, prepared by the men outdoors.^[112]: 512

Weddings involve rituals at both homes and equal property inheritance among sons. Their weddings feature lots of curd (dahi) and salt. Neighbors and family give curd as a gift, called "Bhaaji", to the hosting family. The bride wears traditional silver jewellery like "HASEERI" necklaces, bangles, earrings, and chains, like Dolara and Sargat.^[113]: 225

The ring ceremony, or "Kurmaiyee", is a big deal for Gujjars and Bakarwals. The groom's family gives the bride gifts like clothes, jewellery, and money (Phadeh-bahani). It's like a half-marriges. Traditionally, bargers (Nai) would help propose, but now friends and family do it.^[113]

On the third day, the wedding procession (Baraat) heads to the bride's house. About 200-300 meters from groom's place, elderly women block the path, holding a cloth. The groom's side puts monkey and jaggery on it, and then they're allowed to pass. The wedding ceremony happens with both bride and groom's consent, and the groom's family agrees to pay Mehr (money or animals). After the ceremony of Nikkah-Namma by a molvi, everyone is invited to eat.^[112]: 512

Gujjars in the Kashmir region practice endogamy and they strictly marry within their own community. Mostly they practice monogamy, but some rich Gujjars practice polygamy, where a man has multiple wives.^{[113]: 225 [101]}

In Kashmir region, Gurjar community follow the practice of endogamy in which they strictly marry within their own community. They strictly married within their own group, and if someone married outside the community, they were often excluded from the community. Even wealthy families wouldn't typically marry their daughters to no-Gurjars, and vice versa, showing a strong preference for keeping marriages within the tribe.^[10][134]

The Bakarwal a subgroup of Muslim Gurjars also strictly marry within their own group (Zat/qom), and it's considered wrong to marry outside their community. In fact, 54% marriages of Bakarwal tribe are within their own zāt (qom), which is a common practice among Muslim Gurjars and some other south Asian Muslim communities, where people tend to marry within their own group.^[135]

Gurjars in Kashmir follow exogamy for marriages. The main role of clans (gotras) is to decide who can marry whom. Mostly Muslim Gurjars, like Hindus, don't marry someone from the same gotra, meaning they marry outside their own gotra.^[22]

Gujjar parents usually pick their son's wife. The kids don't get to choose. They often practice "Bata-Sata" marriages, swapping sisters between families. This happened in some some Hindu Rajput clans in Gujarat and Rajasthan.^[113]: 225

After death body is buried, and the family mourns for 3 days with prayers and Islamic poetry readings (Naatas). Neighbors bring food as the family doesn't cook. Gujjars and Bakarwals follow these Islamic traditions, passed down through generations, covering birth to death rituals. It's a part of whom they are, incluences by Islam.^[113]: 226

Gujjars follow death rituals according to Islamic laws that last 14 days. They place stones on the grave and light a lamp there each year to pay respects. During the mourning period, they reciting religious texts. The formal mourning ends on the 4th day (choutha), and relatives go back home. They also mark the 14th day and hold a prayer (niaz) on the anniversary.^[112]: 512

Their funeral follow Islamic traditions. When someone dies they're washed (Gousul) by family or someone who knows the ritual. Men and women are washed separately. Then, the body is wrapped in white cloth (Kafan). The community comes together to say a special prayer (Namaz-e-Jinazah) before burial. The person is buried in a graveyard (Qabar), and verses from the holy Quran are read at the grave.^[136]

When a tribal Gujjar or Bakarwal dies, they're buried near their migration route or winter homes. Family and friends gather to recite Quran verses and honor the deceased with candles on their grave. Neighbors traditionally feed the grieving family for three days and help with small taska. On the fourth day (Chehlum), the family returns to normal life, but they still remember and pray for the deceased on special days like the 14th day and anniversary (Khatam or Niaz). Tribal Gurjars even mourn on the death of a Cow with a '"Siapa" ceremony.^[136]

In Kashmir, Gujjars and Bakarwals celebrate various religious and non religious festivals, including Eid-al Adha, Eid-al Fitar, Ramazan, Muharam, Holi, Diwali, and Lohri, with great devotion. They also participate in social festivals to honor their ancestors and revered saints. Notable festivals include Mela Bab Nagri, Wangat Lar in Ganderbal, Peer Baba Ghulam Shah in Shadta Shareef, Rajouri, Peer Fateh Shah Sahib, and Gool Budhan in Reasi.^[137]

In Kashmir, the Gurjar community celebrates Eid festivals with a mix of traditional and modern customs. On Eid morning, they gather at mosques in traditional clothes to pray and greet each other. The air smells amazing with traditional food like 'roht' and khatte maas' cooking. Gurjar women wear beautiful jewelry and henna, while kids have fun on swings and playing games.^[138]

The Gurjar community comes together for big feasts, music, and dance, which brings them closer and keeps their heritage alive. Older folks share stories about their ancestors, passing on traditions to the next generation. At night, fireworks and 'Daf' performances spreading joy and togetherness. For Gurjars, Eid is a abut celebrating their faith, culture, and community, reconnecting with their roots and loved ones, and making happy memories. Eid celebrations reflects the traditional cultural heritage of "Kashmiri Gujjars".^[138]

Sons inherit equal property shares from their father. Gujjar Girls also get their shares according to Islamic laws. If there's no kids, the widow gets it, but remarrying means she loses it - brothers split it then.^[113]: 225

Gujjar women in Jammu and Kashmir face more challenges than women from other Tribal groups. They're known for working hard, but superstition and lack of education make life tough for them. They're often taken advantage of, doing all the household choices, selling milk, farming and caring cattle.^{[113]: 223-224}

This exhausting routine leaves them physically and mentally drained. Despites their hard work, they're often viewed with suspicion and don't get the respect they deserve in their community. Gujjar women and girls spend their days herding animals, carrying kids and household stuff, and traveling far. During breaks, they cook, do laundry, and pack up again. They're too busy to think about their social status.^{[113]: 223-224}

Gujjars in tribals of Jammu and Kashmir follow the Jirga system to resolve everyday issues, including land disputes, political, social, educational, and community-related matters.^[139][140]

In Jammu and Kashmir Gujjars and Bakarwals used to have their own councils called Jirga to settle disputes. Many still use this traditional system, but some prefer to go to the police or courts instead. Nowadays, a new system of local government called Panchayat Raj is being used in some areas of Jammu and Kashmir.^[141]: 105

Still now 58% Gujjars and Bakarwals in Jammu and Kashmir use these Jirgas to settle disputes within the community. The rest, 42%, prefer using police and modern courts. Gujjars and Bakarwals have their own rules to make decisions that help everyone. They are led with clan chiefs or sardars. Because they live in many different places, each group has its own leader, who is picked for being respected and fair.^[141]

In Jammu and Kashmir the population of Gurjars and Bakarwals in the 2011 census of India was recorded at 11,35,196.^[1]

According to official statistics, Jammu and Kashmir has more than 1.5 million (15 lakh) Gujjars and Bakarwals. This number includes around 500,000 Bakarwal people who moved around with their livestock for a living.^[a]

In Azad Kashmir population of the Gurjars is estimated at 8,00,000.^[2]

In 1931 census of British India the population of the Gurjars for president-day Pakistani-adminsitered Gilgit-Baltistan was recorded at 3,098 individuals.^[3]

Population of Gurjars recorded in different census reports of the British India for Kashmir region (later Jammu and Kashmir state) now which has been the subject of a dispute between India, Pakistan and China.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1891	245,796	—
1901	286,109	+1.53%
1911	328,003	+1.38%
1921	362,107	+0.99%
1931	402,781	+1.07%
1941	381,457	−0.54%
source: 1891 census[143] - 1901 census[144] - 1911 census[145] - 1921 census[146] - 1931 census[147] - 1941 census[92]

The social status of the Gurjars in Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan is generally equal to other tribes of the regions. Initially in 1989, the schedule tribe status was given to some tribal communities in Jammu and Kashmir (state), including Bakarwal and Sippi, as well as the Tribal communities of Ladakh.^[27]: 613 Later, in April 1991, Gurjars of Jammua and Kashmir and Ladakh were classified as a Schedule Tribe under the Indian Government's general reservation scheme of positive discrimination.^{[27]: 613 [148][149][150]}

Gurjars and Bakarwals now make up about 10% of the total 20% reservation quota system in Jammu and Kashmir (union territory) of India.^[151][152]

In Jammu and Kashmir, the predominant haplogroup found among Muslim Gujjars is R1a, occurring at a frequency of 78%. This is followed by haplogroup H, while haplogroup L is found at the lowest frequency.^[153]

Recent genetic study shows that "Gurjars in Jammu and Kashmir" have genetic similarity with the Sindhis, Balochs and Pashtuns of Afghanistan and Pakistan.^[154][155] But they are genetically different from other tribes of India.^[156]

The economy of Jammu and Kashmir mainly relies on animal husbandry. It is one of the key industries that has helped the states' finances a lot. The Gujjars and Bakarwals are a community that traditionally moves from place to place in Jammu and Kashmir. Their main sources of income come from agriculture and raising livestock, including buffaloes, horse, donkey, sheep, goats, and cow.^[102] Many Gujjars and Bakarwals keep cattle for various uses. When people raise cattle mainly to sell and make a living, it's called pastoral economy.^[157]

Gujjars in the Jammu region's subtropical zone are involved in dairy farming. In 2007-08, Jammu and Kashmir produced 1515.29 thousand metric tonnes of milk, according to the Integrated Sample Survey. Today, the average person gets about 341g of milk per day.^[157]

The literacy rate of Gujjars in 2001 census of India was 31.7% in Jammu and Kashmir.^{[101]: 3282}

In 2011 census of India 34.4% of Gujjars were literate in Jammu and Kashmir, up 2.7% from 10 years earlier. To boost education, the government has set up schools, including mobile schools for Gujjar children who moved around with their livestock. The government is also offering scholarships to help increase literacy rates among Gujjars. The Tribal Welfare Department runs programs to support education, including scholarships for students after Matriculation.^{[101]: 3282}

A 2018 study on the educational status of Gujjar children in Jammu and Kashmir reveled that 39.3% are illiterate, 29.7% are in primary school, 15.7% are in secondary school, 9.3% are in higher secondary school, 2% are graduates, 3% have post-graduate qualifications, and 1% have a professional degree.^{[158]: 4490}

A 2013 study conducted on the Gujjars of the Trikuta hills in Jammu division documented 70 plant species from 43 families used by Gujjars for medicinal purposes. The documented species are listed alphabetically, providing details on their botanical name, family, local and English names, parts used, and administration methods. The most represented families are Asteraceae (8 species, 9%), Lamiaceae (6 species, 9%), and Fabaceare (6 species, 9%). Other notable families include Liliaceae, Polygonaceae, and Solanaceae with three species each, and Rubiaceae, Amenispermaceae, Fabaceae, Malavaceae, and Verbenaceae with two species each.^[159]

The identified medicinal plants break down like this: 33 herbs (47%), 13 Shrubs (19%), 13 trees (19%), 9 climbers (13%), and 2 Epiphytes (3%). The Gujjars use these plants to treat various health issues, including rheumatism, skin problems, respiratory problems, and reproductive disorders. Gujjars use different parts of the plants for medicine. The most used part is leaves (28 plants), followed by roots (25), while plants (17), flowers as fruits (9), seeds (7), bark (3), and resins (2). Often, more than one part of a plant is used to make medicine.^[159]

In India, people have been using traditional animal medicine for a long time. Ancient texts like Atharvaveda contain remedies for animal diseases. Local Indian communities know how to use these traditional treatments, which helps their economy and daily life. The Gujjar and Bakarwal communities rely heavily on local plants for their needs as they live in remote areas with limited modern amenities.^[160] The Poonch district where Gujjar is a major ethnic group is home to rich and endangered species. The area's vegetation includes coniferous forests (with trees like pine and cedar), broad-leaved evergreen forests, deciduous forests, and scrub forests, featuring trees like oak, maple, and poplar.^[160]

A 2021 study found that Gujjar and Bakarwal communities in Jammu and Kashmir mainly use herbs (about 71%) for traditional animal healthcare, followed by trees and shrubs (about 13% each), and climbers (about 3%). This means herbs are their go-to for Ethnoveterinary medicine. This finding matches earlier studies in Jammu and Kashmir and India. Interestingly, studies in lower areas found trees are used more often for animal healthcare.^[160]

2023 study found that Gurjars and Bakarwals use plants for medicinal purposes. The plants used were mostly herbs (80%), followed by trees (8%), ferns (6%), shrubs (4%), and fungi (2%). Herbs were likely used because they have a lot of bio-active compounds and work better than other plant parts. The plants came from 34 families, with Asteraceae (11 species), Lamiaceae (5 species), and Boraginaceae and Caryophyllaceae (4 species).^[161]

Other notable families included Ranunculaceae (3 species), and several families with 2 species each, with 21 families had only 1 species each. Only a few plants (14 species, 22%) were used similarly by Gurjar, Bakarwal and Kashmir people. The Gurjar and Bakarwal groups had the most similar uses (23 species, 36%), followed by Gurjars and Kashmiris (14 species, 22%). Gurjars -Bakarwals used the most plants for medicinal purposes, likely due to their reliance on forest products and livestock. Kashmiris used fewer plants.^[161]

A 2024 study based on 7 ethnic groups in the Muzaffarabad Division of Azad Kashmir found that Gurjars and Bakarwals use most plants for medicinal purposes compared to other communities in the region. Gurjar communities use lots of wild plants that other groups don't. They eat a lot of pants as medicine and have traditional knowledge about wild plants which they pass down. Unlike other groups of Azad Kashmir they don't rely on store-bought plants -they harvest their own plants and vegetables.^[162] The Bakarwal community was the second biggest users of wild food plants. They spend most of their time herding in high mountain areas, so they've learned a lot about the plants that grow there. They often eat these plants and have their own special ways of using them.^[162]

A 2025 found 63 types of wild plant species use by 5 ethnic groups in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. 63 types includes 11 fungi and 52 plants. Gurjars used most - 59 types, while Bakarwals used 20. Three new wild food ingredients were discovered: Fagopyrum cymosum, and Armillaria mellea (used by Gurjars) and Lagotis cashmeriana (used by Bakarwals). Gurjar women knew more about these plants that men, since they often pick, eat, and cook them. Young people knew less - they knew about 19 plants, mainly from Gurjar and Bakarwal groups.^[163]

Gurjars are a politically influencial ethnic group in Azad Kashmir, they have been winning most elections since 1947, and they make up a big chunk of the MLAs (Members of the Legislative Assembly) there.^[164][165] Gujjars also known Chaudhary in Azad Kashmir had a strong presence in the previous AJK assembly (9th Assembly of the Azad Kashmir from 2011 - 2016), with over a dozen lawmakers from the Gurjar community. Political analyst Sajjad Mis says Gujjar politicians know their community's influence and switch parties to be on the winning side. He cites Chaudhary Shehzad Gujjar, who left PML-N fro PTI expecting his community's support. Another analyst, Gulzar Usmani, notes that with candidate s from the same b community competing, their votes will likely split. In various areas, including Muzaffarabad and Mirpur, this dynamic is playing out.^[165] In the 2021 Azad Kashmir general election for the 10th Legislative Assembly of Azad Kashmir many Gujjar politicians were elected from different areas of AJK.^[166]

Gujjars make up 20-50% of voters in 21 assembly seats in Jammu and Kashmir. 2014 elections they've won in 9 areas including: Haveli, Surankote, Mendhar, Kangan, and Uri. They're also a big group in 13 other areas: Kalakote, Kupwara, Karnah, Reasi, Nagrit, Inderwal, Noorabad, Uri, Shopian, Kokenag, Shang, Tangmarg, Pahalgam, and Langate. In Jammu and Kashmir they're a big part of voters in state and national elections ,and their votes matter in many areas.^[51]

The Gurjars have issues with other Muslims, especially Kashmiri Sunni Muslims. They say Kashmiris use fake Scheduled tribe certificates to get their kinds into top schools and government jobs. They also feel Kashmiris have dominated top government positions for 40+ years, ignoring Gujjar needs. Gujjars believe Kashmiri leaders prioritize their own region. These complaints seem real, given the clear neglect of Gujjars. Gujjars have very little representation in the State legislative assembly, with only 5.26% of seats in Jammu & Kashmir.^[167]

In Jammu division, they fare a bit better, typically electing 4-5 representatives. However, the valley hasn't elected a Gujjar in a long time, even in areas where they make up a big part of the voters, like Noorabad and Bandipur. These areas seem to be set up so the majority community (Sunnis) always wins. The same lack of representation applies to national level position s in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. It's a fact that Gujjars are underrepresented in government jobs in Jammu & Kashmir, India. Out of 3,000 state Secretariat employees, only 2 are Gujjars, there are just 5 Gujjar police officers in top positions, and no Gujjar deputy commissioners. They also lack representation in key commissions and boards. Out of 2,50,000 government employees, only 5,000 are Gujjars - that's 2%.^[167]

The Congress government in Delhi, led by Indira Gandhi, recognizes the Gurjars' electoral importance in Jammu and Kashmir (state) and wooed them, earning their lasting loyalty. This move didn't sit well with National Conference party of Sheikh Abdullah. However, Sheikh Abdullah did some work on initiative for Gujjar welfare aided by prominent Gurjar leader Mian Bashir Ahmed Larvi of National Conference. In 1975, the government created a Gujjar and Bakarwals Welfare Board, funding various schemes. Some initiatives including communities, allocating shops, providing free uniforms and books, and setting up mobile schools and hospitals for migratory Gurjars.^[27]: 612

In the 2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, there were 87 seats. Only 4 members (4.60%) were elected from the Gujjar community, while 83 (95.40%) were elected or nominated from the general category. Gujjar community has just 4.60% representation in the state assembly, despite making up 7.58% of the population according to 2001 census.^{[168][27]: 613} In the 2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, the situations didn't improve much, only five members (5.7%) from the Gurjar community won their seats in the assembly.^[27]: 613

In the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, the Gurjar community's representation grew from four seats to nine. This meant their representation in the assembly increased from 4.60% in 2001 to 10.34% in 2014. The arrival of national Political parties of India in the region has given Gurjar politicians a chance to represent their community's interests.^{[168][27]: 613} In Jammu and Kashmir, Gujjars make up a significant voting population in 21 assembly constituencies. In the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, 9 Gurjars were elected as MLAs this was a notable achievement, especially in Poonch and Rajouri districts where 5 out of 7 elected MLAs were Gujjars.^{[52]: 108 [169][27]: 613}

In 2020 in the first District Development Council (DDC) election in Jammu and Kashmir total 38. The 26 members won from Jammu division, and the 15 were tribal Gurjar women from the Bakarwal Gujjar community.^[170][171]

In the 2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference party secured the victory. Following this win, Omar Abdullah took office as the chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir. He picked a team of 6 ministers, which includes Surinder Kumar Choudhary, Sakeena Masood, Javed Ahmed Rana, Javid Ahmad Dar, and Satish Sharma.^[172] Out of six ministers Javed Ahmed Rana is a Gurjar leader who comes from Pir Panjal region.^{[173][174][175]} His electoral victory was in Mendhar Assembly constituency of Poonch district, India.^[176]

In Jammu and Kashmir the occupation of the Gurjars and Bakarwals fall into several categories: Domestic worker, Pastoral, Agriculture, Government jobs, and other various occupations. A 2018 study showed that 43.3% of Gujjars in Jammu and Kashmir were domestic workers, 29.7% pastoral, 8.3% were farmers, 6% had government jobs, and 12.7 had other types of occupations.^{[158]: 4489}

As per the 2008 National classification Occupation (NCO) report, the main occupation of Gujjars in Jammu and Kashmir has clearly changed; now they don't work as shepherds (nomad) anymore. Most Gujjars in J&K now work for daily wages, either in the family or other jobs. Their work depends on the time of year- they find jobs in villages during harvest seasons, and move to towns when there's no farm work to look for other jobs. It turns out shepherding isn't their main occupation for anyone.^[177]

A 2024 Field Survey of the Jammu and Kashmir Government found that the main occupation of Gujjars in Jammu and Kashmir was: 35.7% agricultural and Labourer, 25.3% farmers, 17.3% pastoral (herdsmen), 3.3% in government jobs, 16% unemployed, 1.1% students, and 1.3% engaged in other occupations.^[177]

About 25% of Gujjars said farming is their main occupation, growing crops mostly for themselves. The Gujjars in Jammu and Kashmir don't really do commercial farming. They have small plots of land, about 0.125 hectares on average, which they use for their homes, growing corn, or kitchen gardens. About 16% of people said they're homemaker, so they're not considered employed. Most of these, around 60%, are men. Many of these men used to work as shepherds or laborers but can't do physical work anymore, so they help out at home. The survey further reveled that only 17% Gujjar said Shepherding (or Pastoral work) is their main occupation. Some said Shepherding just wasn't profitable, so they stopped.^[177]

2018 study also reveled that a majority of (66%) Gujjars have an annual income ranging from 10,000 to 20,000 rupees, followed by 20.3% earning between 21,000 to 30,000 rupee, 5.7% earning 32,000 to 40,000 rupees, and 6% earning 51,000 rupees or more per annum. Some Gujjars use this money to start small business locally, while others do manual work for extra money, helping them provide for their families.^{[158]: 4489}

• Faizul Waheed, Islamic scholar^[178]
• Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad, politicians from Surankote^[179]
• Mian Bashir Ahmed, Sufi saint and politicians Ganderbal^[180]
• Abdul Ghani Azhari, Muslim scholar from Poonch, India^[181]
• Masud Choudhary, educator and social reformer^[182]
• Shahid Iqbal Choudhary, IAS officer from Rajouri^[183]
• Chowdhary Mohmmad Hussain, Politicians from Rajouri^[184]
• Javaid Rahi, writer from Poonch, India
• Sahibzada Muhammad Ishaq Zaffar, Politicians from Azad Kashmir
• Ghulam Ali Khatana, politicians^[185]
• Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi, politicians from Ganderbal^[186]
• Chaudhary Ghulam Hussain, social reformer^[187]
• Mohammad Aslam Kohli, Politicians
• Haji Buland Khan, politicians from Ramban^[188]
• Ajaz Ahmad Khan, politicians from Reasi
• Javed Ahmed Rana, politicians from Mendhar, Poonch, India^[173]

• Gujari
• Tribal Research and Cultural Foundation
• Bakarwal people

• Suri, Kavita; Hooda, Deepshikha (2014). Gujjars and Bakkarwals of Jammu & Kashmir: In the Shadows of Conflict. Shubhi Publications. ISBN 978-81-8290-323-4.
• Javaid, Rahi (January 2011). The Gujjars Tribe of Jammu & Kashmir. Gulshan Book. ISBN 9788183391030.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
• Ahmed, Jameel; Ahmed, Israr (2019). Scheduled Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir: Issues and Challenges (1 ed.). India: Studium Press. ISBN 9789385046582.
• Sharma, Dinesh (1988). Education and Socialization Among the Tribes: With Special Reference to Gujjars of Kashmir. Commonwealth Publishers. ISBN 978-81-900066-6-8.
• Khajuria, R. R.; A.N, Bharadhwaj (June 1981). جموں و کشمیر کے گجر [Gurjars of Jammu and Kashmir] (in Urdu). Jammu and Kashmir: Gulshan Book (گلشن بک)) (published 1981). p. 194.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
• Rizwan, Jeelani (15 December 2015). Adoption of Improved Animal Husbandry Practices by Gujjar Tribe of J&K: A Statistical Analysis. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. ISBN 978-3659810480.
• Gupta, Tanu; Chaudhary, Barnali; Jain, Riya; Ojha, Amitash (1 May 2025). "From words to worlds: language, identity, and transgenerational change in Gujjars and Bakerwals, the transhumant pastoral tribe of Jammu and Kashmir". Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science. 9 (1): 105–119. doi:10.1007/s41809-024-00161-7. ISSN 2520-1018.

• Excelsior, Daily (3 December 2016). "Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir". Daily Excelsior. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
• "Gujjars of Kashmir - Antoni Lallican". LensCulture. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
• "Gujjars of Jammu and Kashmir". prezi.com. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
• "Intangible cultural heritage safeguarding and climate action in Asia and the Pacific". unesdoc.unesco.org. UNESCO Office in Beijing, International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia and the Pacific Region, International Research Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia and the Pacific Region, Integrated Research on Disaster Risk. 2025. pp. 190–203. doi:10.58337/PXIC4199. ISSN 978-92-3-100783-5. Retrieved 16 March 2026. {{cite web}}: Check |issn= value (help)
• "Overlooked Toll of Climate Change on Kashmir's Gujjar-Bakarwal Community". Pulitzer Center. Retrieved 22 February 2026.