1994 Andalusian regional election

1994 Andalusian regional election
12 June 1994
All 109 seats in the Parliament of Andalusia
55 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered5,389,552 7.6%
Turnout3,625,445 (67.3%)
12.0 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Manuel Chaves Javier Arenas Luis Carlos Rejón
Party PSOE–A PP IULV–CA
Leader since 19 April 1990 25 July 1993 21 July 1988
Leader's seat Cádiz Seville Córdoba
Last election 62 seats, 49.6% 26 seats, 22.2% 11 seats, 12.7%
Seats won 45 41 20
Seat change 17 15 9
Popular vote 1,395,131 1,238,252 689,815
Percentage 38.7% 34.4% 19.1%
Swing 10.9 pp 12.2 pp 6.4 pp
  Fourth party
 
Leader Pedro Pacheco
Party PA–PAP
Leader since 1994
Leader's seat Cádiz
Last election 10 seats, 10.8%[a]
Seats won 3
Seat change 7
Popular vote 208,862
Percentage 5.8%
Swing 5.0 pp
Constituency results map for the Parliament of Andalusia
President before election

Manuel Chaves
PSOE–A

Elected President

Manuel Chaves
PSOE–A

A regional election was held in Andalusia on Sunday, 12 June 1994, to elect the 4th Parliament of the autonomous community. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election. It was held concurrently with the 1994 European Parliament election.

The candidate for the PSOE, Manuel Chaves, was invested as President of the Regional Government of Andalusia after winning the election. However, the poor results obtained by his party forced him to form a minority government 10 seats short of a majority. Eventually, a snap election had to be called in 1996 due to the impracticality of government resulting from the union, at times, of the two main opposition parties (People's Party and United Left).

Overview

Under the 1981 Statute of Autonomy, the Parliament of Andalusia was the unicameral legislature of the homonymous autonomous community, having legislative power in devolved matters, as well as the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a regional president.[1]

Electoral system

Voting for the Parliament was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age, registered in Andalusia and in full enjoyment of their political rights, provided that they were not sentenced—by a final court ruling—to deprivation of the right to vote, nor being legally incapacitated.[2][3][4]

The Parliament of Andalusia was entitled to a minimum of 90 and a maximum of 110 seats, with the electoral law setting its size at 109. All members were elected in eight multi-member constituencies—corresponding to the provinces of Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville, with each being allocated an initial minimum of eight seats and the remaining 45 being distributed in proportion to their populations (provided that the number of seats in each province did not exceed two times that of any other)—using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional voting system, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes (which included blank ballots) being applied in each constituency.[2][5] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[6]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Parliament constituency was entitled the following seats:[7]

Seats Constituencies
18 Seville
16 Málaga
15 Cádiz
13 Córdoba, Granada
12 Jaén
11 Almería, Huelva

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislative term were to be covered by the successive candidates in the list and, when required, by the designated substitutes.[8][9]

Election date

The term of the Parliament of Andalusia expired four years after the date of its previous election, unless it was dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the scheduled date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official Gazette of the Regional Government of Andalusia (BOJA), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication (barring any date within from 1 July to 31 August).[2][10][11] The previous election was held on 23 June 1990, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 23 June 1994. However, due to the ban on summer elections, the election decree was required to be published in the BOJA no later than 7 May 1994, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest legal possible date for election day on Thursday, 30 June 1994.

Amendments earlier in 1994 granted the regional president the prerogative to dissolve the Parliament of Andalusia at any given time and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one.[10][12]

The election to the Parliament of Andalusia was officially called on 19 April 1994 with the publication of the corresponding decree in the BOJA, setting election day for 12 June and scheduling for the chamber to reconvene on 5 July.[7]

Outgoing parliament

The table below shows the composition of the parliamentary groups in the chamber at the time of the election call.[13]

Parliamentary composition in April 1994
Parliamentary groups Parties Legislators
Seats Total
Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE–A 62 62
Andalusian People's Parliamentary Group PP 26 26
United Left/The Greens Parliamentary Group IULV–CA 11 11
Andalusian Parliamentary Group PA 6 6
Mixed Group PAP 4[b] 4

Campaign

Election debates

1994 Andalusian regional election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present[c]    S  Surrogate[d]  
 NI  Not invited   I  Invited    A  Absent invitee 
PSOE–A PP Audience Ref.
2 June Canal Sur
Antena 3 		Manuel Campo Vidal P
Chaves 		P
Arenas 		40.6%
(1,102,000) 		[14]
[15]

Opinion polls

The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

Voting intention estimates

The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 55 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Parliament of Andalusia.

Color key:

  Exit poll

Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Victory preferences

The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.

Victory likelihood

The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.

Results

Overall

← Summary of 12 June 1994 Parliament of Andalusia election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia (PSOE–A) 1,395,131 38.72 −10.88 45 −17
People's Party (PP) 1,238,252 34.36 +12.18 41 +15
United Left/The Greens–Assembly for Andalusia (IULV–CA) 689,815 19.14 +6.47 20 +9
Andalusian Coalition–Andalusian Power (PA–PAP)1 208,862 5.80 −4.95 3 −7
Communist Party of the Andalusian People (PCPA) 12,078 0.34 +0.11 0 ±0
Forum–Democratic and Social Centre (Foro–CDS) 9,875 0.27 −0.91 0 ±0
Andalusian Nation (NA)2 9,690 0.27 +0.21 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 5,510 0.15 +0.08 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2,637 0.07 −0.01 0 ±0
Socialist October (OS) 641 0.02 New 0 ±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 350 0.01 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 30,750 0.85 +0.41
Total 3,603,591 109 ±0
Valid votes 3,603,591 99.40 −0.16
Invalid votes 21,854 0.60 +0.16
Votes cast / turnout 3,625,445 67.27 +11.93
Abstentions 1,764,107 32.73 −11.93
Registered voters 5,389,552
Sources[13][16][17]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE–A
 
 38.72%
PP
 
 34.36%
IULV–CA
 
 19.14%
PA–PAP
 
 5.80%
Others
 
 1.13%
Blank ballots
 
 0.85%
Seats
PSOE–A
 
 41.28%
PP
 
 37.61%
IULV–CA
 
 18.35%
PA–PAP
 
 2.75%

Distribution by constituency

Constituency PSOE–A PP IULV–CA PA–PAP
% S % S % S % S
Almería 38.1 5 41.9 5 15.0 1 3.2 −
Cádiz 34.5 5 33.2 5 18.2 3 11.6 2
Córdoba 37.5 6 30.8 4 24.6 3 5.3 −
Granada 38.3 5 38.6 6 16.8 2 4.4 −
Huelva 44.1 5 33.3 4 15.7 2 5.2 −
Jaén 42.6 5 35.9 5 15.6 2 4.1 −
Málaga 34.3 6 36.5 6 22.4 4 4.7 −
Seville 42.0 8 30.6 6 19.5 3 5.8 1
Total 38.7 45 34.4 41 19.1 20 5.8 3
Sources[13][16][17]

Aftermath

Government formation

Investiture
Nomination of Manuel Chaves (PSOE–A)
Ballot → 20 July 1994 23 July 1994 29 July 1994[g]
Required majority → 55 out of 109 N Simple N Simple Y
Yes
44 / 109
43 / 109
44 / 109
No
63 / 109
64 / 109
41 / 109
Abstentions
0 / 109
0 / 109
4 / 109
Absentees
  • • PSOE–A (1) (2 on 23 Jul)
  • • PP (1) (on 20 Jul)
2 / 109
2 / 109
1 / 109
Sources[13]

Notes

  1. ^ Results for PA in the 1990 election.
  2. ^ Manuel González Fustegueras, José Guerrero, Antonio Núñez and Pedro Pacheco, former PA legislators.
  3. ^ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  4. ^ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Within PA–PAP.
  6. ^ a b c Does not include non-resident citizens.
  7. ^ 19 IULV–CA MPs did not participate in 29 July vote.

References

Opinion poll sources

  1. ^ a b c d "Sondea, que algo queda". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 May 1995.
  2. ^ a b "Elecciones de 12 de junio de 1994 al Parlamento Andaluz". Revista de Derecho Político (in Spanish). 1996.
  3. ^ "El PSOE necesitará el apoyo de Izquierda Unida para poder gobernar en Andalucía". El Mundo (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  4. ^ a b c "Los socialistas ganarán las elecciones en Andalucía". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  5. ^ "El PP gana las europeas por seis puntos y el PSOE pierde la mayoría absoluta en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  6. ^ "Cualquier coalición será posible para formar Gobierno en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  7. ^ "Metra-Seis atribuye de 41 a 46 escaños al PSOE y de 35 a 39 al PP". ABC (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  8. ^ "La última encuesta del CIS confirma que el PSOE perderá la mayoría absoluta". ABC (in Spanish). 3 June 1994.
  9. ^ "El PSOE perderá votos en toda Andalucía pero podrá gobernar si le apoyan los andalucistas". El Mundo (in Spanish). 16 May 1994.
  10. ^ "El PSOE echa el resto en Andalucía para salvar la mayoría absoluta que le arrebatan las encuestas". ABC (in Spanish). 27 May 1994.
  11. ^ "Una encuesta del CIS confirma la pérdida de la mayoría absoluta del PSOE y la subida de PP e IU-CA". ABC (in Spanish). 21 May 1994.
  12. ^ a b c "El PSOE volverá a ganar en Andalucía, pero el PP acorta distancias y se sitúa a sólo tres puntos". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 17 April 1994.
  13. ^ "Una encuesta realizada por el PSOE refleja que los socialistas perderían la mayoría absoluta". ABC (in Spanish). 7 April 1994.
  14. ^ "El PP maneja un sondeo que le concede un máximo de 41 escaños y al PSOE hasta 53 diputados". ABC (in Spanish). 7 March 1994.
  15. ^ "Una encuesta para el PP prevé la pérdida de la mayoría absoluta del PSOE en el Parlamento de Andalucía". ABC (in Spanish). 15 December 1993.
  16. ^ "El PSOE perdería la mayoría absoluta, según una encuesta del PP". ABC (in Spanish). 15 December 1993.
  17. ^ a b c "Preelectoral Andalucía 1994 (I) (Estudio nº 2102. Abril-mayo 1994)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 3 June 1994.
  18. ^ "El PSOE supera en siete puntos al PP en las elecciones andaluzas, según el CIS". El País (in Spanish). 3 June 1994.
  19. ^ a b c "Situación social y política de Andalucía (V) (Estudio nº 2089. Abril-mayo 1994)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 20 May 1994.
  20. ^ "Los populares andaluces se acercan a 6,8 puntos de los socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 20 May 1994.
  21. ^ "Opinión pública y cultura política en las Comunidades Autónomas: Andalucía (Estudio nº 2025. Noviembre 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 24 November 1992.

Other

  1. ^ Statute (1981), arts. 25 & 30.
  2. ^ a b c Statute (1981), arts. 26 & 28.
  3. ^ LEAn (1986), art. 2.
  4. ^ LOREG (1985), arts. 2–3.
  5. ^ LEAn (1986), arts. 16–18.
  6. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  7. ^ a b Decreto del Presidente 85/1994, de 18 de abril, por el que se convocan elecciones al Parlamento de Andalucía (PDF) (Decree 85/1994). Official Gazette of the Regional Government of Andalusia (in Spanish). 18 April 1994. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  8. ^ LEAn (1986), art. 19.
  9. ^ LOREG (1985), arts. 46 & 48.
  10. ^ a b LEAn (1986), art. 14.
  11. ^ LOREG (1985), art. 42.
  12. ^ LGAn (1994), arts. 14 & 55–56.
  13. ^ a b c d Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones al Parlamento de Andalucía (desde 1982)". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 October 2025.
  14. ^ Lucio, Lourdes (16 February 2008). "14 años sin verse las caras". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  15. ^ "La mitad de los andaluces estaba viendo el debate cuando se habló de corrupción y campañas institucionales de la Junta". ABC (in Spanish). 4 June 1994. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  16. ^ a b "Electoral Results Consultation. Parliament of Andalusia. June 1994. Andalusia totals". juntadeandalucia.es (in Spanish). Regional Government of Andalusia. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  17. ^ a b "Parliament of Andalusia election results, 12 June 1994" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Central Electoral Commission. 9 July 1994. Retrieved 25 September 2017.

Bibliography

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