Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)

For other battles in the same place, see Battle of Algiers.

Capture of Algiers
Part of Spanish–Ottoman wars

Penon island
Date29 May 1529
Location
Algiers
Result Algerian victory
Belligerents
Spanish Empire Regency of Algiers
Commanders and leaders
Don Martin de Vargas  Hayreddin Barbarossa
Strength
200 soldiers 2,000 janissaries
Contingent of Kabyles[1]
Casualties and losses
175 dead
25 prisoners		 Unknown

The capture of Peñón of Algiers was accomplished when the beylerbey of Algiers, Hayreddin Barbarossa, captured the fortress called Peñón of Algiers, on a small islet facing the Algerian city of Algiers from the Habsburg Spaniards.

Background

In 1510, the Spaniards had established themselves on a small island off Algiers, and forced the local ruler Sālim al-Tūmī (Selim-bin-Teumi) to accept their presence through a treaty and pay tribute.[2] Fortifications were built on the islet, and a garrison of 200 men was established. Sālim al-Tūmī had to go to Spain to take an oath of obedience to Ferdinand of Aragon.[3]

In 1516 however, the amir of Algiers Sālim al-Tūmī invited the corsair brothers Aruj and Khair ad-Din Barbarossa to expel the Spaniards. Aruj, with the help of Ottoman troops,[2] came to Algiers, ordered the assassination of Sālim because Sālim was conspiring with the Spaniards against the pirates and Aruj,[4] and seized the town. Spanish expeditions were sent to take over the city, first in 1516 under Don Diego de Vera, and then in 1519 under Don Ugo de Moncada, but both expeditions ended in failure.[3]

Khair ad-Din, succeeding Aruj after the latter was killed in a battle against the Spaniards at the Fall of Tlemcen (1517). The capture of Algiers in 1516 had been made possible with the support of the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. This support was discontinued with Sultan Selim's death in 1520, causing Barbarossa to lose the city to a local kabyle chieftain in 1524,[3] and to retreat to his fief of Djidjelli.[5]

Reconquest

When Suleiman the Magnificent declared war on Emperor Ferdinand I in January 1529, he also wished to go on the offensive in the western Mediterranean, and therefore renewed Ottoman support for Barbarossa.

Barbarossa received from the Ottoman Empire 2,000 janissaries, artillery, and important financial support. Through bribery Barbarossa first obtained a change in the allegiance of the supporters of the Algiers sheikh. After taking power in the city, Barbarossa then lay siege to the El Peñón de Argel, the Spanish fortress at the entrance of the harbour. After 22 days enduring artillery fire without help from the Spanish mainland the Spanish under Don Martin de Vargas finally surrendered on 29 May 1529, with only 25 men left. Vargas was cudgelled to death, the fortress was dismantled, and the stoneworka used to build a seawall using Christian slaves as manpower.[3][6] Nine Spanish vessels that had come to the aid of the fortress were captured.[7]

Aftermath

Over the following years, Barbarossa used Algiers as a major base for launching raids from the Barbary Coast.[8] The huge Algiers expedition undertaken by Charles V in 1541 to retake Algiers ended in failure.[3] Algiers remained under Ottoman rule for three centuries,[2] until the French Invasion of Algiers in 1830.

Notes

  1. ^ G. Camps, M. Leglay, L. Golvin, R. Mantran et P. Boyer, « Alger », Encyclopédie berbère, 4 | 1986, 447-472. “Celle-ci ne sera prise qu'en 1530 par Kheir-ed-din, toujours soutenu par ses Kabyles. C'est grâce à eux qu'une poignée de Turcs et de Renégats pourra conquérir tout le pays et en particulier abattre définitivement les Abd el Waddites de Tlemcen et les Hafcides de Bougie et Constantine.”
  2. ^ a b c Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. Taylor & Francis. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-884964-03-9.
  3. ^ a b c d e E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL. 1987. p. 258. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.
  4. ^ Meynier, Gilbert (2010). L’Algérie, cœur du Maghreb classique. Paris: La Découverte. p. 313. ISBN 9782707152312.
  5. ^ Garnier 2008, p. 20.
  6. ^ Garnier 2008, p. 19-20.
  7. ^ Touati, Houari. “Ottoman Maghrib.” Chapter. In The New Cambridge History of Islam, edited by Maribel Fierro, 503–46. The New Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. p.510.
  8. ^ Garnier 2008, p. 21.

References

  • Garnier, Edith (2008). L’alliance impie (in French). Paris: Félin. ISBN 978-2866456788.

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