Yosef Garfinkel

Yosef Garfinkel
יוסף גרפינקל
Born1956 (age 69–70)
Haifa, Israel
Alma materHebrew University, Ph.D. (1991)
OccupationsProfessor of Biblical Archaeology and Prehistory
Years active1991–present
OrganizationHebrew University of Jerusalem
Known forLarge-scale excavations in Israel

Yosef Garfinkel (Hebrew: יוסף גרפינקל; born 1956) is an Israeli archaeologist and academic. He is a professor of Prehistoric Archaeology and of Archaeology of the Biblical Period at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[1]

Biography

Yosef Garfinkel was born in 1956 in Haifa, Israel. He served in the Israel Defense Forces between 1975 and 1978. He studied at Hebrew University, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in geography and archaeology in 1981, a Master of Arts (MA) degree in prehistory and biblical archaeology in 1987, and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1991. Garfinkel spent a Post-Doc year during 1992 at the Department of Anthropology and the Semitic Museum of Harvard University.[2]

Since 1993 he is teaching at the Department of Biblical Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. During his years at the Institute of Archaeology and till 2026 he guided 21 M.A thesis and 17 PhD dissertations.[3]

Over the years Garfinkel was appointed Research Fellow at the Centre de Recherche Français a Jérusalem (1987–92) [fr] and at the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research (1985–93). He was a visiting scholar at Yale University (Fall 1995), Oxford University (Wolfson College and the Ashmolean Museum) and Cambridge University (the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research (2000) and King's College London (2017).[3]

He was the curator of the museum of Yarmukian Culture at Kibbutz Sha'ar HaGolan (1993-2023). Since 2021 he has edited the Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology (JJAR).[4]

Research contribution

Garfinkel academic activities concentrate on three major fields: protohistory of the Near East, archaeology of the Iron Age in the Kingdom of Judah and the history of dance. He has authored 35 books and over 200 articles on ancient architecture, farming, water sources, pottery, art, religion and dance.[5]

In 2007, he began conducting excavations at the fortified city of Khirbet Qeiyafa. This site is dated to the early 10th century BC, the period of the biblical King David. In the 2008 season an inscription was discovered written in ink on a pottery shard in a script which is probably Early Alphabetic/Proto Phoenician.[6][7] This might be the earliest Hebrew inscription ever found, although the actual language of the inscription is still under debate.[8][9]

Protohistory of the Near East

In the first half of his academic career, Garfinkel concentrated on the specialized in protohistoric era of the Near East, when the world's earliest village communities were established and the beginning of agriculture took place.

He has excavated dating to the full sequence of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods at Yiftahel (1983–85), Gesher (1986–87), Tel 'Ali (1989–90, Sha'ar HaGolan (1898-90, 1996-2004), Neolithic Ashkelon (1998–99), Meitar (1998-1999), and Tel Tsaf (2004-2007).

In the 1960s-70s the Neolithic period was considered as composed from egalitarian communities. Garfinkel analysis of the plastered floors from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B sites of Yiftahel and 'Ain Ghazal indicated the existence of hierarchical order.[4] In the same way, the analysis of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A settlement around Jericho revealed spatial complexity and settlement planning: a central site with a tower and a peripheral wall, and large assemblage of exotic artifacts made from obsidian, basalt and green stones. Smaller settlements around Jericho do not present such activities.[8]

Likewise, Pottery Neolithic period was long considered by leading scholars as an era of decline.[10] However, Garfinkel's analysis of the Yarmukian settlement at Sha'ar Hagolan revealed settlement growth, including a 20-hectare village with large courtyard buildings of 350 and 700 sq.m. used by extended families, network of streets, a well for water, and hundreds of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines.[11][12]

Garfinkel is credited with defining the Middle Chalcolithic period.[13][14] Garfinkel used Tel Tsaf as the period site for the Middle Chalcolithic, with courtyard buildings of nuclear families. Each building contained large tower silos, with a storage capacity of 10-30 ton per household, a grain surplus never before seen in the ancient Near East.[15] This richness enabled the inhabited of Tel Tsaf to acquired exotic artifacts through long distance trade networks, like Ubaid pottery from Mesopotamia, a copper awl from the Balkans?, beads from Ethiopia and seals from the Red Sea and the Nile.[16]

Garfinkel research on the art and symbolic expression of the Proto-historic Near East. His analysis of Proto-historic iconographic representations from the entire Near east concentrated on dancing figures, gender aspects, birds, and flowers. More recently, Garfinkel discovered arithmatic logic in Halifian floral decorations of from ancient Mesopotamia, which he considered the earliest vegital depictions in history. The petals came arranged in the numbers 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64. This presents a prehistoric mathematical system, predating the Sumerian mathematical system based on the number six.[17] This research garnered international attention and was reported, for example by Nature and CNN.[18][19][20]

History of dance

Dance history has focused mainly on periods such as the Baroque and Renaissance, with only limited attention to ancient Greece, Egypt, and prehistory. Garfinkel highlighted prehistoric dance, and later systematic research identified more than 500 Neolithic dance scenes dating back 9,000–7,000 years, around the start of agriculture. These scenes seem to depict calendrical rituals linked to seasonal farming activity. The research has drawn significant attention, including coverage in the New York Times.[10]

Later, Garfinkel dealt with dance scenes from the Upper Paleolithic in Europe dating 40,000 years ago.[21] He later refined a five-stage model was proposed to describe the evolution of human dance, which started hundreds of thousands of years ago courtship, rites of passage, trance, calendrical ceremonies, and the professional dancing.[22]

Archaeology of the Iron Age in the Kingdom of Judah

In the second half of his academic career Garfinkel specialized in the archaeology of the Kingdom of Judah, but he also conducted a small text excavation at Area K in Hazor (2019). His regional project in the Shephelah, southwest of Jerusalem, included excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa (2007–13), Khirbet al-Ra'i (2015–21), Tel Lachish (2013–17, 2022–25) and a survey at Tel Socoh (2010). He also conducted excavation in the eastern part of the Ophel of Jerusalem (2025).[23] Recently Garfinkel summarized the results of his research in a comprehensive book titled The Archaeology of the Kingdom of Judah. Atlanta.

Canaanite and Israelite Iconography.

Over the years, Garfinkel engaged in iconographic studies of finds from the Bronze and Iron Ages. He published and analyzed objects held by life-size statues that were found in Canaanite temples, at Megiddo and Lachish, providing rare evidence that large anthropomorphic statues were indeed worshipped in temples.[24][25] He further explored ancient Near Eastern soundscapes, focusing on forgotten bronze bells from Megiddo and Assyria.[26]

The High Chronology of the Israelite Kingdoms

Beginning in the 1980s, scholars like Israel Finkelstein published numerous books and hundreds of articles, in which they argued against the historicity of the earlier periods of the Deuteronomic tradition, and especially the traditions about the 10th-9th centuries BC. Proponents of this new chronology, called the Low Chronology, dated state formation to the 9th century, refuting the historicity of David, Solomon, the construction of Solomon Temple, and Rehoboam's fortifications recorded in the bible.[27]

In contrast to these scholars, Garfinkel is a prominent proponent of the so-called the Minimalist, or Low Chronology of the bible, hilighlighting early state formation in Judah and Israel. In 2007 Garfinkel began conducting excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa with Sa'ar Ganor from the Israel Antiquities Authority and Michael Hasel. The excavations revealed a fortified city in Judah, radiometrically dated to the early 10th century BC, the period of the biblical King David.[28] It included well-planned fortified city, with two gates, a casemate city wall, and houses abutting the city wall, of a plan known known only of Judean cities. The architecture includes an elongated storage building, a large administrative building at the top of the site and three cultic rooms. Imported items indicate trade connections to Transjordan, Cyprus, and Egypt.[29] The site and its finds challenged and revised the Low Chronology, and accordingly drew much international attention.[30][31][32] Supporters of the Low Chronology claimed that the city was occupied by Philistines,[33] Canaanites,[34] or even belonged to King Saul of the Northern Kingdom.[35] The findings of Qeiyafa continued to challenge the proponents of the Low Chronology for over dacade, who offered diverging and inconsistent refutations of the interpratations of the finds, while the material record and dating withstood their scruitany.[36][37]

Later, Garfinkel made a case for the historicity of Solomonic architecture and civil construction based on a carved limestone box with an elaborate building facade, discovered at Khirbet Qeiyafa. This miniature representation has two architectural feathers: 1. Beans of the roof organized three together, as triglyphs in classical buildings. 2. Three recessed frames around the door. These two architectural features match biblical description of the palace and temple of Solomon, providing material evidence for their use in 10th century BCE Judah.[38][39][40][41]      

Following the excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa the regional project moved to Lachish, directed together with Michael Hasel from Southern Adventist University (2013–17). Additional excavations took place in the years 2022-25, together with Hoo-Goo Kang and Itamar Weeissbeen. These two expeditions concentrated on Level V at Lachish, the earliest Iron Age settlement at the site. Together, they discovered a previously unknown city wall in the north and south sides of Lachish. The radiometric dates of this city ranged from c. 930 to 860 BC. Garfinkel claimed that these dates support the biblical tradition of 2 Chronicles 11:5-12, that King Rehoboam indeed fortified Lachish.[42][43] Garfinkel's dating was not universally accepted.[44]

Semitic Epigraphy.

Garfinkel disovered a large numbers of notable inscriptions, including:

  • A Middle Bronze Age (c. 1700 BC) ivory comb from Lachish, with a spell against head and beard lice, considered the earliest sentence uncovered so far in Proto-Canaanite, and - indeed- any alphabet.[45] The discovery made international headlines, and was reported, for example by the New York Time,[46] The BBC[iii],[47] and the Smithsonian Magazine.[48]
  • The Khirbet Qeiyafa Ostracon. Dated to the Early Iron Age IIA (c. 1000 BC) inscription, this might be the earliest Hebrew inscription ever found, although the actual language of the inscription is under debate.[49] The ostracon has 5 lines and about 70 letters, making it the longest Proto-Canaanite script ever found.[50][51] 
  • The Ishbaal son of Beda' inscription incised on a large storage jar from Khirbet Qeiyafa, also dated to The Early Iron Age IIA (c. 1000 BC).[52][53]

In addition, Garfinkel published many other bullea, private seals impressed on the Royal (lmlk) Judean storage jars, on the titles mpkd from Tel Ira and the Qrsi from Arad, the administration of the Kingdom of Judah, and Hebrew inscriptions from Jerusalem.[54][55]  

  • Canaanite Ivory comb inscription
  • Khirbet Qeiyafa Ostracon
  • Ishbaal Inscription from Khirbet Qeiyafa

History of biblical archaeology

Garfinkel contributed to the study of biblical archaeology. He showed how the field's founder, W.F. Albright misidentified the name Yokn as the name of King Jehoiachin. Over some sixty years of research, this caused misled the dating of archaeological levels in Judah by about a century. Levels destroyed in the Assyrian at 701 BC were mistakenly related to the Babylonian conquest of 597 BC.[56]

Regarding the murder of British archaeologist James Leslie Starkey, the director of the excavations of Tel Lachish, he discovered that the murder took place due to aggravated land disputes between the expedition and the landowners rather than a sporadic act of terrorism.[57] This discovery sparked renewed scholarly interest in the incident.[58][59] Garfinkel's discovery was a cornerstone for his book, Colonial Archaeology in Palestine in the 1930s: The First Expedition to Lachish, a monumental account of the biography of the first expedition to Lachish.[60]

Excavations and surveys

Bibliography

  • Y. Garfinkel 1992. The Pottery Assemblages of Sha'ar HaGolan and Rabah Stages from Munhata (Israel). Paris: Association Paléorient.
  • Y. Garfinkel 1995. Human and Animal Figurines of Munhata, Israel. Paris: Association Paléorient.
  • A. Ben-Tor, R. Bonfil, Y. Garfinkel, R. Greenberg, A.M. Maeir and A. Mazar 1997, Hazor V. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • Y. Garfinkel 1999. Neolithic and Chalcolithic Pottery of the Southern Levant. (Qedem 39). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University.
  • Y. Garfinkel 1999. The Yarmukians, Neolithic Art from Sha'ar Hagolan. Jerusalem: Bible Lands Museum (Exhibition Catalogue).
  • Y. Garfinkel and M. Miller 2002. Sha'ar HaGolan Vol 1. Neolithic Art in Context. Oxford: Oxbow.
  • Y. Garfinkel, 2002. Sha'ar Hagolan. Neolithic Art in the Jordan Valley. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society (Hebrew).
  • Y. Garfinkel. 2003. Dance at the Dawn of Agriculture. Austin: Texas University Press.
  • Y. Garfinkel. 2004. The Goddess of Sha'ar HaGolan. Excavations at a Neolithic Site in Israel. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • Y. Garfinkel and D. Dag. 2006. Gesher: A Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Site in the Central Jordan Valley, Israel. A Final Report. Berlin: Ex Oriente.
  • Y. Garfinkel and S. Cohen. 2007. The Early Middle Bronze Cemetery of Gesher. Final Excavation Report. AASOR 62. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research.
  • Y. Garfinkel and D. Dag. 2008 Neolithic Ashkelon. (Qedem 47). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University.
  • O. Bar-Yosef and Y. Garfinkel. 2008. The Prehistory of Israel. Human Cultures before Writing. Jerusalem: Ariel (Hebrew).
  • Y. Garfinkel and D. Ben Shlomo 2009. Sha'ar Hagolan Vol. 2.. The Rise of Urban Concepts in the Ancient Near East (Qedem Reports 9). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University.
  • Y. Garfinkel and S. Ganor 2009. Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 1. The 2007–2008 Excavation Seasons. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • Y. Garfinkel, D. Ben-Shlomo and N. Korn 2010. Sha'ar Hagolan Vol. 3. Symbolic Dimensions of the Yarmukian Culture: Canonization in Neolithic Art. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • Y. Garfinkel, D. Dag, H. Khalaily, O. Marder, I. Milevski and A. Ronen 2012. The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Village of Yiftahel: The 1980s and 1990s Excavations. Berlin: ex oriente.
  • Y. Garfinkel, S. Ganor and M. Hasel 2012. Footsteps of King David in the Valley of Elah. Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronoth (Hebrew).
  • Y. Garfinkel, S. Ganor and M.G. Hasel 2014. Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 2. The 2009–2013 Excavation Seasons: Stratigraphy and Architecture (Areas B, C, D, E). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • D. Rosenberg and Y. Garfinkel 2014. Sha'ar Hagolan Vol. 4. The Ground-Stone Industry: Stone Working at the Dawn of Pottery Production in the Southern Levant. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • Y. Garfinkel and M. Mumcuoglu 2015. Solomon's Temple and Palace: New Archaeological Discoveries. Jerusalem: Korn (Hebrew).
  • Y. Garfinkel and M. Mumcuoglu 2016. Solomon's Temple and Palace: New Archaeological Discoveries. Jerusalem: Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem & Biblical Archaeology Society.
  • Y. Garfinkel, I. Kreimerman and P. Zilberg 2016. Debating Khirbet Qeiyafa: A Fortified City in Judah from the Time of King David. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • T. Dothan, Y. Garfinkel and S. Gitin 2016. Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations 1985–1988, 1990, 1992–1995. Field IV Lower—The Elite Zone, Part I. The Iron Age I Early Philistine City (Vol. 9, Part 1). Winona Lake, IN: Harvard Semitic Museum/Eisenbrauns.
  • S. Gitin, Y. Garfinkel and T. Dothan 2016. Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations 1985–1988, 1990, 1992–1995. Field IV Lower—The Elite Zone, Part IIIB. The Iron Age I and IIC, Early and Late Philistine Cities Plans and Sections (Vol. 9, Part IIIA). Harvard Semitic Museum website: http://semiticmuseum.fas.Harvard.edu/publications
  • M.G. Hasel, Y. Garfinkel and S. Weiss 2017. Socoh of the Judean Shephelah: The 2010 Survey. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
  • Y. Garfinkel, S. Ganor and M. Hasel 2018. Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 4. Excavation Report 2009–2013: Art, Cult and Epigraphy. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • H.-G. Kang and Y. Garfinkel 2018. Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol. 6. Excavation Report 2007–2013: The Iron Age Pottery. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • M. Mumcuoglu and Y. Garfinkel 2018. Crossing the Threshold: Architecture, Iconography and the Sacred Entrance. Oxford: Oxbow.
  • Y. Garfinkel; G. Saar and M. Michael 2018. In the Footsteps of King David: Revelations from an Ancient Biblical City (first ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05201-3.
  • Y. Garfinkel (ed.) 2019. Sha'ar Hagolan Vol. 5. Early Pyrotechnology: Ceramic and White Ware (Qedem Reports 14). Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University.
  • Y. Garfinkel, D. Ben-Shlomo and M. Freikman, 2020. Excavations at Tel Tsaf 2004-2007: Final Report, Volume 1. Ariel University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series No. 3. Ariel: Ariel University Press.
  • M. Freikman, D. Ben-Shlomo and Y. Garfinkel, 2024. Excavations at Tel Tsaf 2004-2007: Final Report, Volume 2. Ariel University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series No. 5. Ariel: Ariel University Press.
  • Yosef Garfinkel 2024. Colonial Archaeology in Palestine in the 1930s: The First Expedition to Lachish. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. ISBM 978-965-221-133-0.
  • Yosef Garfinkel 2025. The Archaeology of the Kingdom of Judah. Atlanta: Society for Biblical Literature.   

References

  1. ^ "Prof. Yosef Garfinkel". The Institute of Archaeology. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Prof. Yosef Garfinkel: Curriculum Vitae". The Institute of Archaeology. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. December 2007. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
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  4. ^ a b "Editorial Board". Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology. Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
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  6. ^ Misgav, Haggai; Garfinkel, Yosef; Ganor, Saar (2009). "The Ostracon". In Garfinkel, Yosef; Ganor, Saar (eds.). Khirbet Qeiyafa, Vol. 1: Excavation Report 2007–2008. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pp. 243–257. ISBN 978-965-221-077-7. Cited in Rollston, Christopher (June 2011). "The Khirbet Qeiyafa Ostracon: Methodological Musings and Caveats". Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University. 38 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1179/033443511x12931017059387. S2CID 153359230.
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  8. ^ a b "Have Israeli archaeologists found world's oldest Hebrew inscription?". Archived from the original on 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2025-08-17.
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  10. ^ a b Wilford, John Noble (2001-02-27). "In Dawn of Society, Dance Was Center Stage". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-03-09.
  11. ^ Ben-Michael, Judith. "The Story of the Ceramic Industry in the Southern Levant." In From Sha'ar Hagolan to Shaaraim: Essays in Honor of Prof. Yosef Garfinkel, edited by Saar Ganor, Igor Kreimerman, Katharina Streit, and Madeleine Mumcuoglu, 1–18. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 2016.
  12. ^ Y. Garfinkel, D. Ben-Shlomo and N. Marom 2012. Sha'ar Hagolan: A Major Pottery Neolithic Settlement and Artistic Center in the Jordan Valley. Euroasian Prehistory 8, pp. 97–143.
  13. ^ Braun, Eliot. "Deconstructing Y. Garfinkel's "Beth Shean Ware" and "Middle Chalcolithic": A Realistic look at two archaeological Chimeras." Journal of the Serbian Archaeological Society 24 (2008): 81-108.
  14. ^ Rowan, Yorke M., and Jonathan Golden. "The Chalcolithic period of the Southern Levant: a synthetic review." Journal of World Prehistory 22, no. 1 (2009): 1-92. (p. 8)
  15. ^ Y. Garfinkel, D. Ben-Shlomo and T. Kuperman 2009. Large-scale Storage of Grain Surplus in the Sixth Millennium BC: The Silos of Tel Tsaf. Antiquity 83, pp. 309–325.
  16. ^ Dag, D. O. R. O. N., and Y. O. S. E. F. Garfinkel. "The flint industry of Tel Tsaf, a middle Chalcolithic site in the Jordan valley, Israel." Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 37 (2007): 381-417.
  17. ^ Y. Garfinkel and S. Krulwich 2025. The Earliest Vegetal Motifs in Prehistoric Art: Painted Halafian Pottery of Mesopotamia and Prehistoric Mathematical Thinking. Journal of World Prehistory 38:
  18. ^ "Ancient pottery reveals early evidence of mathematical thinking". Nature. 649 (8098): 801–801. 2026-01-14. doi:10.1038/d41586-026-00069-y. ISSN 1476-4687.
  19. ^ Sykes, Jasmin (2026-01-16). "These ancient designs may be the first evidence of humans doing math". CNN. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  20. ^ Goren, Yuval (28 January 2026). "Halafian Art Suggests Simple Math System at the Dawn of Civilization, 8,000 Years Ago". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  21. ^ Y. Garfinkel 2010. Dance in Prehistoric Europe. Documenta Praehistorica 37, pp. 205–214.
  22. ^ Y. Garfinkel 2018. The Evolution of Human Dance: Courtship, Rites of Passage, Trance, Calendrical Ceremonies, and the Professional Dancer. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 28, pp. 283–298.
  23. ^ Staff, Armstrong Institute. "Revealing Royal Jerusalem!". ArmstrongInstitute.org. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  24. ^ Y. Garfinkel 2025. Life-Sized Statues in the Ancient Near East: The Case Study of the Warrior God of Early Bronze Age I Megiddo. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 6, pp. 1–13.
  25. ^ Y. Garfinkel 2020. Scepters of Life-Size Divine Statues from Canaanite Lachish and Hazor. Antiquity 94 (375), pp. 669–685.
  26. ^ Y. Garfinkel 2025. For Whom the Bell Tolls: Horse Harnesses at Megiddo and Beyond. In B. Sass and L. Battini (eds.) Mortals, Deities and Divine Symbols: Rethinking Ancient Imagery from the Levant to Mesopotamia. Studies offered to Tallay Ornan, pp. 465–476. Bicester: Archaeopress.
  27. ^ Finkelstein, Israel. "A Low Chronology Update." The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating (2014): 31.
  28. ^ Y. Garfinkel, K. Streit, S. Ganor and P.J. Reimer 2015. King David's City at Khirbet Qeiyafa: Results of the Second Radiocarbon Dating Project. Radiocarbon 57/5, pp. 881–890.
  29. ^ Y. Garfinkel, I. Kreimerman and P. Zilberg 2016. Debating Khirbet Qeiyafa: A Fortified City in Judah from the Time of King David. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  30. ^ Bronner, Ethan (2008-10-30). "Find of Ancient City Could Alter Notions of Biblical David". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  31. ^ "BBC Two - Bible's Buried Secrets, Did King David's Empire Exist?, Bible's Buried Secrets - Did King David's Empire Exist?". BBC. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  32. ^ "Kings of Controversy". Magazine. 2010-12-01. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  33. ^ N. Na'aman 2008. In search of the ancient name of Khirbet Qeiyafa. The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, 8.
  34. ^ N. Na'Aman 2017. Was Khirbet Qeiyafa a Judahite City? The Case against It. The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, 17.
  35. ^ I. Finkelstein and A. Fantalkin 2012. Khirbet Qeiyafa: an unsensational archaeological and historical interpretation. Tel Aviv 39, pp. 38–63.
  36. ^ Fantalkin, A. and Finkelstein, I., 2017. The Date of Abandonment and Territorial Affiliation of Khirbet Qeiyafa: An Update. Tel Aviv, 44(1), pp.53-60.
  37. ^ Singer-Avitz, Lily. "Khirbet Qeiyafa: Late Iron Age I in Spite of It All—Once Again." Israel exploration journal (2016): 232-244.
  38. ^ Y. Garfinkel and M. Mumcuoglu 2013.Triglyphs and Recessed Doorframes on a Building Model from Khirbet Qeiyafa: New Light on Two Technical Terms in the Biblical Descriptions of Solomon's Palace and Temple. Israel Exploration Journal 63, pp. 135–163.
  39. ^ M. Mumcuoglu and Y. Garfinkel, 2021. Royal Architecture in the Iron Age Levant. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 1, pp. 450–481.
  40. ^ Eames, Christopher. "The Khirbet Qeiyafa Shrine Model: Insights Into Biblical Architecture". ArmstrongInstitute.org. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  41. ^ Borschel-Dan, Amanda (2020-07-31). "Face of God? Archaeologist claims to find 10th cent. BCE graven images of Yahweh". The Times of Israel. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  42. ^ Y. Garfinkel, M.G. Hasel, M.G. Klingbeil, H.-G. Kang, G. Choi, S.-Y. Chang, S. Hong, S. Ganor, I. Kreimerman and C. Bronk Ramsey, 2019. Lachish Fortifications and State Formation in the Biblical Kingdom of Judah in Light of Radiometric Datings. Radiocarbon 61, pp. 695–712
  43. ^ "Rehoboam's Wall Discovered at Lachish". biblearchaeology.org. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  44. ^ Ussishkin, David (2023-01-02). "The City Walls of Lachish: Response to Yosef Garfinkel, Michael Hasel, Martin Klingbeil and Their Colleagues". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 155 (1): 91–110. doi:10.1080/00310328.2022.2033484. ISSN 0031-0328.
  45. ^ D. Vainstub, M. Mumcuoglu, M.G. Hasel, K.M. Hesler, M. Lavi, R. Rabinovich, Y. Goren and Y. Garfinkel, 2022. A Canaanite's Wish to Eradicate Lice on an Inscribed Ivory Comb from Lachish. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 2, pp. 76–119.
  46. ^ Whang, Oliver (2022-11-09). "An Ancient People's Oldest Message: Get Rid of Beard Lice". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  47. ^ "Decoding oldest known sentence written in first alphabet". www.bbc.com. 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  48. ^ Osborne, Margaret. "Scientists Translate the Oldest Sentence Written in the First Alphabet". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  49. ^ Demsky, Aaron. "An iron age IIA alphabetic writing exercise from Khirbet Qeiyafa." Israel exploration journal (2012): 186-199.
  50. ^ Rollston, Christopher (2011). "The Kirbet Qeiyafa Ostracon: Methodological Musings and Caveats". Tel Aviv. 38 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1080/03344355.2011.11865241. ISSN 0334-4355.
  51. ^ Millard, Alan. "The ostracon from the days of David found at Khirbet Qeiyafa." Tyndale Bulletin 62, no. 1 (2011): 1-13.
  52. ^ Mariottini, Claude (2015-06-29). "The Ishbaal Inscription". Dr. Claude Mariottini - Professor of Old Testament. Retrieved 2026-03-10.
  53. ^ Efrati, Ido (17 June 2015). "Rare Inscription From King David's Era Found Outside Jerusalem". Haaretz. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  54. ^ Y. Garfinkel and A. Mendel-Geberovich 2020. Hierarchy, Geography and Epigraphy: Administration in the Kingdom of Judah. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 39, pp. 159–176.
  55. ^ C. Eames and Y. Garfinkel 2024. A Corpus of Iron Age II Inscriptions from Jerusalem: The Background for the Writing of Biblical Texts. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 7, pp. 140–192.
  56. ^ Y. Garfinkel 1990. The Eliakim Na'ar Yokan Seal Impressions: Sixty Years of Confusion in Biblical Archaeological Research. Biblical Archaeologist 53: 74–79.
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