Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi

Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi
ذوالفقار علی دیوبندی
Born1822 (1822)
Deoband, Ceded and Conquered Provinces, Company Raj
Died1904 (aged 81–82)
Deoband, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India
Resting placeQasmi Cemetery
Alma materDelhi College
OccupationsIslamic scholar, educator, writer
Known forEarly association with Darul Uloom Deoband; member of its first Shura council
Notable workTashīl al-Dirāsah, Tashīl al-Bayān, al-Taʿlīqāt ʿalā al-Sabʿ al-Muʿallaqāt, al-Irshād, ʿIṭr al-Wardah, Miʿyār al-Balāghah/Tadhkirat al-Balāghah, Tashīl al-Ḥisāb
ChildrenMahmud Hasan Deobandi (among others)
RelativesUsmani family of Deoband

Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi (1822–1904) was an Indian Islamic scholar, educator and writer. He was among the early founders of Darul Uloom Deoband and served for decades as a member of its first consultative council (shūra). He taught at Bareilly College, worked as an inspector in the colonial education department, and later served as an honorary magistrate in Deoband. He authored Urdu commentaries on several Arabic literary classics, as well as works on rhetoric and mathematics. He was the father of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi.

Early life and education

Accounts in local histories record that Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi was born in Deoband in 1822 (1237 AH), the son of Sheikh Fath Ali, and the younger brother of Mahtab Ali Deobandi.[1]

He studied at Delhi College under Mamluk Ali Nanautawi and Sadruddin Khan Azurda Dehlawi and is listed among the prominent pupils of Mamluk Ali.[2][3]

Career

After completing his studies, Zulfiqar Ali was appointed a professor at Bareilly College; he subsequently served as Deputy Inspector and then Inspector of primary schools in the education department. After receiving a pension, he worked as an honorary magistrate in Deoband.[4][2][5] Local histories identify him among the early founders of Darul Uloom Deoband and state that he sat on its first majlis-e-shura (consultative council).[2] Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi records his tenure on the first shura from 1283 to 1321 AH (1866–1903 CE).[6]

Role in Darul Uloom Deoband

Local histories describe Zulfiqar Ali as an early supporter and adviser in the establishment and early operations of Darul Uloom Deoband, alongside Sayyid Muhammad Abid.[2][7][8] Several accounts directly describe him as a co-founder of the seminary.[9][10][11][12] He is also recorded as a member of the first shura for several decades (1283–1321 AH / 1866–1903 CE).[6][13]

Writings

Zulfiqar Ali wrote in Urdu on Arabic literature and rhetoric, and authored a mathematics primer. Titles reported in the sources include:[14][9]

In 1307 AH he wrote an Arabic treatise, al-Hadiyya al-Saniyya fī Dhikr al-Madrasah al-Islāmiyya al-Diyūbandiyya, describing Darul Uloom Deoband, its elders, and features of Deoband in a brief, literary style.[9][15]

Reception

Fuyūz ar-Rahman's compilation cites Abdul Hayy Hasani's remarks that Zulfiqar Ali studied under Mamluk Ali and Sadr al-Din Dehlavi, excelled in literary sciences, and served as an inspector of primary schools; his listed writings include Urdu commentaries on Dīwān al-Ḥamāsa, Dīwān al-Mutanabbī, and the Sabʿ al-Muʿallaqāt, as well as a work on rhetoric.[16][17]

Garcin de Tassy reference

Syed Mehboob Rizwi, citing Mohammad Ayyub Qadiri, reported that the French Orientalist Garcin de Tassy mentioned Zulfiqar Ali.[18][19] However, in de Tassy's original French text the person named is Ashraf ‘Alī (a professor at Delhi College); Zulfiqar Ali is not mentioned.[20]

Family

Further information: Usmani family of Deoband § Shaykh Fateh Ali

Published accounts identify him as the father of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1268–1339 AH). Other sons mentioned in local histories include Hamid Hasan, Muhammad Hasan, and Muhammad Mohsin; two daughters are also noted.[16][21][22] Some compendia state that he left a large family at the time of his death.[23]

Death

Multiple sources record that Zulfiqar Ali died in Deoband in 1322 AH/1904 CE at the age of 85. He is buried to the east of Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi's grave in the Qasmi cemetery; Muhammad Ahsan Nanautavi is reported to be buried to his left.[15][3][21]

References

  1. ^ Khalili Qasmi, Muhammadullah (October 2020). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh [Comprehensive and Concise History of Darul Uloom Deoband] (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). India: Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy. p. 517. OCLC 1345466013.
  2. ^ a b c d Khalili Qasmi 2020, p. 517.
  3. ^ a b Rizwi, Syed Mehboob (1980). "Maulana Zulfiqar Ali". History of Darul Uloom Deoband. Vol. 1. Translated by Murtaz Hussain F. Qureshi (1st ed.). Darul Uloom Deoband: Idara-e-Ehtemam. p. 93.
  4. ^ Rizwi 1980, pp. 93–94.
  5. ^ Minault, Gail (22 August 1982). The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India. Columbia University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-231-51539-9.
  6. ^ a b Tayyib, Qari Muhammad (June 1965). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Sad-Sāla Zindagi [Centenary Life of Darul Uloom Deoband] (in Urdu) (1st ed.). Deoband: VC Office, Darul Uloom. p. 118.
  7. ^ Amin, Muhammad Talha (6 June 2024). The Shamli uprising: Unsung Indian freedom fighters. Kindle Direct Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 979-8-3276-7863-7.
  8. ^ Moj, Muhammad (1 March 2015). The Deoband Madrassah Movement: Countercultural Trends and Tendencies. Anthem Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-78308-446-3.
  9. ^ a b c d Rizwi 1980, p. 94.
  10. ^ Miftahi 1980, p. 13.
  11. ^ Banerjee, Kanchan (13 July 2022). The Crash of A Civilization. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5521-240-5.
  12. ^ Jafri, Saiyid Zaheer Husain; Reifeld, Helmut (2006). The Islamic Path: Sufism, Society, and Politics in India. Rainbow Publishers. p. 341. ISBN 978-81-86962-85-5.
  13. ^ Khalili Qasmi 2020, p. 517, 746, 753.
  14. ^ Khalili Qasmi 2020, pp. 517–518.
  15. ^ a b Khalili Qasmi 2020, p. 518.
  16. ^ a b ar-Rahman, Fuyūz (1976). "Maulana Muhammad Munir Nanautavi". Mashāhīr-e-Ulama-e-Deoband [Notables Among the Scholars of Deoband] (in Urdu). Vol. 1. Urdu Bazar, Lahore: Azīzia Book Depot. pp. 180–182.
  17. ^ Hasani, Abdul; Nadwi, Abul Hasan Ali Hasani (1999). "Maulana Zulfiqar Ali". Nuzhat al-Khawatir (in Arabic). Vol. 8th (1st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Ibn Hazm. p. 1225.
  18. ^ Rizwi, Syed Mehboob (1976). Tarikh-e Dar al-Ulum Deoband [History of Dar al-Ulum Deoband] (in Urdu). Vol. 1. Deoband: Idarah Ihtimam Dar al-Ulum Deoband. p. 127.
  19. ^ Qadiri, Mohammad Ayyub (1967). Maulana Muhammad Ahsan Nanotwi [Maulana Muhammad Ahsan Nanotwi] (in Urdu). Karachi: Rohilkhand Literary Society. pp. 26–27.
  20. ^ Garcin de Tassy, Joseph-Héliodore-Sagesse-Vertu (1870). Histoire de la littérature hindouie et hindoustanie (in French). Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Paris: Adolphe Labitte. p. 575.
  21. ^ a b Miftahi, Zafeeruddin (1980). Mashaheer-e-Ulama-e-Darul Uloom Deoband [Notable Scholars of Darul Uloom Deoband] (in Urdu) (first ed.). Deoband: Daftar Ijalas-e-Sad Sala. pp. 13–14.
  22. ^ Metcalf, Barbara (1974). The Reformist Ulama: Muslim Religious Leadership in India, 1860-1900. University of California, Berkeley. p. 206.
  23. ^ Deobandi, Asghar Hussain (1921). Hayāt-e-Shaikhul Hind [Life of Shaikh al-Hind] (in Urdu) (first ed.). Deoband: Matba'-e-Qasmi. pp. 6–7.

Further reading

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