Women's sumo

Women's sumo (Japanese: 女相撲, Hepburn: onna-zumō) is a form of sumo contested by women.

Professional sumo traditionally forbids women from competition and ceremonies. Women are not allowed to enter or touch the sumo wrestling ring (dohyō),[1] a tradition stemming from Shinto and Buddhist beliefs that women are "impure" because of menstrual blood.[2][3][4] Female sumo does exist on an amateur level.[5][6][7]

History

The first recorded instance of women performing sumo, according to the Nihon Shoki, is when Emperor Yuryaku (418–479) summoned two courtesans and ordered them to wear loincloths and to sumo wrestle.

Women's sumo would not become common until the 18th century in the middle of Edo (1603–1868), when a form of onna sumo was performed in some areas of Japan. Women's sumo was mainly a spectacle associated with brothels.[8] Various types of women's sumo existed, including touring "professionals". These continued to exist after the Meiji Restoration[9] despite periodic crackdowns by the Tokugawa shogunate and the Meiji government, as they deemed the organizers of it to be corrupting public morals with these spectacles.[10]

Women's sumo continued to exist despite a government ban in 1926.[9] The practice would only die after the end of World War II, with the last group dissolving in 1963.[11]

Modern times

Female sumo is prohibited from taking place in professional settings, but exists on an amateur level.[5][6][7]

The first national championship for amateur women's sumo was held in 1997. The rules are identical to men's amateur sumo, including the permission of wearing a United World Wrestling-style singlet under a mawashi, and the matches last a maximum of three minutes instead of five minutes like the ones in men's amateur sumo.[12]

The International Sumo Federation and its events (such as the Sumo World Championships and European Sumo Championships) allow female competitors as of 2001. Women's Sumo is an event at the World Games and was also featured at the 2013 World Combat Games.[13]

The Hakuhō Cup left the Ryōgoku Kokugikan for Toyota Arena Tokyo in Aomi after its leader, Hakuhō, left the Japan Sumo Association and expanded his amateur tournament from boys to having a full amateur tournament for males and females, including adult divisions.

Notable female sumo wrestlers

  • The Chrysanthemum and the Guillotine (菊とギロチン, Kiku to girochin) a 2018 Japanese film about women's sumo wrestling in the 1920s.
  • On'nazumou (女相撲), a TV drama written by Akira Hayasaka and broadcast in 1991 by TBS Television. It won the 1992 Broadcasting Culture Fund Award Main Award and the 1992 Television ATP Award Excellence Award. Nana Kinomi, who plays the role of Hanamidori Master, won the 18th Broadcasting Culture Fund Award Performance Award.
  • Women's Sumo featured as subject of the Season 4 Episode 3 of ''Time Scoop Hunter'', a documentary drama-style historical cultural program broadcast on NHK General TV.
  • Women's Sumo is the subject of the manga Rikijo (りきじょ), written and illustrated by Utamaro and published in Gekkan Action between 2013 and 2015.
  • In video games, Hinako Shijou from SNK's The King of Fighters series is a female sumo wrestler and one of the limited examples in the medium. She debuted in The King of Fighters 2000 as part of the "Woman Fighters Team".
  • In the film Sumo Do, Sumo Don't, a female character pretends to be a male sumo wrestler while another engages with sumo at the end.

See also

References

  1. ^ Yoshida, Reiji (30 April 2018). "Banning women from the sumo ring: centuries-old tradition, straight-up sexism or something more complex?". The Japan Times. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  2. ^ Yoshida, Reiji (30 April 2018). "Banning women from the sumo ring: centuries-old tradition, straight-up sexism or something more complex?". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  3. ^ Pathade, Mahesh. "women sumo wrestling restrictions". Kheliyad. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  4. ^ "Female Medics Rushed to Help a Man Who Collapsed on a Sumo Ring. They Were Promptly Told to Leave". news.yahoo.com. April 5, 2018. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  5. ^ a b McCurry, Justin (19 June 2018). "'It's exhilarating': Japan's female sumo wrestlers take on sexism". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  6. ^ a b "Sumo wrestling: fighting to get women in the ring". BBC. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  7. ^ a b Maese, Rick (22 January 2020). "In Japan, sumo is a man's game. Female wrestlers are pushing their way in". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  8. ^ Ikkai, Chie (2003). "Women's Sumo Wrestling in Japan". International Journal of Sport and Health Science. 1 (1): 178–181. doi:10.5432/ijshs.1.178.
  9. ^ a b Seeing Stars: Sports Celebrity, Identity, and Body Culture in Modern Japan (2010, Dennis J. Frost; ISBN 978-0674056107), p. 48.
  10. ^ Miki, Shuji (21 April 2018). "SUMO ABC (75) / Banning women from the dohyo is groundless in this day and age - The Japan News". Japan News/Yomiuri Shimbun. Archived from the original on 2018-06-22. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  11. ^ "Director of film on women's sumo hopes to show the sport's diversity". Mainichi Japan. 22 July 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  12. ^ Hirabayashi, Junko (14 February 2020). "'What is wrong with being big?': Life as a female sumo wrestler". SBS Japanese. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  13. ^ "Sumo at the 2013 World Combat Games". Archived from the original on 27 March 2016.

Bibliography

  • Seeing Stars: Sports Celebrity, Identity, and Body Culture in Modern Japan (2010, Dennis J. Frost; ISBN 978-0674056107)
  • Japanese Women and Sport: Beyond Baseball and Sumo (2011, Robin Kietlinski; ISBN 978-1849663403)
  • Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, Volume 2 (2010, Green & Svinth; ISBN 978-1-59884-243-2)
  • Women's Sumo Folk Magazine-Cross-border Performing Arts (October 2012, Yoshie Kamei; ISBN 978-4874491423)
  • Folk History of Sumo (August 1996, Tomoko Yamada ISBN 978-4487722419)
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