Adyghe morphology

In Adyghe, like all Northwest Caucasian languages, morphology is the most important part of the grammar.^[1][2] An Adyghe word, besides that it has its own lexical meaning, sometimes, by the set of morphemes it is built of and by their aggregate grammatical meanings, can reproduce a sentence. For example, a verb by its set of morphemes can express subject's and object's person, place, time, manner of action, negative, and other types of grammatical categories. For example: къыпфэсхьыщтэп "I will not bring it for you" consists of these morphemes: къы-п-фэ-с-хьы-щт-эп – which have these literal meanings "from there (къы) you (п) for you (фэ) I (с) bring (хьы) will (attribute of the future tense – щт) not (эп)".

In Adyghe there are two kind of prefixes : Directional prefixes and informative prefixes. Directional prefixes express the direction of the verb while informative prefixes add additional information related to the verb like the location, the reason and the participants.

Directional prefixes express the movement of the object and the direction of the verb.

The verbal prefix лъ~ (/ɬ/) designates an action directed towards, after, or following someone or something. It often implies pursuit or targeting.

• макӏо (s)he is going → лъэкӏо (s)he is going after / following.
• мачъэ (s)he is running → лъэчъэ (s)he is running after / chasing.
• мэкуо (s)he is shouting → лъэкуо (s)he is shouting towards.
• маплъэ (s)he is looking → лъэплъэ (s)he is looking after / watching.
• ео (s)he is hitting → лъео (s)he is hitting towards / striking at.
• едзы (s)he is throwing → лъедзы (s)he is throwing towards.
• ехьэ (s)he is entering → лъехьэ (s)he is entering after / following inside.
• мэӏабэ (s)he is reaching → лъыӏэбэн (s)he is reaching towards.

Examples in sentences:

• Шъо кӏалэхэмкӏэ!, шъукъэслъыкӏу [ʂʷɐ t͡ʃʼaːɮɐxɐmt͡ʃʼɐ, ʂʷəqɐsɬəkʷʼ] – "You boys, follow me."
• Кӏалэм мыжъор къэслъедзы [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm məʐʷɐr qɐsɬɐjdzə] – "The boy is throwing the rock at me."

The verbal prefix зэкӏ~ (/zɐt͡ʃʼ/) designates that the action is directed backwards or behind the subject.

• макӏо (s)he is going → зэкӏакӏо (s)he is going backwards.
• мачъэ (s)he is running → зэкӏачъэ (s)he is running backwards.
• маплъэ (s)he is looking → зэкӏаплъэ (s)he is looking backwards.
• едзы (s)he is throwing → зэкӏедзы (s)he is throwing backwards.
• мэӏабэ (s)he is reaching → зэкӏэӏабэ (s)he is reaching out backwards.

Examples in sentences:

• Зэкӏаплъи плъэгъущт кӏалэр [zɐt͡ʃʼaːpɬəj pɬɐʁʷəɕt t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr] – "Look behind and you will see the boy."
• Нахьыеу тӏэкӏу зэкӏакӏу [naːħəjɐw tʼɐkʷʼ zɐt͡ʃʼaːkʷʼ] – "Move backward a bit more."

The verbal prefix блэ~ (/bɮɐ/) designates an action that bypasses or goes past someone or something.

• блэкӏын to go past something or someone.
• блэшъутын to run past something or someone.
• блихын to barely miss something or someone.
• дзын (to throw) → блэдзын to throw past.
• плъэн (to look) → блэплъын to look past.
• пкӏэн (to jump) → блэпкӏын to jump past.
• быбын (to fly) → блэбыбын to fly past.
• он (to hit; to shoot) → блэун to miss.

Examples in sentences:

• Гъогум сэ сыблэкӏы [ʁʷɐɡʷəm sɐ səbɮɐt͡ʃʼə] – "I am going past the road."
• Сыкъашти цӏыфыхэмэ саблэгъэплъ [səqaːʃtəj t͡sʼəfxɐmɐ saːbɮɐʁɐpɬ] – "Hold me up and let me look past the people."
• Псыхъом къэздачъи блэпкӏ [psəχʷɐm qɐzdaːt͡ʂəj blɐpt͡ʃʼ] – "Start running from a distance and jump over the river."

The verbal prefix пхы~ (also пхыры~) (/pxə/, /pxərə/) designates an action or motion directed through an obstacle or object.

• пхырыкӏын to pass through.
• плъэн (to look) → пхырыплъын to look through something.

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр мэзым пхырыкӏыгъ [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr mɐzəm pxərət͡ʃʼəʁ] – "The boy passed through the forest."

The verbal prefix шъхьапы~ (/ʂħaːpə/) designates an action or movement directed beyond or over something.

• шъхьэпыкӏын to exceed; to go beyond something.
• шъхьэпыхын to barely miss someone; to pass something very closely and quickly.
• дзын (to throw) → шъхьэпыдзын to throw beyond something.
• плъэн (to look) → шъхьэпыплъын to look beyond something.
• пкӏэн (to jump) → шъхьэпыпкӏын to jump beyond something.
• он (to hit; to shoot) → шъхьэпыун to shoot beyond something or someone.

Examples in sentences:

• Цӏыфыхэмэ сашъхьэпэплъы [t͡sʼəfxɐmɐ saːʂħɐpɐpɬə] – "I am looking beyond the people."
• Унэм мыжъор шъхьэпыдзын ӏо [wənɐm məʐʷɐr ʂħɐpəd͡zən ʔʷɐ] – "Try throwing the rock beyond the house."
• Мыжъор кӏалэм шъхьэпихэгъ [məʐʷɐr t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm ʂħɐpəjxəʁ] – "The rock barely passed beyond the boy."

The verbal prefix шъхьадэ~ (/ʂħaːdɐ/) designates an action or movement directed over something.

• шъхьэдэкӏын to go past over something.
• дзын (to throw) → шъхьэдэдзын to throw over something.
• плъэн (to look) → шъхьэдэплъын to look over something or someone.
• пкӏэн (to jump) → шъхьэдэпкӏын to jump over something.

Examples in sentences:

• Къэлапчъэм кӏалэр шъхьэдэплъы [qɐlaːpt͡ʂɐm t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr ʂħɐdɐpɬə] – "The boy is looking over the gate."
• Боксым шъхьэдэпкӏ [boksəm ʂħɐdɐpt͡ʃʼ] – "Jump over the box."

The verbal prefix кӏэлъыры~ (/t͡ʃʼɐɬərə/) designates an action directed adjacent to something or someone.

• кӏэлъырысын to sit adjacent to something or someone.
• кӏэлъырытын to stand adjacent to something or someone.
• кӏэлъырыон to hit adjacent to something or someone.
• кӏэлъырыкӏын to move away from something or someone.

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэхэр машӏом кӏэлъырысых [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐxɐr maːʂʷʼɐm t͡ʃʼɐɬərəsəx] – "The boys are sitting adjacent to the fire."

The verbal prefix зэбгыры~ (/zɐbɣərə/) indicates the spread of an action in different directions.

• зэбгырыфын to scatter by driving away.
• зэбгырыон to fall to pieces.
• зэбгырыдзын to scatter by throwing.
• зэбгырыкӏын to disperse (in different directions).

The verbal prefix шӏохэ~ (/ʂʷʼɐxɐ/) designates an action directed towards the neck.

• шӏохэлъын to be worn on one's neck.
• шӏохэфэн to fit on one's neck.
• шӏохэзын to fall from one's neck.
• шӏохэлъхьэн to wear on one's neck.
• дзын (to throw) → шӏохэдзэн to throw on one's neck.
• плъэн (to look) → шӏохэплъэн to look on one's neck.
• пкӏэн (to jump) → шӏохэпкӏын to jump on one's neck.

Examples in sentences:

• Пшъэдалъхьэр къэсшӏохалъхь [pʂɐdaː_ɬħɐr qɐsʂʷʼɐxaː_ɬħ] – "Wear the necktie on my neck."
• Кӏалэм джэгъукӏэлъ шӏохэлъ [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm d͡ʒɐʁʷt͡ʃʼɐɬ ʂʷʼɐxɐɬ] – "The necklace is worn on the boy's neck."

Informative prefixes add additional information related to the verb, such as the location, the reason, or the participants involved.

The verbal prefix гъэ~ (ʁa~) designates causation. It indicates that the object was forced, compelled, made, ordered, allowed, or given the opportunity to do something. Verbs receive an additional argument in the causative construction, increasing their valence by one. All Adyghe verbs can form the causative, including intransitives, transitives, and ditransitives.

• кӏо! /kʷʼɐ/ (go!) → гъакӏу /ʁaːkʷʼ/ (make him go!)
• макӏо /maːkʷʼɐ/ (he is going) → егъакӏо /jɐʁaːkʷʼɐ/ (he is making him go)
• къакӏу /qaːkʷʼ/ (come!) → къэгъакӏу /qɐʁaːkʷʼ/ (make him come!)
• ӏо /ʔʷɐ/ (say!) → гъаӏу /ʁaːʔʷ/ (make him say!)
• шхэ /ʃxɐ/ (eat!) → гъашх /ʁaːʃx/ (make him eat! / feed him!)
• машхэ /maːʃxɐ/ (he is eating) → егъашхэ /jɐʁaːʃxɐ/ (he is making him eat / he is feeding him)

Examples in sentences:

• Фылымым сегъэплъ. [fələməm sɐjʁɐpɬ] – "Let me watch the film."
• Шъхьэхъор ӏанэм тегъауцу. [ʂħɐχʷɐr ʔaːnɐm tɐʁaːwt͡sʷ] – "Place (make stand) the flowerpot on the table."

By adding the prefix гъэ- (ʁa-), it is also possible to create transitive verbs from nouns, adjectives, and intransitive verbs:

• фабэ /faːbɐ/ (hot) → гъэфаб /ʁɐfaːb/ (make it hot / heat it)
• дахэ /daːxɐ/ (pretty) → гъэдах /ʁɐdaːx/ (make him/it pretty)
• плъыжьы /pɬəʑə/ (red) → гъэплъыжь /ʁɐpɬəʑ/ (make him/it red)
• дышъэ /dəʂɐ/ (gold) → гъэдышъ /ʁɐdəʂ/ (make him/it gold)
• кӏэхьы /t͡ʃʼɐħə/ (long) → гъэукӏэхьын /ʁɐt͡ʃʼɐħən/ (to make it long / to extend)
• хьазыр /ħaːzər/ (ready) → гъэухьэзырын /ʁɐwħɐzərən/ (to make it ready / to prepare)

Examples in sentences:

• Санэ псым хапкӏэмэ егъэплъыжьыщт. [saːnɐ psəm xaːpt͡ʃɐmɐ jɐʁɐpɬəʑəɕt] – "If you spill grape on water, it will make it red."
• Фылымыр бащэу агъэукӏэхьыгъ. [fələmər baːɕɐw jaːʁɐwt͡ʃʼɐħɐʁ] – "They extended the film too much."

Double Causatives: Adyghe allows "double causatives," where the causative suffix is added to a transitive verb that has already been derived by causativization. For example, the causative гъэжъон /ʁɐʐʷɐn/ (make boil, cook) can be causativized to гъэгъэжъон /ʁɐʁɐʐʷɐn/ (make someone cook), taking three arguments.

• Сэ пшъашъэм есгъэгъашхэ шхыныр кӏэлэцӏыкӏум. [sɐ pʂaːʂɐm jɐsʁɐʁaːʃxɐ ʃxənər t͡ʃʼɐɮɐt͡sʼəkʷʼəm] – "I am making the girl feed the little boy with the food."
• Кӏалэм егъэгъакӏо пшъашъэр кӏэлэцӏыкӏур. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm jɐʁɐʁaːkʷʼɐ pʂaːʂɐr t͡ʃʼɐɮɐt͡sʼəkʷʼər] – "The boy is making the girl force the little boy to go."

A verb that a subject does to themselves uses the prefix зыгъэ~ (zəʁa~).

• фабэ /faːbɐ/ (hot) → зыгъэфаб /zəʁɐfaːb/ (heat yourself)
• дахэ /daːxɐ/ (pretty) → зыгъэдах /zəʁɐdaːx/ (make yourself pretty, usually by dressing up)
• кIо! /kʷʼɐ/ (go!) → зыгъакIу /zəʁaːkʷʼ/ (make yourself go!)
• макIо /maːkʷʼɐ/ (he is going) → зегъакIо /zeʁaːkʷʼɐ/ (he is making himself go)
• шхэ /ʃxɐ/ (eat!) → зыгъашх /zəʁaːʃx/ (make yourself eat! / feed yourself!)
• машхэх /maːʃxɐ/ (they are eating) → загъашхэх /zaːʁaːʃxɐx/ (they are making themselves eat / feeding themselves)

Examples in sentences:

• Кукунэгъэбылъымкӏэ кӏэлэцыкӏухэмэ загъэбылъы. [kʷəkʷnɐʁɐbəɬəmt͡ʃʼɐ t͡ʃʼɐɮɐt͡sʼəkʷʼəxɐmɐ zɐʁɐbəɬə] – "In hide and seek, the little boys are hiding themselves."
• Кӏалэм зыкъемыгъэдел. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm zəqɐjməʁɐdɐjl] – "Don't let the boy fool you." (lit. don't make yourself be fooled by the boy)
• Кӏалэм дахэу зыкъегъэлъагъо джанэхэмкӏэ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm daːxɐw zəqɐjʁɐɬaːʁʷɐ d͡ʒaːnɐxɐmt͡ʃɐ] – "The boy is making himself look pretty using the clothes."

To indicate the time a certain action was done in the past, the prefix з~ (z~) and the past tense suffix ~гъэ (~ʁa) are added. For the future, the prefix з~ (z~) and the future tense suffix ~щтэ (~ɕta) are added.

• аукӏыгъ /jaːwt͡ʃʼɐʁ/ (they killed him) → заукӏыгъэр /zaːwt͡ʃʼəʁɐ/ (the time they killed him was...)
• ышхыгъ /jəʃxɐʁ/ ((s)he ate it) → зышхыгъэр /zəjʃxəʁɐr/ (the time (s)he ate it was...)
• еплъыгъ /jɐpɬɐʁ/ ((s)he watched it) → зеплъыгъэр /zepɬəʁɐr/ (the time he watched it was...)
• еплъыщт /jɐpɬəɕt/ ((s)he is going to watch it) → зеплъыщтэр /zepɬəɕtɐr/ (the time he will watch it is...)
• кӏуагъ /kʷʼaːʁ/ ((s)he went) → зыкӏуагъэр /zəkʷʼaːʁɐr/ (the time he went was...)
• кӏощт /mʷʼɐɕt/ ((s)he is going to go) → зыкӏощтэр /zəkʷʼɐɕtɐr/ (the time he will go is...)

Examples in sentences:

• Щэджэгъоуж сэ сызычъагъэр. [ɕɐd͡ʒaːʁʷɐʒɐr sɐ səzət͡ʂaːʁɐr] – "The time I ran was afternoon."
• Кӏалэр чэщыр залъэгъугъэр. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr t͡ʃɐɕər zaːɬɐʁʷəʁɐr] – "The time they saw the boy was at night."

Conditional Time: To indicate an event or plan that will happen at the time another action takes place, use the prefix з- (z-) and the conditional suffix -кӏэ (-t͡ʃʼa) (-гьэ in Shapsug dialect and -джэ in Bzhedugh dialect).

• макӏо /maːkʷʼɐ/ ((s)he is going) → зыкӏокӏэ /zəkʷʼɐt͡ʃʼɐ/ (at the time (s)he goes)
• сэкӏо /sɐkʷʼɐ/ (I am going) → сызкӏокӏэ /səzkʷʼɐt͡ʃʼɐ/ (at the time I go)
• еплъы /jɐpɬə/ ((s)he is looking at it) → зеплъыкӏэ /zɐjpɬət͡ʃʼɐ/ (at the time (s)he looks at it)
• уеплъы /wɐjpɬə/ (you are looking at it) → узеплъыкӏэ /wzɐjpɬət͡ʃʼɐ/ (at the time you will look at it)
• елъэгъу /jɐɬɐʁʷə/ ((s)he sees it) → зилъэгъукӏэ /zəjɬɐʁʷət͡ʃʼɐ/ (at the time (s)he sees it)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр кӏоу зыплъэгъукӏэ къысадж. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr maːkʷʼɐw zəpɬɐʁʷət͡ʃʼɐ qəsaːd͡ʒ] – "At the time you see the boy going, call me."
• Фылымэр къызежьэкӏэ къыосӏощт къызэрежьагъэр. [fələmɐr qəzɐjʑɐt͡ʃʼɐ qəwɐsʔʷɐɕt zɐrɐqɐjʑaːʁɐr] – "At the time the film starts, I will tell you it has started."
• Сызкъэплъэгъукӏэ еплъ джанэу къэсщыгъым. [səzqɐpɬɐʁʷt͡ʃʼɐ jɐpɬ d͡ʒaːnɐw qɐsɕəʁəm] – "When you see me, look at what I am wearing."
• Банкэр затыгъукӏэ пулисым феу. [baːnkɐr zaːtəʁt͡ʃʼɐ pulisəm few] – "When they rob the bank, call the police."

Past Time Event: To indicate an event that happened exactly when a certain verb took place, the prefix з- (z-) and suffix -эм (-am) are used.

• аукӏыгъ /jaːwt͡ʃʼɐʁ/ (they killed him) → заукӏым /zaːwt͡ʃʼəm/ (when they killed him)
• ышхыгъ /jəʃxɐʁ/ ((s)he ate it) → зешхым /zeʃxəm/ (when he ate it)
• еплъыгъ /jɐpɬɐʁ/ ((s)he looked at it) → зеплъым /zepɬəm/ (when he looked at it)
• кӏуагъ /mɐkʷʼaːʁ/ ((s)he went) → зэкӏом /zɐkʷʼɐm/ (when he went)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр тучаным зэкӏом силъэгъугъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr tut͡ʃaːnəm zɐkʷʼɐm səjɬɐʁʷɐʁ] – "When the boy went to the shop, he saw me."
• Кӏалэр зэгуабжым къэтлъежагъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr zɐɡʷaːbʒəm qɐtɬeʒaːʁ] – "When the boy got angry, he chased after us."

The verbal prefix щ~ (ɕ~) designates abode or residence somewhere. It indicates the location or place an action occurred.

• машхэ /maːʃxɐ/ ((s)he is eating) → щэшхэ /ɕɐʃxɐ/ ((s)he is eating at that place)
• макӏо /maːkʷʼɐ/ ((s)he is going) → щэкӏо /ɕɐkʷʼɐ/ ((s)he is going at that place)
• сеплъы /sɐjpɬə/ (I am looking at it) → сыщеплъы /səɕɐjpɬə/ (I am looking at it at that place)
• седжагъ /sɐjd͡ʒaːʁ/ (I studied) → сыщеджагъ /səɕɐjd͡ʒaːʁ/ (I studied at that place)
• реӏо /rɐjʔʷɐ/ ((s)he is telling him/her) → щреӏо /ɕrɐʔʷɐ/ ((s)he is telling him/her at that place)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр щагум щэджэгу. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr ɕaːgʷəm ɕɐd͡ʒɐɡʷə] – "The boy is playing in the yard."
• Кӏалэр еджапӏэм непэ щеджагъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr jɐd͡ʒaːpʼɐm nɐjpɐ ɕɐjd͡ʒaːʁ] – "The boy studied in school today."
• Кӏалэр тучаным къэсщэӏукӏагъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr tuːt͡ʃaːnəm qɐsɕɐʔʷət͡ʃʼaːʁ] – "I met the boy in the shop."

The verbal prefix дэ~ (da~) designates an action performed jointly with somebody, or staying/sojourning with somebody.

• машхэ /maːʃxɐ/ ((s)he is eating) → дашхэ /daːʃxɐ/ ((s)he is eating with him)
• макӏо /maːkʷʼɐ/ ((s)he is going) → дакӏо /daːkʷʼɐ/ ((s)he is going with him)
• щыс /ɕəc/ ((s)he sits) → дэщыс /dɐɕəs/ ((s)he is sitting with him)
• тэкӏо /tɐkʷʼɐ/ (we are going) → тыдакӏо /tədaːkʷʼɐ/ (we are going with him)
• сеплъы /sɐjpɬə/ (I am looking at it) → сыдеплъы /sədɐjpɬə/ (I am looking at it with him)
• реӏо /rɐjʔʷɐ/ ((s)he is telling it to him) → дреӏо /drɐjʔʷɐ/ ((s)he is telling it to someone with him)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр пшъашъэм дакӏо. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr pʂaːʂɐm daːkʷʼɐ] – "The boy is going with the girl."
• Шхынэр къэсдэшх. [ʃxənɐr qɐsdɐʃx] – "Eat the food with me."
• Кӏалэр лӏыхэмэ адэлажьэ яӏофкӏэ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr ɬʼəxɐmɐ jaːdɐɮaːʑɐ jaːʔʷɐft͡ʃʼɐ] – "The boy is working with the men on their work."

The prefix фэ~ /fɐ~/ designates an action performed to please somebody, for somebody's sake, or in somebody's interest.

• машхэ /maːʃxɐ/ ((s)he is eating) → фашхэ /faːʃxɐ/ ((s)he is eating for him)
• макӏо /maːkʷʼɐ/ ((s)he is going) → факӏо /faːkʷʼɐ/ ((s)he is going for him)
• тэкӏо /tɐkʷʼɐ/ (we are going) → тыфакӏо /təfɐkʷʼɐ/ (we are going for him)
• сеплъы /sɐjpɬə/ (I am looking at it) → сыфеплъы /səfɐjpɬə/ (I am looking at it for him)
• реӏо /rɐjʔʷɐ/ ((s)he is telling it to him) → фреӏо /frɐjʔʷɐ/ ((s)he is telling it to someone for him)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр ыянэ тучаным фэкӏо. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr jəjaːnɐ təwt͡ʃaːnəm fɐkʷʼɐ] – "The boy is going to the shop for his mother."
• Уатэр сэ къэсфэхь. [waːtɐr sɐ qɐsfɐħ] – "Bring me (for my sake) the hammer."
• Ащ непэ гъончэдж зыфищэфыжьыгъ. [aːɕ nɐjpɐ ʁʷɐnt͡ʃɐd͡ʒ zəfəjɕɐfəʑəʁ] – "Today (s)he bought pants for himself/herself."

The verbal prefix шӏо~ (ʃʷʼa~) designates an action done against somebody's will or interest. It also designates taking an object or an opportunity away from somebody else.

• шӏуекӏы /ʂʷʼɐjt͡ʃʼə/ ((s)he is getting away from him)
• етыгъу /jɐtəʁʷə/ ((s)he is stealing it) → шӏуетыгъу /ʂʷʼɐjtəʁʷə/ ((s)he is stealing it from him)
• ехьы /jɐħə/ ((s)he is taking it) → шӏуехьы /ʂʷʼɐjħə/ ((s)he is taking it away from him)
• ешхы /jɐʃxə/ ((s)he is eating it) → шӏуешхы /ʂʷʼɐjʃxə/ ((s)he is consuming someone's food or property against their interest)
• макӏо /maːkʷʼɐ/ ((s)he is going) → шӏуакӏо /ʂʷʼaːkʷʼɐ/ ((s)he is going away from him / losing it)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэм мыӏэрысыр къэсшӏуешхы. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm məʔɐrəsər qɐsʂʷʼɐjʃxə] – "The boy is eating the apple against my interest." (Implies he is taking away my opportunity to eat it).
• Сишхын къэсшӏобэшхыжьы. [siʃxən qɐsʂʷʼɐbɐʃxəɕə] – "You are eating my food instead of me!"
• Видео джэгумкӏэ сицӏыф кӏалэм къэсшӏуиукӏыгъ. [vɪdioʊ d͡ʒɐɡʷəmt͡ʃʼɐ səjt͡sʼəf t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm qɐsʂʷʼəjwt͡ʃʼəʁ] – "(S)he killed my character in the video game against me."
• Кӏалэм мыеу чъыгым къыпигъэтэкъухэрэр пшъашъэм шӏуештэжьых. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm məjɐw t͡ʂəɣəm qəpəjʁɐtɐqʷxɐrɐr pʂaːʂɐm ʂʷʼɐjʃtɐʑəx] – "The girl is taking away the apples the boy dropped from the tree."

The verbal prefix ӏэкӏэ~ (ʔat͡ʃʼa~) denotes unintentional actions or actions that occurred unexpectedly.

Examples in sentences:

• Сикомпютэр сӏэкӏэкӏосагъ. [səjkompəjutɐr sʔɐt͡ʃʼɐkʷʼɐsaːʁ] – "My computer switched off unexpectedly to me."
• Пысмэ бэ сӏэкӏэтхагъ. [pəsmɐ bɐ sʔɐt͡ʃʼɐtxaːʁ] – "I wrote a lot of letters unintentionally." (I didn’t intend to write so many).
• Сихьакӏэхэмэ зэкӏэ мыӏэрысхэр сӏэкӏашхыхьагъ. [səjħaːt͡ʃʼɐxɐmɐ zɐt͡ʃʼɐ məʔɐrəsxɐr qɐsʔɐt͡ʃʼaːʃəħaːʁ] – "My guests ate all the apples unexpectedly to me."
• Сэ мыӏэрысхэр сӏэкӏэшхыхьагъ. [sɐ məʔɐrəsxɐr sʔɐt͡ʃʼɐʃxəħaːʁ] – "I ate the apples unintentionally."

To indicate the tool or instrument the verb was performed with, the prefix ре- (raj-) is added.

• макӀо /maːkʷʼɐ/ (he is going) → рекӀо /rɐjkʷʼɐ/ (he is going on it / he is going with it)
• машхэ /maːʃxɐ/ (he is eating) → решхэ /rɐjʃxɐ/ (he is eating with it)
• сэлажьэ /sɐlaːʑɐ/ (I am working) → сырелажьэ /sərɐjlaːʑɐ/ (I am working with it)

Examples in sentences:

• Къэлэмым шъуретхэ. [qɐlɐməm ʂʷəretxɐ] – "You (plural) are writing with a pencil."

To indicate an action that the subject does to themselves, the prefix зэ- (za-) is added. Verbs in the reflexive form also usually take the suffix -жьы (-ʑə).

• мэзао /mɐzaːwɐ/ (he fights) → зэзэожьы /zɐzɐwɐʑə/ ((s)he fights himself/herself)
• мэзаох /mɐzaːwɐx/ (they fight) → зэзэожьых /zɐzɐwɐʑəx/ (they are fighting themselves)
• маплъэ /maːpɬɐ/ (he looks) → зэплъыжьы /zɐpɬəʑə/ ((s)he looks at himself/herself)
• еплъых /jɐpɬəx/ (they are looking at) → зэплъыжьых /zɐpɬəʑəx/ (they are looking at themselves)
• уемыплъ /wɐjməpɬ/ (don't look at) → узэмыплъыжьы /wəzɐməpɬəʑ/ (don't look at yourself)
• сэукӏы /sɐwt͡ʃʼə/ (I am killing) → зэсэукӏыжьы /zɐsɐwt͡ʃʼəʑə/ (I am killing myself)

Examples in sentences:

• Гъунджэмкӏэ зэплъыжь. [ʁʷənd͡ʒɐmt͡ʃʼɐ zɐpɬəʑ] – "Look at yourself using the mirror."
• Сыкъызэгъэлъэгъу уиджанэ кӏэхэ къыпшыгъэхэу. [seqəzɐʁɐɬɐʁʷ wəjd͡ʒaːnɐ t͡ʃʼɐxɐ qəpʃəʁɐxɐw] – "Let me see you wearing your new shirts."

It can also be used to indicate a verb that multiple subjects (a group) perform upon each other:

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэмрэ пшъашъэмрэ зэбэух. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐmrɐ pʂaːʂɐmrɐ zɐbɐwəx] – "The boy and the girl are kissing each other."
• Шъузэзэонэу шъуфаемэ мэу шъузэмызау. [ʂʷəzɐzɐwɐnɐw ʂʷəfaːjɐmɐ mɐw ʂʷəzɐməzaːʷ] – "If you (plural) want to fight each other, don't fight each other here."

To indicate a verb performed collectively by a group of subjects together, the prefix зэдэ~ (zada~) is added.

• мэзаон /mɐzaːwɐn/ (to fight) → зэдэзэон /zɐdɐzɐwɐn/ (to fight together)
• мэкӏон /mɐkʷʼɐn/ (to walk) → зэдэкӏон /zɐdɐkʷʼɐn/ (to walk together)
• еон /jɐwɐn/ (to hit) → зэдэон /zɐdɐwɐn/ (to strike together)
• плъэн /pɬɐn/ (to look) → зэдэплъэн /zɐdɐpɬɐn/ (to look together)

Examples in sentences:

• Сиунэ тисэу тызэдэшхэщт. [siwnɐ təjsɐw təzɐdɐʃxɐɕt] – "We will eat together while sitting inside my house."
• Томымрэ Джекобрэ тестэр зэдашӏы. [toməmrɐ d͡ʒekobrɐ testɐr zɐdaːʃʼə] – "Tom and Jacob are taking/doing the test together."

A transitive verb in the reciprocal form expresses that its two core arguments (the Actor and the Undergoer) are acting upon each other simultaneously. The reciprocal form uses the prefix зэры~ (zara~).

• зэрылъaгъун – to see each other
• зэрыӏукӏэн – to meet each other
• зэрыхьын – to carry each other

Examples in sentences:

• Оррэ сэррэ тызэрэлъэгъу. – "You and I, we see each other."

To indicate the way or manner a certain action is performed, the prefix зэрэ~ (zara~) and the suffix ~рэ /~rɐ/ are added.

• макӏо /maːkʷɐ/ (he walks) → зэракӏорэ /zɐraːkʷɐrɐ/ (how (s)he walks / the way (s)he walks)
• мэлажьэ /mɐɮaːʑɐ/ ((s)he is working) → зэрэлажьэрэ /zɐrɐɮaːʑɐrɐ/ (how (s)he works / the way (s)he works)
• еплъы /jɐpɬə/ ((s)he looks at) → зэреплъырэ /zɐrɐjpɬərɐ/ (the way (s)he looks at)
• едзы /jɐd͡zə/ ((s)he throws) → зэридзырэ /zɐrəjd͡zərɐ/ (the way (s)he throws it)
• фабэ /faːbɐ/ (hot) → зэрэфабэ /zɐrɐfaːbɐ/ (the way it is hot)
• шъуцӏэ /ʂʷʼət͡sʼɐ/ (black) → зэрэшъуцӏэ /zɐrɐʂʷʼət͡sʼɐ/ (the way it is black)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр псынкӏэу зэрачъэрэ олъэгъуа? [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr psənt͡ʃʼɐw zɐraːt͡ʂɐrɐ wɐɬɐʁʷaː] – "Do you see the way the boy runs fast?"
• Пшъашъэр зэратхэрэр дахэ. [pʂaːʂɐr zɐraːtxɐrɐr daːxɐ] – "The way the girl writes is beautiful."
• Непэ зэрэфабэр хэпшӏыкӏрэба? [nɐjpɐ zɐrɐfaːbɐr xɐpʃʼət͡ʃʼrɐbaː] – "Don't you feel how hot it is today?"

The prefix зэрэ~ (zara~) and the suffix ~рэ /~rɐ/ can also be used to indicate a factual state or event:

• макӏо /maːkʷɐ/ (he walks) → зэракӏорэ /zɐraːkʷɐrɐ/ (the fact that (s)he goes)
• мэлажьэ /mɐɮaːʑɐ/ ((s)he is working) → зэрэлажьэрэ /zɐrɐɮaːʑɐrɐ/ (the fact that (s)he works)
• еплъы /jɐpɬə/ ((s)he looks at) → зэреплъырэ /zɐrɐjpɬərɐ/ (the fact that (s)he looks)
• фабэ /faːbɐ/ (hot) → зэрэфабэ /zɐrɐfaːbɐ/ (the fact that it is hot)
• шъуцӏэ /ʂʷʼət͡sʼɐ/ (black) → зэрэшъуцӏэ /zɐrɐʂʷʼət͡sʼɐ/ (the fact that it is black)

Examples in sentences:

• Лӏыжъыр зэрэхъужьыгъэр пшӏагъэба? [ɬʼəʐər zɐrɐχʷəʑəʁɐr pʃʼaːʁɐbaː] – "Didn't you know that the old man became healthy again?"
• Пшъашъэр зэрэдахэр слъэгъугъ. [pʂaːʂɐr zɐrɐdaːxɐr səɬɐʁʷɐʁ] – "I saw that the girl is pretty."
• Унэшъуа? Ор зэрэплъыжьэр улъэгъурэба? [wənɐʂʷaː wɐr zɐrɐpɬəʑɐ wəɬɐʁʷərɐbaː] – "Are you blind? Don't you see that it is red?"

To indicate an event that happened instantly at the beginning of a certain action, the prefix зэрэ- (zara-) and the suffix -эу / -ыу (-aw/-əw) are added. This can only be used on verbs and nouns.

• макӏо /maːkʷɐ/ (he walks) → зэрэкӏоу /zɐrɐmaːkʷɐw/ (as soon as he started walking)
• мэлажьэ /mɐɮaːʑɐ/ (he is working) → зэрэлажьэу /zɐrɐmɐɮaːʑɐw/ (as soon as he began working)
• еплъы /jɐpɬə/ (he looks at) → зэреплъэу /zɐrɐjɐpɬɐw/ (as soon as he started looking at)
• къэушӏуцӏыгъ /qɐwʂʷʼət͡sʼɐʁ/ (it became black) → къызэрээушӏуцӏыгъэу /zɐrɐqɐwʂʷʼət͡sʼɐʁɐw/ (as soon as it became black)
• мафэ /maːfɐ/ (day) → зэрэмафэу /zɐrɐmaːfɐw/ (as soon as it was day)
• фабэ /faːbɐ/ (hot) → зэрэфабэу /zɐrɐfaːbɐw/ (as soon as it was hot)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр псы зэрешъоу скъэсыгъ. [t͡ʃaːlɐr psə zɐrɐjɐʂʷɐw səqɐsɐʁ] – "As soon as the boy started drinking water, I got here."
• Кӏалэр еджапӏэм зэрежьэу къещхэу къиублагъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr jɐd͡ʒaːpʼɐm zɐrɐjɐʑɐw qɐjɕxɐw qəjwbɮaːʁ] – "As soon as the boy started going to school, it began to rain."

The negative infix ~мы~ (~mə~) is usually positioned immediately before the verb root, following all other prefixes.

Note that the negative infix ~мы~ and the negative suffix ~п are mutually exclusive in Adyghe. A verb will take one or the other depending on its grammatical context, but they are never used simultaneously.

Examples:

• кIо /kʷʼɐ/ (go) → умыкIу /wəməkʷʼ/ (don't go)
• Iо (Iуэ) /ʔʷɐ/ (say) → умыIу /wməʔʷ/ (don't say)
• шъушх /ʂʷʃx/ (eat [plurɐl]) → шъумышх /ʂʷəməʃx/ (don't eat [plurɐl])

When to use the ~мы~ infix: The infix ~мы~ is required (instead of the ~п suffix) in the following grammatical situations:

• In the Imperative Mood: When giving a negative command (ordering someone not to do something).

 * умыкӀу /wəməkʷʼ/ (don't go!)

• With Subordinate/Connective Suffixes:

 * умыкӀомэ /wəmkʷʼɐmɐ/ (if you don't go)
 * умыкӀоми /wəmkʷʼɐmi/ (even if you don't go)
 * умыкӀуи /wəmkʷʼi/ (don't go then)
 * мыкӀоу /mkʷʼəw/ (while he didn't want to go)

• With Infinitives: To negate an infinitive verb ending in ~н.

 * мыкӀон /məkʷʼɐn/ (to not go)

Examples in sentences:

• Аущтэу умышI! [aːɕtəw wməʂʼ] – "Do not do it like that!"
• Ау шъумыкӏу! [aːw ʂʷəməkʷʼ] – "Don't go there!" (Said to multiple people)
• Зыгори ащ ешъумыӏу. [zəɡʷɐri aːɕ jɐʂʷəməʔʷ] – "Do not tell him anything!" (Said to multiple people)

The verbal infix ~рэ~ (~ra~) marks the optative mood, expressing a wish, desire, or hope that an action will happen. When combined with negation, the optative infix ~рэ~ precedes the negative infix ~мы~.

When conjugating for the optative mood, the standard 3rd-person prefix (мэ-) is replaced by у- (w-). The infix ~рэ~ attaches directly after the personal prefix (сэ-, о-, у-).

Optative Conjugation Paradigms: To express "becoming healthy" (-хъужь):

• сэрэхъужь /sɐrɐχʷəʑ/ – may I become healthy
• орэхъужь /wɐrɐχʷəʑ/ – may you become healthy
• урэхъужь /wərɐχʷəʑ/ – may (s)he become healthy

To express "dying" (-лӏэ):

• сэрэлӏ /sɐrɐɬʼ/ – may I die
• орэлӏ /wɐrɐɬʼ/ – may you die
• урэлӏ /wərɐɬʼ/ – may (s)he die

General Examples:

• макӏо /maːkʷʼɐ/ ((s)he goes) → урэкӏу /wərɐkʷʼ/ (may (s)he go)
• малӏэ /maːɬʼɐ/ ((s)he dies) → урэмылӏ /wərɐməɬʼ/ (may (s)he not die)
• охъужьы /wɐχʷəʑə/ (you are becoming healthy again) → орэхъужь /wɐrɐχʷəʑ/ (may you become healthy again)
• сыкӏуачӏэ /səkʷʼaːt͡ʂʼɐ/ (I am strong) → сэрэкӏуачӏ /sɐrɐkʷʼaːt͡ʂʼ/ (may I be strong)
• удахэ /wədaːxɐ/ (you are beautiful) → орэдах /wɐrɐdaːx/ (may you become beautiful)

Examples in sentences:

• Мы уцым уерэгъэхъужь. [mə wət͡səm wɐjrɐʁɐχʷəʑ] – "May this plant cure you."
• Кӏалэм сишхын ерэшх. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm siʃxən jɐrɐʃx] – "May the boy just eat my food."
• Кӏалэр урэмыкӏуи джары. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr wərɐməkʷʼəj d͡ʒaːrə] – "If the boy just won't go (may he not go), that's it."

Questions are indicated by the suffix ~a /aː/, which lengthens the final vowel of verbs ending in /ɐ/ to /aː/.

• кӏо /kʷʼɐ/ (go) → кӏуа? /kʷʼaː/ (is (s)he going?)
• тхагъ /txaːʁ/ (wrote) → тхагъа? /txaːʁaː/ (did (s)he write?)
• кӏалэр шхэ /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr ʃxɐ/ (the boy is eating) → кӏалэр шха? /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr ʃxaː/ (is the boy eating?)
• шъокӏо /ʂʷɐkʷʼɐ/ (you [pl.] are going) → шъокӏуа? /ʂʷɐkʷʼaː/ (are you [pl.] going?)
• отхэ /wɐtxɐ/ (you are writing) → отха? /wɐtxaː/ (are you writing?)
• шхэх /ʃxɐx/ (they are eating) → шхэха? /ʃxɐxaː/ (are they eating?)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр къэущыжьыгъа? [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr qɐwɕəʑəʁaː] – "Did the boy wake up?"
• Дэгуха мы унэм исыхэр? [dɐɡʷəxaː mə wənɐm jəsəxɐr] – "Are the people that are in this house deaf?"

If a question is formed from a verb with the negative suffix ~п (~p), it converts to the suffix ~ба (~baː):

• кӏуа? /kʷʼaː/ (is he going?) → кӏоба? /kʷʼɐbaː/ (isn't he going?)
• ошӏа? /wɐʃʼaː/ (do you know?) → ушӏэрэба? /pʃʼɐrɐbaː/ (don't you know?)
• тхагъа? /txaːʁaː/ (did he write?) → тхагъэба? /txaːʁɐbaː/ (didn't he write?)
• кӏалэр шха? /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr ʃxaː/ (is the boy eating?) → кӏалэр шхэба? /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr ʃxɐbaː/ (isn't the boy eating?)
• шъокӏуа? /ʂʷɐkʷʼaː/ (are you [pl.] going?) → шъокӏоба? /ʂʷɐkʷʼɐbaː/ (aren't you [pl.] going?)
• сыдаха? /sədaːxaː/ (do I look beautiful?) → сыдахэба? /sədaːxɐbaː/ (don't I look beautiful?)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр къэущыжьыгъэба? [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr qɐwɕəʑəʁɐbaː] – "Hasn't the boy woken up?"
• Кӏалэр тиунэ къакӏорэба? [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr tiwnɐ qaːkʷɐrɐbaː] – "Isn't the boy coming to our house?"
• Кӏалэр тиунэ къакӏоба? [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr tiwnɐ qaːkʷɐbaː] – "The boy is coming to our house, right?"

The optative mood is expressed with the complex suffix ~гъот, ~гъует, or ~гъэмэ.

• укIуагъот – If only you had gone.
• птхыгъагъот – If only you had written.
• сыкӏогъагъует – If only I had gone.
• седжэгъагъоет – If only I had studied.
• сыкӏогъагъэмэ – If only I had gone.
• седжэгъамэ – If only I had studied.

Example in a sentence:

• Экзамыным сыфеджэгъагъот, джэщгъум дэгъоу сышӏышъущтыгъ. [ɐkzaːmənəm səfɐjd͡ʒɐʁaːʁʷɐt d͡ʒɐɕʁʷəm dɐʁʷɐw səʃʼəʂʷəɕtəʁ] – "If only I had studied for the exam, then I could have done it well."

The verbal suffix ~жь (~ʑ) designates recurrence, repetition of an action, or continuing an action that was previously started.

• кӏо! /kʷʼɐ/ (go) → кӏожь /kʷʼɐʑ/ (go back)
• къакӏу /qaːkʷʼ/ (come) → къакӏожь /qaːkʷʼɐʑ/ (come back)
• къаӏу /qaːʔʷ/ (say) → къэӏожь /qɐʔʷɐʑ/ (say it again)
• шхэ /ʃxɐ/ (eat) → шхэжь /ʃxɐʑ/ (eat again)
• шхы /ʃxə/ (eat it) → шхыжь /ʃxəʑ/ (eat it again / continue eating it)

Tense conversions (e.g., еплъы - to look at):

• Far past: еплъыжьыгъагъ /jɐpɬəʑəʁaːʁ/ ((s)he looked at it again then)
• Recent past: еплъыжьыгъ /jɐpɬəʑəʁ/ ((s)he looked at it again)
• Present: еплъыжьы /jɐpɬəʑə/ ((s)he looks at it again)
• Future: еплъыжьыщт /jɐpɬəʑəɕt/ ((s)he will look at it again)
• Future of past: еплъыжьыщтыгъ /jɐpɬəʑəɕtɐʁ/ ((s)he was going to look at it again)

Examples in sentences:

• Уиунэ кӏожьи уиӏанэ лэжь. [wiwnɐ kʷʼɐʑi wiʔɐnɐ lɐʑ] – "Go back to your house and continue coloring your table."
• Фылымым тызэдегъэплъыжь. [fələməm təzɐdɐjʁɐpɬəʑ] – "Let us watch the film again together."
• Кӏэлэегъаджэм къиӏогъагъэр къэсфэӏотэжь. [t͡ʃʼɐɮɐjɐʁaːd͡ʒɐm qəjʔʷɐʁaːʁɐr qɐsfɐʔʷɐtɐʑ] – "Explain to me again the things the teacher said."

The verbal suffix ~жь (~ʑ) can designate performance of an action directly, without the intervention of another agent, or finally completing it.

• Кӏалэм тишхынхэр къэтшӏуешхыжьых. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm təjʃxənxɐr qɐtʂʷʼɐjʃxəʑəx] – "The boy is eating our foods (without intervention)."
• Дэпкъыр уизакъоу улэжьын шъокӏэ фай. [dɐpqər wəjzaːqʷɐw wɮɐʑən faːj] – "You will have to color the wall alone (without intervention)."
• Лӏым иӏоф ышӏэжьыгъ. – "The man has (finally) finished his work."
• Кӏалэм филымым еплъыжьы. – "The boy is (finally) watching the film."

The verbal suffix ~жь (~ʑ) also indicates an action done with great delay, sometimes too late or pointlessly.

• Къэгъэгъэ лӏагъэм псы джы чӏэогъэхьажьа? [qɐʁɐʁɐ ɬʼaːʁɐm psə tʂʼɐbɐʁɐħaːʑaː] – "Are you watering a dead flower (now)?"
• Кӏалэм неущы иэкзамен феджэжьы. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐn nɐwɕə jəʔɐkzaːmen fɐjd͡ʒɐdʑə] – "The boy is (just now) studying for the exam tomorrow."

With the negative infix ~мы~, it tells someone not to bother:

• Чэщы хъумэ сиунэ укъэмыкӏожь. [t͡ʃɐɕə mɐχʷəmɐ təjwənɐ wəqɐməkʷʼɐʑ] – "If it becomes night, don't bother coming to my house."
• Цӏыфым умышӏ емыӏожь ышӏэгъахэу. [t͡sʼəfəm wəməʃʼ jɐməʔʷɐʑ əʃʼɐʁaːxɐw] – "Don't bother telling the person not to do it after he already did it."

The verbal suffix ~гъах (~ʁaːx) designates absolute accomplishment or realization of the action.

• кӏо /kʷʼɐ/ (go) → кӏогъах /kʷʼɐʁaːx/ (already went)
• ошхэ /wɐɕxɐ/ (you eat) → ушхэгъах /wəɕxɐʁaːx/ (you already ate)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр еджапӏэм кӏогъах. [t͡ʃaːɮɐr jɐd͡ʒaːpʼɐm kʷʼɐʁaːx] – "The boy already went to school."
• Тэ теджэгъах экзаменым Фэшӏыкӏэ. [tɐ ted͡ʒɐʁaːx ɐkzaːmenəm fɐʃʼət͡ʃʼɐ] – "We already studied for the exam."

To indicate an event happening *after* accomplishment, add ~эу (~aw):

• кӏо /kʷʼɐ/ → сыкӏогъахэу /səkʷʼɐʁaːxɐw/ (while I am done going)
• ошхэ /wɐɕxɐ/ → ушхэгъахэу /wəɕxɐʁaːxɐw/ (while you are done eating)

Examples in sentences:

• Сымышхэгъахэу лаж къысэмыӏу. [səməʃxɐʁaːxɐw laːʒ qəsɐməʔʷ] – "Don't tell me to work while I haven't done eating."
• Мыӏэрысэр сышхыгъахэу къысэоӏожьа умышх. [məʔɐrəsɐr səməʃxəʁaːxɐw qəsɐbɐʔʷɐʑaː wəməʃx] – "After I done eating the apple, are you telling me not to eat it?"

To indicate non-accomplishment, add ~эп (~ap):

• кӏо /kʷʼɐ/ → сыкӏогъахэп /səkʷʼɐʁaːxɐp/ (I still haven't done going)
• ошхэ /wɐʃxɐ/ → ушхэгъахэп /wəɕxɐʁaːxɐp/ (you still haven't done eating)

Examples in sentences:

• Экзаменым феджэгъахэп кӏалэр. [ɐkzaːmenəm fɐjd͡ʒɐʁaːxɐp t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr] – "The boy still has not studied for the exam."
• Сышхэгъахэп. [səʃxɐʁɐxɐp] – "I still have not done eating."

To indicate an event happening concurrently, the suffix ~эу (-aw) is added. It usually attaches to present tense roots.

• сэкӏо /sɐkʷʼɐ/ (I go) → сыкӏоу /səkʷʼɐw/ (while I was going)
• тэлажьэ /tɐlaːʑɐ/ (we work) → тылажьэу /tɐlaːʑɐw/ (while we were working)
• мэшхэ /mɐʃxɐ/ (eat) → шхэу /ʃxɐw/ (while eating)

The suffix ~эу is usually followed by a verb marked with the correct tense:

• сыкӏоу слъэгъугъ /səkʷʼɐw səɬɐʁʷɐʁ/ (while I was going I saw)
• сыкӏоу сэлъэгъу /səkʷʼɐw sɐɬɐʁʷə/ (while I am going I see)
• сыкӏоу слъэгъущт /səkʷʼɐw səɬɐʁʷəɕt/ (while I go I will see)
• сыкӏоу слъэгъущтугъ /səkʷʼɐw səɬɐʁʷəɕtɐʁ/ (I used to see while going)

Examples in sentences:

• Сыкӏоу кӏалэр слъэгъугъ. [səkʷʼɐw t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr səɬɐʁʷɐʁ] – "While I was going, I saw the boy."
• Кӏэлэцӏыкӏур щынэу псым хэхьэшъугъэп. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr ɕənɐw psəm xɐħɐʂʷʁɐp] – "The little boy couldn't enter the water while being afraid."
• Зыпакӏэ сыкӏощтыгъэу укъысэджагъ. [zəpaːt͡ʃʼɐ səkʷʼɐɕtəʁɐw wəqsɐd͡ʒaːʁ] – "You called me while I was going to go somewhere."

To mean "instead of", combine ~эу with the negative infix ~мы~:

• сымыкӏоу сычъагъ /səməkʷʼɐw sət͡ʂaːʁ/ (instead of going I ran)
• сымыкӏоу сэчъэ /səməkʷʼɐw sɐt͡ʂɐ/ (instead of going I am running)
• сымыкӏоу сычъэщт /səməkʷʼɐw sət͡ʂɐɕt/ (instead of going I will run)
• сымыкӏоу сычъэщтыгъ /səməkʷʼɐw sət͡ʂɐɕtɐʁ/ (instead of going I was going to run)

Examples in sentences:

• Уемыджэу тэ къэтдэджэгу. [wɐjməd͡ʒɐw tɐ qɐtdɐd͡ʒɐɡʷ] – "Instead of studying, play with us."
• Умышхэу лажь. [wəməʃxɐw ɮaːʑ] – "Instead of eating, work."
• Кӏалэр сэ синэмым къэсдэмыкӏоу пшъашъэм дэкӏуагъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr sɐ səjnɐməm qɐsdɐməkʷʼɐw pʂaːʂɐm dɐkʷʼaːʁ] – "The boy instead of coming with me went with the girl to the cinema."

To mean "before", combine ~эу, the negative infix ~мы~, and a tense suffix:

• Far past: мыкӏогъагъэу /məkʷʼaːʁaːʁɐw/ (before (s)he went [then])
• Recent past: мыкӏуагъэу /məkʷʼaːʁɐw/ (before (s)he went)
• Future: мыкӏощтэу /məkʷʼɐɕtɐw/ (before (s)he will be going)
• Future of past: мыкӏощтэгъэу /məkʷʼɐɕtɐʁɐw/ (before (s)he was going to go)

Examples in sentences:

• Унэм умыкӏыгъэу зыгъэпсыкӏ. [wənɐm wəmət͡ʃʼəʁɐw zəʁɐpsət͡ʃʼ] – "Before you get out of the house, take a shower."
• Умыджэгугъэу тӏэкӏу едж. [wəməd͡ʒɐɡʷəʁɐw tʼɐkʷʼ jɐd͡ʒ] – "Before you play, study a bit."
• Еджапӏэм семыжьэгъагъэу къещхэу къиублэгъагъ. [jɐd͡ʒaːpʼɐm sɐjmɐʑɐʁaːʁɐw qɐjɕxɐw qəjwbɮɐʁaːʁ] – "Before I went to school it started raining."

The suffix ~хэ /xɐ/ (which often reduces to ~х at the end of a word) is used to make a noun plural. When attached to a verb, it specifically acts as the agreement marker for a 3rd person plural absolutive argument. This means it indicates that the subject of an intransitive verb, or the direct object of a transitive verb, is plural ("they" or "them").

When used to pluralize nouns or participles (verbal nouns):

• кӏалэ /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐ/ (boy) → кӏалэхэ /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐxɐ/ (boys)
• шхын /ʃxən/ (food) → шхынхэ /ʃxənxɐ/ (foods)
• мафэ /maːfɐ/ (day) → мафэхэ /maːfɐxɐ/ (days)
• кӏуагъэ /kʷʼaːʁɐ/ (the one that went) → кӏуагъэхэ /kʷʼaːʁɐxɐ/ (the ones that went)
• кӏорэ /kʷʼɐrɐ/ (the one that is going) → кӏохэрэ /kʷʼɐxɐrɐ/ (the ones that are going)
• кӏотэ /kʷʼɐtɐ/ (the one that will go) → кӏотхэ /kʷʼɐtxɐ/ (the ones that will go)
• еджэрэ /jɐd͡ʒɐ/ (the one that is reading) → еджэхэрэ /jɐd͡ʒɐxɐ/ (the ones that are reading)
• дахэ /daːxɐ/ (pretty) → дахэхэ /daːxəxɐ/ (the pretty ones)
• кӏэхьы /t͡ʃʼɐħə/ (long) → кӏэхьыхэ /t͡ʃʼɐħəxɐ/ (the long ones)

Examples in sentences (marking the 3rd person plural absolutive):

• Мо лажьэхэрэр сшых. [mɐw mɐɮaːʑɐxɐrɐr səjʃəx] – "Those guys that are working are my brothers." (Here, ~х attaches to "brother" to mark them as plural).
• Илъэсхэр псынкӏэу блэкӏых. [jəɬɐsxɐr psənt͡ʃʼɐw bɮɐt͡ʃʼəx] – "The years are passing fast." (The intransitive verb takes ~х to agree with the plural absolutive subject, "the years").

The negation suffix is ~п (~p). It takes the form ~рэп (~rap) when the verb is in the present tense.

• кӀуагъ /kʷʼaːʁ/ (went) → кӀуагъэп /kʷʼaːʁɐp/ (did not go)
• окIо /wɐkʷʼɐ/ (you go) → укIорэп /wəkʷʼɐrɐp/ (you are not going)
• тыкӀощт /təkʷʼɐɕt/ (we will go) → ткӀощтэп /təkʷʼɐɕtɐp/ (we will not go)
• сэIо /sɐʔʷɐ/ (I am saying) → сыIорэп /səʔʷɐrɐp/ (I am not saying)
• шъушхагъ /ʂʷəʃxaːʁ/ (you [pl.] ate) → шъушхагъэп /ʂʷəʃxaːʁɐp/ (you [pl.] didn't eat)
• мафэ /maːfɐ/ (day) → мафэп /maːfɐp/ (it's not a day)
• кӀалэ /t͡ʃaːlɐ/ (boy) → кӀалэп /t͡ʃaːlɐp/ (it's not a boy)
• дахэ /daːxɐ/ (pretty) → дахэп /daːxɐp/ (is not pretty)
• кӀэхьы /t͡ʃɐħə/ (long) → кӀэхьэп /t͡ʃɐħɐi/ (is not long)

Tense conversions (To walk / кӏон):

• Far past: кӏогъагъэп /kʷʼɐʁaːʁɐp/ ((s)he did not go [then])
• Recent past: кӏуагъэп /kʷʼaːʁɐp/ ((s)he did not go)
• Present: кӏорэп /kʷʼɐrɐp/ ((s)he does not go)
• Future: кӏощтэп /kʷʼɐɕtɐp/ ((s)he will not go)
• Future of past: кӏощтыгъэп /kʷʼɐɕtəʁɐp/ ((s)he was not going to go)

Examples in sentences:

• Ахэр къэкӏуагъэхэп. [aːxɐr qɐkʷʼaːʁɐxɐp] – "They didn't come."
• Кӏалэр иныбджэгъумэ адэджэгурэп. [t͡ʃʼaːlɐr jənəbd͡ʒɐʁʷəmɐ jaːdɐd͡ʒɐɡʷərɐp] – "The boy doesn't play with his friends."
• Непэ чъыӏэп, фабэ нахь. [nɐjpɐ t͡ʂəʔɐp faːbɐ naːħ] – "Today it is not cold, it is actually hot."

To indicate a desire ("want to"), the suffix (~рагъу) (~raːʁʷ) is added. This is exclusive to the Shapsug dialect.

• сэкӏо /sɐkʷʼɐ/ (I go) → скӏорагъу /səkʷʼɐraːʁʷ/ (I want to go)
• ушхагъ /wəʃxaːʁ/ (you ate) → ушхэрэгъуагъ /wəʃxɐrɐʁʷaːʁ/ (you wanted to eat)
• плъэщт /pɬɐt/ (will look) → плъэрэгъощтт /pɬɐrɐʁʷɐt/ ((s)he will want to look)
• плъыжьы /pɬəʑə/ (red) → плъыжьырагъу /pɬəʑəraːʁʷ/ ((s)he wants to be red)
• кӏалэ /t͡ʃʼaːlɐ/ (boy) → кӏэлэрагъу /t͡ʃʼɐlɐraːʁʷ/ ((s)he wants to be a boy)
• дахэ /daːxɐ/ (pretty) → дэхэрагъу /dɐxɐraːʁʷ/ ((s)he wants to be pretty)
• кӏэхьы /t͡ʃʼɐħə/ (long) → кӏэхьырагъу /t͡ʃʼɐħəraːʁʷ/ ((s)he wants to be long)

Tense conversions (To walk / кӏон):

• Far past: кӏорэгъогъагъ /kʷʼɐrɐʁʷɐʁaːʁ/ ((s)he wanted to go [then])
• Recent past: кӏорэгъуагъ /kʷʼɐrɐʁʷaːʁ/ ((s)he wanted to go)
• Present: кӏорагъу /kʷʼɐraːʁʷ/ ((s)he wants to go)
• Future: кӏорэгъощт /kʷʼɐrɐʁʷɐɕt/ ((s)he will want to go)
• Future of past: кӏорэгъощтыгъ /kʷʼɐrɐʁʷɐɕtɐʁ/ ((s)he would want to go)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр пшъашъэм иунэ кӏорагъоп. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr pʂaːʂɐm jəwnɐ kʷʼɐraːʁʷɐp] – "The boy doesn't want to go to the girl's house."
• Дышъэм фэдэу пшъашъэр дэхэрагъу. [dəʂɐm fɐdɐw pʂaːʂɐr dɐxɐraːʁʷ] – "The girl wants to be pretty like gold."
• Лӏым фэдэу скӏочӏэрэгъуагъ. [ɬʼəm fɐdɐw səkʷʼɐt͡ʃʼɐrɐʁʷaːʁ] – "I wanted to be strong like the man."

The suffix ~шъу (~ʃʷə) designates the ability or success in performing an action ("able to", "manages to").

Tense conversions (To walk / кӏон):

• Past: кӏошъугъ /kʷʼɐʂʷɐʁ/ ((s)he went successfully)
• Past 2: кӏошъугъагъ /kʷʼɐʂʷʁaːʁ/ ((s)he was going successfully)
• Present: кӏошъу /kʷʼɐʂʷəː/ ((s)he manages to go)
• Future: кӏошъущт /kʷʼɐʂʷəɕt/ ((s)he will be able to go)
• Future of past: кӏощтыгъ /kʷʼɐʂʷəɕtɐʁ/ ((s)he was able to go)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэм шхыныр фэшхышъурэп сымаджэти. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐ ʃxənər fɐʃxəʂʷrɐp] – "The boy is not able to eat the food because he's sick."
• Лӏыжъэр зныбжьыкӏэм кӏошъущтыгъагъ тэрэзэу. [ɬʼəʐɐr nəbʑət͡ʃʼɐm kʷʼɐʂʷəɕtəʁaːʁ tɐrɐzɐw] – "When the old man was young, he was able to go correctly."
• Унэм уихьэмэ псы къысфэпхьышъущта? [wənɐm wɐjħɐm psə qəsfɐpħəʂʷəɕtaː] – "When you enter the house, could you bring me water?"

When added to adjectives or nouns, it indicates a possibility ("could be"):

• мэфэщт /mɐfɐɕt/ (it will be day) → мэфэшъущт /mɐfɐʂʷəɕt/ (it could be a day)
• кӏалэ /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐ/ (boy) → кӏэлэшъущт /t͡ʃʼɐɮɐʂʷəɕt/ (it could be a boy)
• дахэ /daːxɐ/ (pretty) → дэхэшъущт /dɐxɐʂʷəɕt/ (it could be beautiful)
• кӏэхьы /t͡ʃɐħə/ (long) → кӏэхьышъущтыгъ /t͡ʃʼɐħəʂʷəɕtɐʁ/ (it could have been long)

Examples in sentences:

• Мы шхыныри ӏэшӏушъущт. [mə ʃxənərəj ʔɐʂʷʼəʂʷəɕt] – "This food also could be tasty."
• Иджы мэфэшъущтыгъагъэба? [jəd͡ʒə mɐfɐʂʷəɕtəʁaːʁɐbaː] – "Couldn't it be a day now?"

To indicate "even if", the suffix ~ми (~məj) is used.

• кIуагъ /kʷʼaːʁ/ (went) → кIуагъэми /kʷʼaːʁɐməj/ (even if he went)
• сыкIо /saːkʷʼɐ/ (I go) → скIоми /səkʷʼɐməj/ (even if I am going)
• тыкIощт /təkʷʼɐɕt/ (we will go) → ткIощтми /təkʷʼɐɕtməj/ (even if we will go)
• мафэ /maːfɐ/ (day) → мафэми /maːfɐməj/ (even if it's a day)
• кIалэ /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐ/ (boy) → кIалэми /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐməj/ (even if it's a boy)
• дахэ /daːxɐ/ (pretty) → дахэми /daːxɐməj/ (even if (s)he is pretty)
• кӏэхьы /t͡ʃʼɐħə/ (long) → кӏэхьыми /t͡ʃʼɐħəməj/ (even if (s)he is long)

Tense conversions (To walk / кӏон):

• Far past: кӏогъагъэми /kʷʼɐʁaːʁməj/ (even if (s)he went [then])
• Recent past: кӏуагъэми /kʷʼaːʁməj/ (even if (s)he went)
• Present: кӏорэми /kʷʼɐrɐməj/ (even if (s)he is going)
• Close future: кӏоми /kʷʼɐməj/ (even if (s)he goes)
• Future: кӏощтыми /kʷʼɐɕtməj/ (even if (s)he will go)
• Future of past: кӏощтыгъэми /kʷʼɐɕtəʁməj/ (even if (s)he was going to go)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэм епӏуагъэми къыодэӏущтэп. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm jɐpʔʷaːʁɐməj qəwɐdɐʔʷəɕtɐp] – "Even if you told the boy, he will not listen to you."
• Кӏалэр кӏошъущтыми нахьышӏу мыкӏомэ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr kʷʼɐʂʷəɕtəməj naːhəʂʷʼə maːməkʷʼɐmɐ] – "Even if the boy could go, it is better if he doesn't go."
• Улажьэми ахъщэ къыуатыщтэп. [wəɮaːʑɐməj aːχɕɐ qəwaːtətɐɕp] – "Even if you work, they will not give you money."

The suffix -мэ (-ma) expresses "if". Note: It cannot be used simultaneously with the concessive -ми (-mi).

• кӏуагъ /kʷʼaːʁ/ (went) → кӏуагъэмэ /kʷʼaːʁɐmɐ/ (if he went)
• сыкӏо /sɐkʷʼɐ/ (I go) → скӏомэ /səkʷʼɐmɐ/ (if I go)
• тыкӏощт /təkʷʼɐɕt/ (we will go) → ткӏощтмэ /təkʷʼɐɕtmɐ/ (if we will go)
• мафэ /maːfɐ/ (day) → мафэмэ /maːfɐmɐ/ (if it's a day)
• кӏалэ /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐ/ (boy) → кӏалэмэ /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐmɐ/ (if it's a boy)
• дахэ /daːxɐ/ (pretty) → дахэмэ /daːxɐmɐ/ (if (s)he is pretty)
• кӏэхьы /t͡ʃʼɐħə/ (long) → кӏэхьымэ /t͡ʃʼɐħəmɐ/ (if (s)he is long)

Tense conversions (To walk / кӏон):

• Far past: кӏогъагъэмэ /kʷʼɐʁaːʁmɐ/ (if (s)he went [then])
• Recent past: кӏуагъэмэ /kʷʼaːʁmɐ/ (if (s)he went)
• Present: кӏорэмэ /kʷʼɐrɐmɐ/ (if (s)he is going)
• Close future: кӏомэ /kʷʼɐmɐ/ (if (s)he goes)
• Future: кӏощтымэ /kʷʼɐɕtmɐ/ (if (s)he will go)
• Future of past: кӏощтыгъэмэ /kʷʼɐɕtəʁɐmɐ/ (if (s)he was going to go)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр лажьэмэ ахъщэ къыратыщт. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr ɮaːʑɐmɐ aːχɕɐ qəraːtəɕt] – "If the boy works, they will give him money."
• Усымаджэу удэкӏымэ нахьыеу усымэджэщт. [wəsəmaːd͡ʒɐw wədɐt͡ʃʼəmɐ naːħjəw wəsəmɐd͡ʒɐɕt] – "If you go out while you are sick, you will get even more sick."
• Учъэрагъомэ унэм икӏи чъэ. [wət͡ʂɐraːʁʷɐmɐ wənɐm jət͡ʃʼəj t͡ʂɐ] – "If you want to run, get out of the house and run."

The suffix ~кӏэ (~t͡ʃʼ) can also indicate condition. It is mostly used with the time prefix з~ to mean "when".

• Натрыфыр зы мафэ-мэфитӏу губгъэм етыкӏэ, зи щышӏыщтэп. – "If the corn will be in the field a day or two, nothing will happen to it."
• Фылымыр къызыублэкӏэ къысаӏу. [fələmər qəzəwbɮɐt͡ʃʼɐ qəsaːd͡ʒ] – "Tell me when the movie starts."
• Шъхьэнгъупчъэр къегъас къызещхыкӏэ. [ʂħɐnʁʷəpt͡ʂɐ qɐjʁaːs qəzɐjɕxət͡ʃʼɐ] – "Close the windows when it rains."

When the connective suffix ~и (-əj) is used on present tense verbs, it indicates a chain of verbs that occurred in the past.

• кӏо /kʷʼɐ/ (go) → кӏуи /kʷʼəj/ (went and...)
• сэкӏо /sɐʷʼɐ/ (I go) → скӏуи /səkʷʼəj/ (I went and...)
• еплъы /jɐpɬə/ (look at) → еплъи /jɐpɬəj/ (looked at it and...)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр кӏуи унэм къеплъи къэкӏожьэгъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr kʷʼəj wənɐm qɐjpɬəj qɐkʷʼɐʑɐʁ] – "The boy went, looked at the house, and returned."
• Кӏалэр кӏожьи мые къэсфихьыгъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr kʷʼɐʑəj məjɐ qɐsfəjħɐʁ] – "The boy went back and brought me an apple."

For a chain of verbs in the future/planned, use ~ни (-nəj):

• кӏо /kʷʼɐ/ (go) → кӏони /kʷʼɐnəj/ (will go and...)
• сэкӏо /sɐʷʼɐ/ (I go) → скӏони /səkʷʼɐnəj/ (I will go and...)
• еплъы /jɐpɬə/ (look at) → еплъыни /jɐpɬənəj/ (will look at it and...)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр кӏони псы къэтфихьыщт. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr kʷʼɐnəj psə qɐtfəjħəɕt] – "The boy will go and bring us water."
• Уиунэ сыкъэкӏони тызэдеджэщт. [wəjwənɐ səqɐkʷʼɐnəj təzɐdɐjd͡ʒɐɕt] – "I will come to your house and we will study together."
• Мары, зызгъэпсыкӏыни сыкъыдэкӏыщт. [maːrə zəsʁɐpsət͡ʃʼənəj səqədɐt͡ʃʼəɕt] – "Just a moment, I am going to take a shower and come out."

In imperative mood:

• кӏон /kʷʼɐn/ (to go) → кӏуи /kʷʼəj/ (go and...)
• еплъын /jɐpɬən/ (to look at) → еплъи /jɐpɬəj/ (look at it and...)
• шъушхын /ʂʷəʃxən/ (you [pl.] to eat) → шъушхи /ʂʷəʃxəj/ (you [pl.] eat and...)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏуи кӏалэр улъэгъущт. [kʷʼəj t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr wɬɐʁʷəɕt] – "Go and you will see the boy."
• Лажьи ахъщэ къыуатыщт. [ɮaːʑəj aːχt͡ʃɐ qʷaːtəɕt] – "Work and they will give you money."

To indicate an event lasting "until", the suffix ~фэ /~fɐ/ or ~нэс /~nɐs/ is added.

• сэкӏо /sɐkʷʼɐ/ (I go) → скӏофэ /səkʷʼɐfɐ/ (until I am going)
• сэкIуагъ /sɐkʷʼaːʁ/ (I went) → скIуагъэфэ /səkʷʼaːʁɐfɐ/ (until I was going)
• тэлажьэ /tɐlaːʑɐ/ (we work) → тылажьэфэ /tɐlaːʑɐfɐ/ (until we were working)
• шхэ /ʃxɐ/ (eat) → шхэфэ /ʃxɐfɐ/ (until he was eating)

Using ~нэс /~nɐs/:

• сэкӏо → скӏонэс (until I go)
• сэкIуагъ → скIуагъэнэс (until I went)
• тэлажьэ → тылажьэнэс (until we worked)
• шхэ → шхэнэс (until he ate)
• чэщы → чэщынэс (until it's night)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр кӏофэ паплъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr kʷʼɐfɐ paːpɬ] – "Wait until the boy goes."
• Кӏалэр къэсыфэ зыб ригъэхьыра? [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr qɐsəfɐ zəb riʁɐħraː] – "It's taking so much time until the boy arrives."
• Чэщынэс лажьэгу. [t͡ʃɐɕənɐs ɮaːʑɐɡʷ] – "Work until it is night."

The verbal suffix ~хы /~xə/ designates action performed downwards.

• ехы /jɐxə/ (to go down)
• ефэхы /jɐfɐxə/ (to fall down)
• чъэн /t͡ʂɐn/ (to run) → ечъэхын /jɐt͡ʂɐxən/ (to run down)
• плъэн /pɬɐn/ (to look) → еплъэхын /jɐpɬɐxən/ (to look down)
• пкӏэн /pt͡ʃʼɐn/ (to jump) → епкӏэхын /jɐpt͡ʃʼɐxən/ (to jump down to)
• итӏэрэн /jətʼɐrɐn/ (to fall into) → етӏэрэхын /jɐtʼɐrɐxən/ (to fall down into)
• джыджэн /d͡ʒəd͡ʒɐn/ (to roll) → еджыджэхын /jɐd͡ʒəd͡ʒɐxən/ (to roll down)
• еон /jɐwɐn/ (to hit) → еохын /jɐwɐxən/ (to strike down; shut down)
• дзын /d͡zən/ (to throw) → едзыхын /jɐd͡zəxən/ (to fall down)
• тӏысын /tʼəsən/ (to sit) → етӏысыхын /jɐtʼəsəxən/ (to land)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр унэм еплъэхы. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr wənɐm jɐpɬɐxə] – "The boy is looking down from the house."
• Бзыор уашъом къедзыхы. [bzəwɐr waːʂʷɐm qɐjd͡zəxə] – "The bird is falling down from the sky."
• Унашъхьэм укъемыпкӏэх. [wənaːʂħɐm wəqɐjməpt͡ʃʼɐx] – "Don't jump down from the roof."

To designate action in an upward direction, the prefix д~ (d~) and the verbal suffix ~е (ja) are added.

• кӏон (to go) → дэкӏоен (to go upwards)
• гъэкӏон (to make go) → дэгъэкӏоен (to raise/make go upwards)
• чъэн (to run) → дэчъэен (to run upwards)
• ӏэтын (to raise) → дэӏэтэен (to raise upwards)
• цӏэлъэн (to crawl) → дэцӏэлъэен (to climb)
• пкӏэн (to jump) → дэпкӏэен (to hop upwards)
• лъэшъун (to drag) → дэлъэшъоен (to drag upwards)
• быбын (to fly) → дэбэбыен (to take off/fly upwards)
• плъэн (to look) → деплъыен (to look upwards)
• хьын (to carry) → дехьыен (to carry upwards)

Examples in sentences:

• Волюмэр дэгъэкӏуай. [vɑljəmɐr dɐʁɐkʷʼaːj] – "Raise the volume."
• Кӏалэр унашъхьэм дэкӏуае. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr wənaːʂħɐm dɐkʷʼaːjɐ] – "The boy is going up to the roof."

The suffix ~гу (~ɡʷ) indicates an action performed for a period of time, or "for now".

• сэкӏо /sɐkʷʼɐ/ (I go) → сэкӏого /sɐkʷʼɐɡʷɐ/ (I am going for now)
• сэкӏуагъ /sɐkʷʼaːʁ/ (I went) → сыкӏуагъэгу /səkʷʼaːʁɐɡʷ/ (I went for a while)
• тэлажьэ /tɐɮaːʑɐ/ (we work) → тэлажьэго /tɐɮaːʑɐɡʷɐ/ (we are working for now)
• шхэ /ʃxɐ/ (eat) → шхэго /ʃxɐɡʷɐ/ (eat for now)

Tense conversions (To walk / кӏон):

• Far past: кӏогъагъэгу /kʷʼɐʁaːʁɐɡʷ/ ((s)he went for a while [then])
• Recent past: кӏуагъэгу /kʷʼaːʁɐɡʷ/ ((s)he went for a while)
• Present: кӏого /kʷʼɐɡʷɐ/ ((s)he goes for a while)
• Future: кӏощтыгу /kʷʼɐɕtəɡʷ/ ((s)he will go for a while)
• Future of past: кӏощтыгъэгу /kʷʼɐɕtəʁɐɡʷ/ ((s)he was going to go for a while)

Can also be added to nouns/adjectives:

• кӏалэ /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐ/ (boy) → кӏалэгу /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐɡʷ/ (boy for now)
• мафэ /maːfɐ/ (day) → мафэгу /maːfɐɡʷ/ (day for now)
• фабэ /faːbɐ/ (hot) → фабэгу /faːbɐɡʷ/ (hot for now)
• дахэ /daːxɐ/ (pretty) → дахэгу /daːxɐɡʷ/ (pretty for now)
• дэхагъ /dɐxaːʁ/ (was pretty) → дэхагъэгу /dɐxɐɡʷ/ (was pretty for a while)
• дэхэщт /daːxɐɕt/ (will be pretty) → дэхэщтыгу /dɐxɐɕtəɡʷ/ (will be pretty for a while)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэр тучанэм кӏуагъэгу. [t͡ʃʼɮɐr təwt͡ʃaːnɐm kʷʼaːʁɐɡʷ] – "The boy went to the shop for a while."
• Томыр еджэготи, къэтдэджэгушъущтыгоп. [tomər jɐd͡ʒɐɡʷəj qɐtdɐd͡ʒɐɡʷəʂʷəɕtəɡʷɐp] – "Because Tom is studying for now, he can't play with us for now."
• Паркым къэскӏохьыщтыгу. [paːrkɐr qɐsəkʷʼɐħəɕtəɡʷ] – "I will go around for a while in the park."
• Джэгуалъэм сыриджэгурагъогу. [d͡ʒɐɡʷaːɬɐm sərəjd͡ʒɐɡʷəraːʁʷɐɡʷ] – "I wanna play with the toy for now."

The suffix -уи (-wəːj) indicates a surprise mood ("really!?").

• кӏалэ /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐ/ (boy) → кӏалэуи /t͡ʃʼaːɮɐwəj/ (is it really a boy?)
• мафэ /maːfɐ/ (day) → мафэуи /maːfɐwəːj/ (is it really a day?)
• фабэ /faːbɐ/ (hot) → фабэуи /faːbɐwəːj/ (is it really hot?)
• кӏуачӏэ /kʷʼaːt͡ʃʼɐ/ (strong) → кӏуачӏэуи /kʷʼaːt͡ʃʼɐwəːj/ (is (s)he really strong?)
• кӏошъу /kʷʼɐʂʷə/ (capable of going) → кӏошъууи /kʷʼɐʂʷəwəːj/ (is (s)he really capable of going?)
• усмэджагъ /wəsmɐd͡ʒaːʁ/ (you got sick) → усмэджагъуи /wəsmɐd͡ʒaːʁwəj/ (you became sick!?)

Tense conversions (To walk / кӏон):

• Far past: кӏогъагъэуи /kʷʼɐʁaːʁwəj/ ((s)he went!? [then])
• Recent past: кӏуагъэуи /kʷʼaːʁwəj/ ((s)he went!?)
• Present: кӏоуи /kʷʼɐwəj/ ((s)he goes!?)
• Future: кӏощтыуи /kʷʼɐɕtwəj/ ((s)he will go!?)
• Future of past: кӏощтыгъэуи /kʷʼɐɕtəʁwəj/ ((s)he was going to go!?)

Examples in sentences:

• Мы унэр зишӏыгъэр лӏагъэуи? – "The one who made this house is dead (surprised)?"
• Кӏалэм еуагъэр сэруи? [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm jɐwaːʁɐr sɐrwəj] – "The one who hit the boy is me (surprised)?"
• А кӏалэ кӏакор кӏуачӏэуи? [aː t͡ʃʼaːɮɐ t͡ʃʼaːkʷɐr kʷʼaːt͡ʂʼɐwəj] – "That short boy is strong (surprised)?"

To say "the moment about to", add ~ным (~nəm):

• сэкӏо → скӏоным /səkʷʼɐnəm/ (the moment I was about to go)
• тэшхэ → тшхэным /təʃxɐnim/ (the moment we were about to eat)
• еплъых → еплъыхэным /jɐpɬəxɐnim/ (the moment they were about to look at)
• шъолажьэ → шъулэжьэным /ʂʷəɮaːʑɐnim/ (the moment you [pl.] were about to work)

Examples in sentences:

• Сызышхэным сыгу къэкӏыжьыгъ сӏэхэр сытхьакӏынхэу. [səzəʃxɐnəm səjwqɐt͡ʃʼəʑɐʁ səjʔɐxɐr sətħaːt͡ʃʼənɐw] – "When I was about to eat, I remembered to wash my hands."

The suffix ~рас (-raːs) designates an action that someone usually or often does.

• кӏо /kʷʼɐ/ (go) → кӏорас /kʷʼɐraːs/ ((s)he usually goes)
• еплъы /jɐpɬə/ (look at) → еплъырас /jɐpɬəraːs/ ((s)he usually looks at)
• ео /jɐwɐ/ (hit) → еорас /jɐwɐraːs/ ((s)he usually hits it)

Examples in sentences:

• Сэ лимон сышхырасэрэп. [sɐ limom səʃxəraːsɐrɐp] – "I don't usually eat lemon."
• Кӏалэр къэлэм плъыжьым ритхэрас. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐr qɐlɐm pɬəʑəm rəjtxɐraːs] – "The boy often writes with the red pencil."

Added to nouns created from verbs (~расэрэ):

• кӏорэ /kʷʼɐrɐ/ (the one going) → кӏорасэрэ /kʷʼɐraːsɐ/ (the one who usually goes)
• зыдакӏорэ /zədaːkʷʼɐrɐ/ (place going) → зыдэкӏорасэрэ /zədɐkʷʼɐraːsɐ/ (place usually goes)
• еплъырэ /jɐpɬərɐ/ (the one looking) → еплъырасэрэ /jɐpɬəraːsɐ/ (the one who usually looks)
• зеплъырэ /zɐjpɬərɐ/ (the one looking at) → зеплъырасэрэ /zɐjpɬəraːsɐ/ (the one who usually looks at)
• ылъэгъурэ /jəɬɐʁʷərɐ/ (the one seeing) → ылъэгъурасэрэ /jəɬɐʁʷəraːsɐ/ (the one who usually sees)
• зилъэгъурэ /zəjɬɐʁʷərɐ/ (the one that sees it) → зилъэгъурасэрэ /zəjɬɐʁʷəraːsɐ/ (the one who usually sees it)

Examples in sentences:

• Непчыхьэ тызкӏорасэрэм тышъугъакӏу. [nɐjpt͡ʃəħɐ təzkʷʼɐraːsɐrɐm təʂʷʁaːkʷʼ] – "Let us go to the place we usually go to."
• Кӏалэм шоколадэхэр ышхырэсэгъагъэх бэрэ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm ʃokolaːdɐxɐr jəʃxərɐsaːʁaːʁɐx bɐrɐ] – "The boy used to eat chocolates a lot."
• Сэ къэлэмэу сызритхэрасэр плъыжьы. [sɐ qɐlɐmɐw səzrəjtxɐraːsɐr pɬəʑə] – "The pencil I usually write with is red."

To indicate a verb is about to happen (or "almost"), the suffix -пэт (-pat) is added.

Tense conversions (To walk / кӏон):

• Far past: кӏопэтыгъагъ /kʷʼɐpɐtəʁaːʁ/ ((s)he almost went [then])
• Recent past: кӏопэтыгъ /kʷʼɐpɐtəʁ/ ((s)he almost went)
• Present: кӏопэт /kʷʼɐpɐt/ ((s)he is about to go)
• Future: кӏопэтыщт /kʷʼɐpɐtəɕt/ ((s)he will be about to go)
• Future of past: кӏопэтыщтыгъ /kʷʼɐpɐtəɕtɐʁ/ ((s)he was about to go)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэхэмэ сыкъаубытыпэтыгъ. [səqaːwbətəpɐtɐʁ t͡ʃʼaːɮɐxɐmɐ] – "The boys almost caught me."
• Псым уицуакъэкӏэ ухауцопэтыгъ. [psəm wəjt͡sʷaːqɐt͡ʃʼɐ wəxaːwt͡sʷɐpɐtɐʁ] – "You almost stepped into the water with your shoes."
• Сэ себэджыпэтыгъ. [sɐ sɐjbɐd͡ʒəpɐtəʁɐp] – "I almost fall on the ground."

The suffix -зэпыт (-zapət) indicates that the verb always or continuously happens.

Tense conversions (To walk / кӏон):

• Past: кӏозэпытыгъ /kʷʼɐzɐpətɐʁ/ ((s)he used to always go)
• Past 2: кӏозэпытыгъагъ /kʷʼɐzɐpətəʁaːʁ/ ((s)he used to always go)
• Present: кӏозэпыт /kʷʼɐzɐpət/ ((s)he always goes)
• Future: кӏозэпытыщт /kʷʼɐzɐpətəɕt/ ((s)he will always be going)
• Future of past: кӏозэпытыщтыгъ /kʷʼɐzɐpətəɕtɐʁ/ ((s)he was always going to)

Examples in sentences:

• Тучаным тыжъугъэкӏозэпытыщта? [tut͡ʃaːnəm təʂʷʁɐkʷʼɐzɐpətəɕtaː] – "Are you (pl.) gonna make us go to the shop all the time?"
• Кӏалэм мые ышхызэпытыгъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm məjɐ jəʃxəzɐpətɐʁ] – "The boy used to eat apples all the time."
• Сэ сэчъэзэпыт щэджэгъожым. [sɐ sɐt͡ʂɐzɐpət ɕɐd͡ʒɐʁʷɐʑəm] – "I am always running in the afternoon."

To indicate a verb happened just recently, the suffix -гъакӏ (-ʁaːt͡ʃʼ) is added.

• кӏуагъ /kʷʼaːʁ/ (went) → кӏогъакӏ /kʷʼaːʁaːt͡ʃʼ/ (just went recently)
• сышхагъ /səʃχaːʁ/ (I ate) → сышхэгъакӏ /səʃxɐʁaːt͡ʃʼ/ (I just ate recently)

Tense conversions (To walk / кӏон):

• Far past: кӏогъэкӏэгъагъ /kʷʼɐʁɐt͡ʃʼɐʁaːʁ/ ((s)he was recently going [then])
• Recent past: кӏогъэкӏагъ /kʷʼɐʁɐt͡ʃʼaːʁ/ ((s)he was recently going)
• Present: кӏогъакӏ /kʷʼɐʁaːt͡ʃʼ/ ((s)he just recently went)
• Future: кӏогъэкӏэщт /kʷʼɐʁɐt͡ʃʼɐɕt/ ((s)he will recently go)
• Future of past: кӏогъэкӏэщтыгъ /kʷʼɐʁɐt͡ʃʼɐɕtɐʁ/ ((s)he was going to recently go)

Examples in sentences:

• Ушхэгъакӏ ныӏэп, ушхэжьырагъуа? [wəʃxɐʁaːt͡ʃʼ nɐʔɐ wəʃxɐʑəraːʁʷaː] – "You just ate recently, you wanna eat again?"
• Класым иджы скъихьэгъакӏ. [klaːsəm jəd͡ʒə sqəjħɐʁaːt͡ʃʼ] – "I just came into the class right now."
• Класым тыгъуасэ сихьэгъэкӏэгъагъ тестэр къызеублэм. [klaːsəm təʁʷaːsɐ səjħɐʁɐt͡ʃʼɐʁaːʁ testɐr qəzɐjwbɮɐm] – "Yesterday, after recently entering the class, the test began."

To indicate the subject should have done the action but didn't, the suffix -пхъагъ (-pχaːʁ) is added.

• кӏуагъ /kʷʼaːʁ/ (went) → кӀопхъагъ /kʷʼɐpχaːʁ/ ((s)he should have gone)
• сыкӏуагъ /səːkʷʼaːʁ/ (I went) → сыкӏопхъагъ /səkʷʼɐpχaːʁ/ (I should have gone)
• тышхагъ /təʃxaːʁ/ (we ate) → тышхэпхъагъ /təʃxɐpχaːʁ/ (we should have eaten)
• уӏуагъ /wʔʷaːʁ/ (you said) → уӏопхъагъ /wʔʷɐpχaːʁ/ (you should have said so)
• къэпхьэгъ /qɐpħɐʁ/ (you brought) → къэпхьыпхъагъ /qɐpħəpχaːʁ/ (you should have brought)

Examples in sentences:

• Сиунэ укъызэкӏом сидиск къэпхьыпхъагъ. [siwnɐ wqaːkʷʼɐm sidisk qɐphəpχaːʁ] – "When you came to my house, you should have brought my disk."
• Къэпӏопхъагъ зэрэуимыӏэ гущыӏалъэ. [qɐpʔʷɐpχaːʁ zɐrɐwiməʔɐ ɡʷəɕəʔaːɬɐ] – "You should have said that you don't have a dictionary."

The suffix ~хь /~ħ/ designates action performed on an area, around something, or repetitively/nonstop.

With the reflexive prefix зе~ (zaj~), it indicates running around oneself/in circles:

• чъэн /t͡ʂɐn/ (to run) → зичъэхьын /zəjt͡ʂɐħən/ (to run around in circles)
• кӏон /kʷʼɐn/ (to go) → зикӏохьын /zəjkʷʼɐħən/ (to walk around in circles)
• плъэн /pɬɐn/ (to look) → зиплъэхьын /zəjpɬɐħən/ (to look around)
• он /wɐn/ (to hit) → зиохьын /zəjwɐħən/ (to strike around oneself)
• шъутырэн /ʂʷətərɐn/ (to kick) → зишъутырэхьын /zəjʂʷətərɐħən/ (to kick around oneself)
• зиукӏэхьын /zəjwt͡ʃʼɐħən/ (to extend and stretch arms)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏэлэцӏыкӏум зичъэхьыжьэу унэм ит. [t͡ʼɐɮɐt͡sʼəkʷʼəm zəjt͡ʂɐħəʑɐw wənɐm jət] – "The little boy is running around in the house."
• Сэ чъыгым спысэу зэсэплъэхьы. [sɐ t͡ʂəɣəm spəsɐw zɐsɐpɬɐħə] – "I am looking around while sitting on a tree."
• Гъогум кӏалэм зеплъэхьи тет. [ʁʷɐɡʷəm t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm zɐjpɬɐħəj tɐjt] – "The boy is standing on the road looking around."

With the prefix къе~ (qaj~):

• чъэн (run) → къэчъэхьын (run around it)
• кӏон (go) → къэкӏохьын (walk around it)
• плъэн (look) → къэплъэхьын (scout/look around it)

Examples in sentences:

• Сэ чылэр къэскӏохьышт. [sɐ t͡ʃəɮɐr qɐskʷʼɐħəɕt] – "I will walk around the village."
• Мэзым хахьи къэплъэхь. [mɐzəm xaːħəj qɐspɬɐħ] – "Enter the forest and scout around."

With the prefix дэ~ (da~), indicating movement round an object:

• ӏуашъхьэр къыдэкӏохьын (walk around the hill)
• чъыгыр къыдэкӏохьын (walk around the tree)
• унэр къыдэчъэхьын (run around the house)
• ӏуашъхьэм къыдрикӏохьын (walk around the hill)
• чъыгым къыдрикӏохьын (walk around the tree)

With positional prefixes:

• джыджэн (roll) → теджыджэхьын (roll on)
• теуцӏэлэн (paint on) → теуцӏэлэхьын (scribble on)
• теӏэбэн (touch) → теӏэбэхьын (touch rapidly with fingers)
• стын (burn) → хэстыхьан (burn in an area with mass)
• укӏын (kill) → хэукӏэхьан (die in an area with mass/war)

Examples in sentences:

• Унэ чӏэгъым чӏаукӏэхьагъ. [wənɐ t͡ʂʼɐʁəm t͡ʂʼaːwt͡ʃʼɐħaːʁ] – "They killed him under the house."

Indicating repetitive/nonstop or entirely done actions:

• пыохьын (to entirely beat up someone / beat nonstop)
• теохьын (to be entirely hit by an explosion)
• хэон (hit hard) → хэохьын (hit hard repetitively)
• тегущыӏэн (speak about) → тегущыӏэхьын (discuss/talk about)
• пыплъэн (look on) → пыплъэхьын (search on someone entirely)
• теплъэн (look on) → теплъэхьын (search on something)
• джыхэхъонэн (curse directly) → джыхэхъонэхьын (curse nonstop)

Examples in sentences:

• Ахэр лӏым пыохьыгъэх. [aːxɐr ɬʼəm pəwɐħəʁɐx] – "They beat the man up (entirely)."
• Къэрэгъулхэр уиджанэ пыплъэхьыщтых. [qɐrɐʁʷəɮxɐr wəjd͡ʒaːjɐ pəpɬɐħəɕtəx] – "The guards are gonna search all over your shirt."

To indicate the manner a verb is done, the suffix ~кӏэ (t͡ʃʼa) is added (in the Shapsug dialect, ~кӏьэ is used).

• кӏо /kʷɐ/ (go) → кӏуакӏэ /kʷʼaːt͡ʃʼɐ/ (manner of going)
• лажь /ɮaːʑ/ (work) → лэжьакӏэ /ɮɐʑaːt͡ʃʼɐ/ (manner of working)
• пкӏэ /pt͡ʃʼɐ/ (jump) → пкӏакӏэ /pt͡ʃʼaːt͡ʃʼɐ/ (manner of jumping)
• тхэ /txɐ/ (write) → тхакӏэ /txaːt͡ʃʼɐ/ (manner of writing)
• дзы /d͡zə/ (throw) → дзыкӏэ /d͡zət͡ʃʼɐ/ (manner of throwing)
• зао /zaːwɐ/ (fight) → зэуакӏэ /zɐwaːt͡ʃʼɐ/ (manner of fighting)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэм тэрэзэу тхакӏэ къырагъэшӏагъ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm tɐrɐzɐw txaːt͡ʃʼɐ qəraːʁɐʃʼaːʁ] – "They taught the boy how to write correctly."
• Кӏалэм зэуакӏэ ешӏэ дэгъоу. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm zɐwaːt͡ʃʼɐ jɐʃʼɐ dɐʁʷə] – "The boy knows how to fight well."
• Мыжъо псынкӏэу дзыкӏэ озгъэлъэгъущт. – "I will show you how to throw a rock quickly."

Possessive manner ("someone's way of..."):

• кӏо → икӏуакӏэ (his manner of walking)
• лажь → илэжьакӏэ (his manner of working)
• пкӏэ → ипкӏакӏэ (his manner of jumping)
• тхэ → итхакӏэ (his manner of writing)
• дзы → идзыкӏэ (his manner of throwing)

Examples in sentences:

• О уиеджакӏэ дэгъоп. [wɐ wəjjɐd͡ʒaːt͡ʃʼɐ dɐʁʷɐp] – "Your way of studying is not good."
• Лӏыжъым икӏуакӏэ лъэщы. [ɬʼəʐəm jəkʷʼaːt͡ʃʼɐ ɬɐɕə] – "The way the old man goes is lame."

The suffix -гъуай (-ʁʷaːj) indicates an action is difficult to do.

• тхы /txə/ (write) → тхыгъуай /txəʁʷaːj/ (difficult to write)
• сэтхы /sɐtxə/ (I write) → сытхыгъуай /sətxəʁʷaːj/ (it is difficult for me to write)
• шӏэ /ʃʼɐ/ (do) → шӏэгъуй /ʃʼɐʁʷaːj/ (difficult to do)
• шхы /ʃxə/ (eat) → шхыгъуй /ʃxəʁʷaːj/ (difficult to eat)

Examples in sentences:

• Бзылъфыгъэхэр ащ есэгъуаех. [bzəɬfəʁɐxɐr aːɕ jɐsɐʁʷaːjɐx] – "It is difficult for women to get used to that."
• Гъогу лъагъор хэлъэгъогъуаеу щытыгъ. [ʁʷɐɡʷ ɬaːʁʷɐr xɐɬɐʁʷɐʁʷaːjɐw ɕətəʁ] – "The path was difficult to see."

The suffix -гъошӏу (-ʁʷaʃʷʼ) indicates an action is easy to do.

• тхы /txə/ (write) → тхыгъошӏу /txəʁʷɐʂʷʼ/ (easy to write)
• сэтхы /sɐtxə/ (I write) → сытхыгъошӏу /sətxəʁʷɐʂʷʼ/ (easy for me to write)
• шӏэ /ʃʼɐ/ (do) → шӏэгъошӏу /ʃʼɐʁʷɐʂʷʼ/ (easy to do)
• шхы /ʃxə/ (eat) → шхыгъошӏу /ʃxəʁʷɐʂʷʼ/ (easy to eat)

Examples in sentences:

• Джанэр дыгъош1у. [d͡ʒaːnɐr dəʁʷɐʂʷʼ] – "The dress is sewn easily."

The suffix ~къон (~qʷan) warns or intimidates the listener ("don't dare to").

• уеплъы /wɐjpɬə/ (you look at) → уеплъыкъон /wɐjpɬəqʷɐn/ (don't you dare to look at)
• кӏо /kʷʼɐ/ (go) → кӏокъон /kʷʼɐqʷɐn/ (don't dare to go)
• шъошхы /ʂʷɐʃxə/ (you [pl.] eat) → шъушхыкъон /ʂʷəʃxəqʷɐn/ (don't you [pl.] dare to eat it)
• чъэх /t͡ʂɐx/ (they run) → чъэкъоных /t͡ʂɐqʷɐnəx/ (don't they dare to run)

Examples in sentences:

• Унашъхьэм укъепкӏэкъон. [wənaːʂħɐm wəqɐjpt͡ʃʼɐqʷɐn] – "Don't dare jump from the roof."
• Кӏалэм епӏотэкъон пысӏохьхэрэр. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm jɐpʔʷɐtɐqʷɐn pəsʔʷɐħxɐrɐr] – "Don't dare tell the boy the things I am saying about him."
• Кӏалэхэр Фылымым азакъоу ерэплъыкъоных. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐxɐr fələməm jaːzaːqʷɐw jɐrɐpɬəqʷɐnəx] – "Don't the boys dare to look at the film while they are alone."

The suffix ~лӏ (~lʼ) designates an action directed towards or applied to somebody/something.

• ечъэлӏэн (to come running up to somebody/something)
• ехьэлӏэн (to take/cɐrry/bring something to somebody else)
• екӏолӏэн (to approach something or somebody)
• ехъолӏэн (an event to come and happen to someone)
• еӏолӏэн (to say something about a statement)

Examples in sentences:

• Кӏалэм дэгъухэ къехъолӏагъэх. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm dɐʁʷəxɐ qɐjχʷɐɬʼaːʁɐx] – "Good things happened to the boy."
• Сыд унэм ышъо епӏуалӏэрэр? [səd wənɐm jəʂʷɐ jɐpʔʷaːɬʼɐrɐ] – "What do you say about the house's color?"
• Кӏалэр гъогум екӏуалӏэ. [t͡ʃʼaːɮɐm ʁʷɐɡʷəm jɐkʷʼaːɬʼɐ] – "The boy is approaching the road."

• Slightly (~ӏо): Indicates slightness.

 * кӏотаӏо (move a little further)
 * кӏотыӏуагъэ (he moved on slightly)
 * кӏотыгъаӏо (he went further)
 * ӏэтыӏо (lift slightly higher)

• Mistakenly (~хъу): Indicates mistakenness.

 * ӏохъу (speak irrelevantly)
 * ӏохъугъэ (he said irrelevantly)

• Willingly (~п): Indicates an action done willingly.

 * сыкӏопэн (I will go willingly)
 * сымыкӏопэн (I will not go willingly)

• Preliminary condition (~хэ): Indicates a condition or sequence.

 * зытхьэкIыхэн (wash yourself first)
 * зытхьэкIыхи шхэ (first wash yourself, and then eat)

• Absolute (~х): Indicates an absolute certainty.

 * сыкӏохэн (I will definitely go)
 * сымыкӏохэн (I will definitely not go)

• Pre (~пэу): Used with the negative ~мы~ infix to mean "before".

 * кӏо (go) → мыкӏуапэу (before (s)he goes)
 * нэсы (reach) → нэмысыпэу (before (s)he reaches)
 * шхэ (eat) → мыщхапэу (before (s)he starts eating)
 * шхагъ (ate) → мышхэгъапэу (before (s)he ends eating)

• Post (~уж): Indicates "after" or later in time.

 * кӏо (go) → кӏоужым (after (s)he went)
 * нэсы (reach) → нэмысыужым (after (s)he reaches)
 * шхэ (eat) → шхыужым (after (s)he eats)

• Kabardian Verbal Affixes: Collected, arranged and edited by Amjad Jaimoukha : [1].
• Адыгейский язык: Grammar : [2] (in Russian)