Zhu Shizhen

Zhu Shizhen
朱世珍
Born1281 (1281)
Jurong
Died1344 (aged 62–63)
Burial
Ming Imperial Mausoleum (in present-day Fengyang, Anhui)
SpouseLady Chen
Issue
Detail
Posthumous name
Emperor Chun[a]
Temple name
Renzu[b]
FatherZhu Chuyi[c]
MotherLady Wang[2][d]
Chinese name
Chinese朱世珍
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhū Shìzhēn
Birth name
Chinese朱五四
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhū Wǔsì

Zhu Shizhen (1281–1344), born Zhu Wusi, was the father of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty.[3]

Zhu Shizhen was a native of Jurong (in modern Jurong, Jiangsu). His father, Zhu Chuyi, later relocated the family to Xuyi in Si Prefecture (modern Xuyi County, Huai'an, Jiangsu), and in subsequent years Zhu Shizhen moved with his household to Zhongli in Hao Prefecture (modern Fengyang, Anhui). In 1344, when a severe drought devastated the lands north of the Huai River, Zhu Shizhen, together with his wife Lady Chen and their eldest son, succumbed one after another. In 1368, upon the founding of the Ming dynasty at Nanjing, Zhu Yuanzhang posthumously elevated his father as Emperor Chun, with the temple name Renzu, while his mausoleum was established at Fengyang as the Imperial Mausoleum.

Early life

Zhu Wusi was born in 1281[e][5] at Zhujiaxiang, Tongde Township, Jurong County, Jiangsu. His father, Zhu Chuyi, was registered as a "gold-washing household" (taojin hu) under the Yuan dynasty, which required him to deliver a fixed amount of gold annually to the authorities. As there were no gold mines in Jurong, Zhu Chuyi was forced to sell agricultural products for cash and then purchase gold to meet the quota—an arduous and costly burden. Unable to withstand the unrelenting pressure of the officials, in 1289, when Zhu Wusi was eight years old, Zhu Chuyi moved the family to Sunjiagang, located thirteen li north of Si Prefecture (in modern Xuyi County, Jiangsu).[6]

Relocated to East Township

Zhu Wusi married a woman of the Chen clan,[f][8] who bore him a son, Zhu Chongsi, and a daughter while they resided in Xuyi.[9] After the death of his father, the family sank into poverty. For the sake of survival, Zhu Wusi and his elder brother Zhu Wuyi were compelled to abandon their ancestral home and seek livelihoods elsewhere. Zhu Wuyi settled with his household in East Township, Zhongli County, Hao Prefecture (present-day Zhaofu Village north of Mingguang, Anhui). Zhu Wusi, meanwhile, moved his family to Lingbi County, Anhui, where his second son, Zhu Chongliu, was born. They later relocated to Hong County (modern Si County, Anhui), where his third son, Zhu Chongqi, was born,[g] and eventually made their home in East Township, Zhongli County.[11] On 21 October 1328, Zhu Wusi's wife gave birth to their fourth son, Zhu Chongba—later known as Zhu Yuanzhang.[12]

Later life and death

In 1337,[h] pressed by hardship, the family again moved, this time to West Township of Zhongli (near present-day Tangfu Village, Fengyang). The following year, they relocated to Gucun Village in Taiping Township of Zhongli (modern Ershiying Village, Fengyang County). There, they became tenant farmers under the landlord Liu Jide, a man known for his harshness. Despite their toil, the Zhu household remained in dire straits. In 1344, the Huai River basin suffered a catastrophic drought: seedlings withered, fields cracked, and famine was soon followed by locust swarms and plague. On the sixth day of the fourth month that year,[i] Zhu Wusi succumbed to the plague at the age of sixty-four, unable to afford medical treatment. His eldest son perished later that same night. On the twenty-second day of the same month,[j] his fifty-nine-year-old wife also died of the illness.[16] Zhu Chongliu and Zhu Chongba implored their landlord Liu Jide for a small burial plot to inter their parents, but he reviled them and refused. At length, Liu's elder brother, Liu Jizu (劉繼祖), took pity and granted them a patch of land.[k] Lacking the means for coffins, Zhu Chongba wrapped the bodies of his parents in old quilts and buried them hastily.[18]

After death

In 1352, Zhu Chongba joined the Red Turban army under the command of Guo Zixing, at which time he adopted the name Zhu Yuanzhang. He also altered his late father's name from Zhu Wusi to Zhu Shizhen.[19] In 1366, believing that the burial rites of Zhu Shizhen had been too modest, yet fearing that reburial might disturb the geomantic currents of the land, Zhu Yuanzhang resolved instead to enlarge the burial mound so that it might conform to the standards of an imperial mausoleum.[20]

In 1363, Han Lin'er, the nominal sovereign of the Red Turbans, posthumously bestowed upon Zhu Shizhen a series of exalted titles: Executor and Assistant Minister of the Three Offices (開府儀同三司), Senior Pillar of the State (上柱國), Head of Privy Councilor for Extraordinary Affairs (錄軍國重事), Right Chancellor of the Central Secretariat (中書右丞相), Grand Commandant (太尉), and Duke of Wu (吳國公). Lady Chen, wife of Zhu Shizhen, was simultaneously honored with the title of Duchess.[21]

In 1368, after founding the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang posthumously elevated his father as Emperor Chun (淳皇帝; 'Pure Emperor'), with the temple name Renzu (仁祖; 'Benevolent Ancestor'),[22] while Lady Chen was styled Empress Chun (淳皇后). Zhu Shizhen's resting place was renamed the Mausoleum of Emperor Renzu. In 1369, the tomb received the new designation of the Ying Mausoleum (英陵), and later that same year it was again renamed as the Imperial Mausoleum (皇陵), with the establishment of the Imperial Mausoleum Guard for its protection.[23]

Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the construction of Zhu Shizhen's mausoleum on two occasions, first in 1369 and again in 1375.[24] The work was brought to completion in 1379.

Issue

Zhu Shizhen had six children of his marriage with Lady Chen (1286–1344).[25]

  • Zhu Chongsi (朱重四), later Zhu Xinglong (朱興隆), posthumously as Prince of Nanchang (南昌王; 1307–1344), first son[26]
  • Zhu Chongliu (朱重六), later Zhu Xingsheng (朱興盛), posthumously as Prince of Xuyi (盱眙王), second son[26]
  • Zhu Chongqi (朱重七), later Zhu Xingzu (朱興祖), posthumously as Prince of Linhuai (臨淮王), third son[26]
  • Zhu Chongba (朱重八), later Zhu Xingzong (朱興宗), later Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋), the Hongwu Emperor (洪武帝; 21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), fourth son[27]
  • First daughter, posthumously as Grand Princess Taiyuan (太原長公主). Married to Wang Qiyi (王七一).[28]
  • Zhu Fonü (朱佛女), posthumously as Grand Princess Caoguo (曹國長公主; 1317–1351), second daughter. Married to Li Zhen (李貞; 1304–1379).[29]

Notes

  1. ^ Chinese: 淳皇帝; pinyin: Chún Huángdì
  2. ^ Chinese: 仁祖; pinyin: Rénzǔ
  3. ^ Posthumously as emperor, with the temple name Xizu (熙祖; 'Glorious Ancestor') and the posthumous name Emperor Yu (裕皇帝; 'Prospering Emperor').[1]
  4. ^ Posthumously as Empress Yu (裕皇后)[2]
  5. ^ In the Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Ming History and Huai'an Historical and Cultural Studies, Volume 2, it is stated that Zhu Shizhen was born in 1281. However, according to Hu Hansheng's Mingchao diwang ling, Zhu Shizhen's birth is recorded as 1279.[4]
  6. ^ Lady Chen was a native of Jinli Town in Xuyi County. Her father served as a personal guard under the Song dynasty general Zhang Shijie. After the failure of the anti-Yuan resistance, he was forced to flee from government persecution and eventually settled in Jinli Town.[7]
  7. ^ In Xia Yurun's Zhu Yuanzhang yu Fengyang, it is mentioned that Zhu Wusi took refuge in Wuhe County, where he gave birth to Chongliu and Chongqi. However, according to Wei Su's Imperial Mausoleum Stele (皇陵碑), it is recorded that Chongliu was born in Lingbi County and Chongqi was born in Hong County.[10]
  8. ^ There are conflicting accounts of when Zhu Wusi moved to West Township in Zhongli. According to Hu Hansheng's Mingdai diling fengshui shuo, Zhu Wusi moved there in 1337.[13] However, Chen Wutong's Qiu shi ji states that he moved there in 1338.[14] Both sources mention that he later moved to Gucun Village in Taiping Township "the following year", but they disagree on the specific year. Hu Hansheng's book states it was 1338, while Chen Wutong's Qiu shi ji states it was 1339.[15]
  9. ^ This date corresponds to 18 May 1344 on the Julian calendar.
  10. ^ This date corresponds to 3 June 1344 on the Julian calendar.
  11. ^ In 1378, Zhu Yuanzhang posthumously accorded Liu Jizu the title of Marquis of Yihui (義惠侯), and his wife, Lady Lou, the title of Marquise.[17]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Taylor (1975), p. 57.
  2. ^ a b Zhou (2012), p. 3.
  3. ^ Mote (2003), p. 542.
  4. ^ Huai'an City History and Culture Research Association 2005, p. 31; Hu 2001, p. 1; Tian 2007, p. 804.
  5. ^ Huai'an City History and Culture Research Association 2005, p. 31; Hu 2001, p. 1; Yuan 2017, p. 137.
  6. ^ Hu 2001, p. 1; Zhou 2012, p. 3; Editorial Committee of the Collection of Chinese Classics Series 2018, pp. 4–6.
  7. ^ Hu (2001), p. 2.
  8. ^ Taylor 1975, p. 31; Hu 2001, p. 1.
  9. ^ Zhou 2017, p. 4; Tian 2007, p. 804; Veritable Records of Taizu, vol. 1.
  10. ^ Xia (2003), p. 67.
  11. ^ Zhou 2012, pp. 4–5; Hu 2001, p. 1; Editorial Committee of the Collection of Chinese Classics Series 2018, pp. 4–6; Xia 2003, p. 67; Chen 2021, p. 484.
  12. ^ Hu (2001), pp. 15–16.
  13. ^ Hu (2008), p. 106.
  14. ^ Chen (2021), p. 484.
  15. ^ Hu 2008, p. 106; Chen 2021, p. 484.
  16. ^ Editorial Committee of the Collection of Chinese Classics Series 2018, pp. 4–6; Veritable Records of Taizu, vol. 1; Hu 2001, p. 2; Hu 2008, p. 106; Mote 2003, p. 542.
  17. ^ Wanli yehuo bian, Addendum One.
  18. ^ China Forbidden City Society 2012, pp. 306–307; Veritable Records of Taizu, vol. 1; Wang 2008, pp. 82–83.
  19. ^ Hu (2001), p. 1.
  20. ^ China Forbidden City Society 2012, pp. 306–307; Wang 2008, p. 83.
  21. ^ Yanshan tang bie ji, vol. 6.
  22. ^ Taylor 1975, p. 57; China Forbidden City Society 2012, pp. 306–307.
  23. ^ China Forbidden City Society 2012, pp. 306–307; Zheng 2020, p. 6.
  24. ^ China Forbidden City Society (2012), pp. 306–307.
  25. ^ Taylor 1975, p. 31; Xia 2003, p. 67.
  26. ^ a b c History of Ming, vol. 116, p. 3559; Zhou 2017, p. 4; Yuan 2017, p. 138.
  27. ^ Taylor (1975), p. 31.
  28. ^ History of Ming, vol. 121, p. 3662.
  29. ^ History of Ming, vol. 121, p. 3662; Gong 2018, p. 296.

Works cited

  • China Forbidden City Society (2012). Zhongguo Zijincheng xuehui lunwenji 中国紫禁城学会论文集 [Proceedings of the Forbidden City Society] (in Chinese). Vol. 7. Beijing: The Forbidden City Publishing House. ISBN 9787513403320.
  • Chen, Wutong (2021). Qiu shi ji 秋实集 (in Chinese). Zhengzhou: Henan Literature and Art Publishing House. ISBN 9787555911050.
  • Editorial Committee of the Collection of Chinese Classics Series (2018). Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang 明太祖朱元璋 (in Chinese). Beijing: Modern Press. ISBN 9787514368192.
  • Huai'an City History and Culture Research Association (2005). Huai'an lishi wenhua yanjiu 淮安历史文化研究 [Huai'an Historical and Cultural Studies] (in Chinese). Vol. 2. Beijing: Chinese Literature and History Press.
  • Gong, Faqin (2018). Mingguang shihua 明光史话 (in Chinese). Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House. ISBN 9787539663111.
  • Hu, Hansheng (2001). Mingchao diwang ling 明朝帝王陵 (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing Yanshang Press. ISBN 9787540213961.
  • Hu, Hansheng (2008). Mingdai diling fengshui shuo 明代帝陵风水说 (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing Yanshan Press. ISBN 9787540219819.
  • History Office (1418). Taizu Shilu 太祖實錄 [Veritable Records of Taizu] (in Literary Chinese).
  • Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China 900-1800. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7.
  • Shen, Defu (1619). Wanli yehuo bian 萬曆野獲編 [Compilation of Wanli era catastrophes] (in Literary Chinese).
  • Tian, Shu (2007). Di 11 jie Ming shi guo ji xue shu tao lun hui lun wen ji 第十一届明史国际学术讨论会论文集 [Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Ming History] (in Chinese). Tianjin: Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House. ISBN 9787806964460.
  • Taylor, Romeyn (1975). Basic Annals of Ming T'ai-tsu. San Francisco: Chinese Material and Research Aids Service Center. OCLC 2983106.
  • Wang, Shizhen. Yan shan tang bie ji 弇山堂別集 [Yanshan Hall Collection] (in Literary Chinese).
  • Wang, Guangyong (2008). Ming Xiaoling fengshui juan 明孝陵 风水卷 (in Chinese). Nanjing: Southeast University Press. ISBN 9787564111175.
  • Xia, Yurun (2003). Zhu Yuanzhang yu Fengyang 朱元璋与凤阳 (in Chinese). Hefei: Huangshan Publishing House. ISBN 9787806309445.
  • Yuan, Heping (2017). Ming Taizu jiqi buyi tianzi de kaiguo gongchen 明太祖及其布衣天子的开国功臣 (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers. ISBN 9787543972513.
  • Zhou, Yuwen (2012). Zhu Yuanzhang zhi mi 朱元璋之谜 (in Chinese). Nanjing: Nanjing Publishing House. ISBN 9787807189053.
  • Zhou, Qiyuan (2017). Tianming de zhuding Zhu Yuanzhang diwang zhi lu 天命的注定 朱元璋帝王之路 (in Chinese). Beijing: China International Radio Press.
  • Zheng, Yihong (2020). Mingdai diling shike yanjiu 明代帝陵石刻研究 (in Chinese). Beijing: Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House. ISBN 9787539670195.
  • Zhang, Tingyu (1974) [1739]. Ming Shi 明史 [History of Ming] (in Literary Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book. ISBN 7101003273.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.