William Irvine (Canadian politician)

William Irvine (April 19, 1885 – October 26, 1962) was a Canadian politician, journalist, and clergyman. He served three terms in the House of Commons of Canada, representating Labour, the United Farmers of Alberta, and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. During the 1920s, he was an active member of the Ginger Group, a grouping of radical Members of Parliament (MPs).

Early life

Irvine was born at Gletness, Shetland, Scotland, as one of twelve children in a working-class family.[1] He became a Christian socialist in his youth and worked as a Methodist lay preacher. He moved to Canada in 1907 after being recruited for ministerial work by James Woodsworth, the father of future CCF leader J. S. Woodsworth.[2]

Irvine was a follower of the Social Gospel and rejected biblical literalism. He refused to sign the Articles of Faith when ordained as a Methodist minister, claiming that he accepted the ethical but not the supernatural aspects of Christian belief. He was nonetheless accepted into the ministry and was stationed at Emo, Ontario, in 1914. Irvine was accused of heresy the following year by a church elder and, although acquitted of the charge, chose to resign his commission. He left the Methodists and accepted a call to lead the Unitarian Church in Calgary, Alberta, in early 1916.[3]

In addition to his work as a Unitarian minister, Irvine became politically active after moving to Alberta. He helped establish an Alberta branch of the radical agrarian Non-Partisan League (NPL) in December 1916 and was an NPL representative at the creation of the Alberta Labor Representation League (LRL) in April 1917. Irvine himself stood as an LRL candidate in the 1917 provincial election, but was defeated in Calgary.[4] He also founded the Nutcracker newspaper in 1916 and oversaw its later transformations into the Alberta Non-Partisan and the Western Independent.[5]

Political career

First campaigns

Irvine campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada in 1917 as a Labour candidate, opposing Robert Borden's Unionist government during the Conscription Crisis election of that year. His platform overlapped with that of the Alberta Non-Partisan League. While not a pacifist, he denounced war profiteering and called for the "conscription of wealth" rather than of men.[6] He was accused of holding pro-German sympathies but was defeated in the election; following the loss, he also lost financial support from the American Unitarian Association in Boston.

Despite this setback, Irvine retained the support of his local congregation and, in 1919, established his own "People's Church" in Calgary as part of the Labour church movement.[7]

That same year, he helped establish the Alberta wing of the Dominion Labor Party.[8]

Irvine lived briefly in New Brunswick in 1920, where he supported the province's United Farmers movement during a federal by-election.[9] After returning to Calgary, he played a key role in persuading the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) to enter political life. Irvine's first book, Farmers in Politics (1920), endorsed UFA policies of economic co-operation and group government and advocated direct political participation.[10][11] The UFA was divided between supporters of direct political action and those, including leader Henry Wise Wood, who favoured remaining an agrarian pressure group. Direct political engagement was ultimately endorsed following a series of public debates between Irvine and Wood at UFA meetings, although Wood succeeded in limiting UFA membership to farmers.

Member of Parliament, 1920s

Irvine was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1921 federal election as a Dominion Labour Party candidate in Calgary East. Two other Labour MPs were elected in Canada that year - Joseph Shaw (Calgary) and J. S. Woodsworth (Winnipeg North Centre). Irvine became close political and personal friends with Woodsworth.

Irvine and Woodsworth launched a House of Commons committee investigation of social credit. The House of Commons committee invited social credit theorist Major C.H. Douglas, Edmonton farmer/bank reformer George Bevington and others to speak on monetary and bank reform alongside conventional banking experts.[12] Irvine was interested in social credit monetary theories, believing that monetary reform was an important part of bringing a co-operative commonwealth into effect.[13][a] Their investigation of bank reform had special potency as it came just as the Home Bank of Canada collapsed, leaving many families penniless and it led to the first discussion of social credit in Canada. Information on their investigation is available in the Irvine/DLP book Purchasing power and the world problem: Social control of credit (1924).

Irvine was defeated in 1925 when he ran for re-election.

He was next elected in 1926, when he ran for the UFA in the rural Alberta riding of Wetaskiwin. Despite the change in his party affiliation, he remained a leading ally of Woodsworth and of farmer-labour co-operation. He, Woodsworth and many Farmer and Labour MPs formed the "Ginger Group", which pushed and prodded the House of Commons to pass pro-labour and pro-farmer legislation. His book Co-operative Government was published in 1929.

In the late 1920s, Irvine introduced a bill to abolish capital punishment.[14]

He was re-elected in 1930 in the Wetaskiwin riding, receiving 4800 votes, 40 percent of votes cast in the district.

Irvine, Woodsworth and several other farmer and labour MPs met and decided to work to found a national labour-farmer-socialist political party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation party. That meeting was held in Irvine's parliamentary office in 1932.[15]

Irvine was active in the founding of the CCF in Calgary in 1932. Irvine served as the first president of the Alberta CCF. He helped bring the UFA into the CCF in early 1933, and the parliamentary UFA caucus into the CCF for the 1935 election.

He and all the other UFA MPs were defeated in the 1935 election, succumbing to Social Credit candidates.

Irvine wrote many books on UFA and CCF policies and plans. This included Co-operative Government (1920); Let us reason together: An appeal to Social Crediters and C.C.F.'ers (1936); The Forces of Reconstruction. A Review of World-Conditions under Capitalism, and the forces working towards the Co-operative Commonwealth (1934); Co-operation or Catastrophe. An Interpretation of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and its Policy (1934); and Is socialism the answer?: The intelligent man's guide to basic democracy (1945). He also wrote two plays on political and economic reform You Can't Do that and In Brains We Trust.

He attempted to re-enter parliament in 1936 through a by-election in Assiniboia, Saskatchewan but was defeated by former Saskatchewan Premier James Garfield Gardiner.

He returned to parliament in the 1945 election for the British Columbia riding of Cariboo.[16] He served in the House of Commons for four years. He was defeated in 1949 when the opposition united behind Liberal candidate George Matheson Murray.

Irvine made three more attempts to return to parliament, in the 1950s, but was unsuccessful each time.

Notes

  1. ^ Irvine had a low opinion of Aberhart's ideology and political ambitions.[13]

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Mardiros (1979), p. 6.
  2. ^ Mardiros (1979), pp. 9–11.
  3. ^ Mardiros (1979), pp. 19–21, 26–27.
  4. ^ Mardiros (1979), pp. 56–60.
  5. ^ Mardiros (1979), pp. 41, 62, 76.
  6. ^ Mardiros (1979), pp. 45–47, 64.
  7. ^ Mardiros (1979), p. 67.
  8. ^ Mardiros (1979), p. 78.
  9. ^ Mardiros (1979), p. 81.
  10. ^ Mardiros (1979), pp. 87–90, 102.
  11. ^ Mardiros (1979), p. 31.
  12. ^ The U.F.A., April 16, 1923, p. 12
  13. ^ a b Mardiros (1979), p. 144.
  14. ^ Mardiros (1979), p. 130.
  15. ^ McNaught (2001), pp. 259–260.
  16. ^ "William (Bill) Irvine and The Social Gospel: Advocate of the Synergies of Socialism and the Social Gospel of Jesus". Saskatoon: Unitarian Congregation of Saskatchewan. 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-06-23. Retrieved 2012-05-27.

Bibliography

Further reading

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