Wilderness therapy
Wilderness therapy, also known as outdoor behavioral healthcare, is a form of therapeutic intervention that uses outdoor activities and immersion in natural environments to promote psychological, behavioral, and social well-being. It is used in the treatment of mental health conditions, substance abuse disorders, and behavioral issues, particularly among adolescents and young adults.[1]
Wilderness therapy programs vary widely in structure and philosophy, but typically combine elements of psychotherapy, group processes, and experiential learning with activities such as hiking, camping, and survival skills. While the approach is most prominently developed in the United States, related practices have emerged in other regions, including Canada, Australia, and across Scandinavia, often influenced by local outdoor traditions and cultural perspectives.[2]
The field lacks a universally accepted definition, and programs differ in their clinical oversight, duration, and level of remoteness. Wilderness therapy has been the subject of ongoing debate regarding its effectiveness, safety, and ethical practices, with research producing mixed results and criticism focusing on regulation and reported incidents in some programs.[3][4]
History
The concept of wilderness therapy dates back to the 1940s, linked to progressive German educator Kurt Hahn, who founded the United Kingdom's "Outward Bound", an outdoor educational organization.
The origins of wilderness therapy are often traced to the early 20th century, particularly to the educational philosophies of Kurt Hahn, a German educator who emphasized character development through outdoor challenges and experiential learning. Hahn’s ideas led to the establishment of programs such as Outward Bound in the 1940s, which combined physical activity, teamwork, and exposure to nature as a means of fostering personal growth.
During the mid-20th century, these principles began to influence therapeutic practices, particularly in North America and Europe, where outdoor experiences were incorporated into programs for youth development and rehabilitation. By the 1960s and 1970s, structured programs using extended wilderness expeditions emerged, especially in the United States, where they were applied to adolescents experiencing behavioral and emotional difficulties.[5]
From the late 20th century onward, wilderness therapy developed into a distinct field, with programs adopting a range of models and therapeutic approaches. While the United States became a center of commercial program development, similar approaches also appeared in countries such as Canada, Australia, and across Scandinavia, often shaped by local outdoor traditions and cultural perspectives on nature and wellbeing.
In the early 21st century, wilderness therapy continued to expand and diversify, with increasing integration of clinical practices and professional oversight in some regions. At the same time, differences in regulation, standards, and philosophical approaches persisted internationally, contributing to ongoing debate about the role and effectiveness of wilderness-based interventions.
See also
References
- ^ Dobud, Will (June 14, 2021). "A Closer Look at Involuntary Treatment and the Use of Transport Service in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare (Wilderness Therapy)". Child & Youth Services: 1–20. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
- ^ Harper, Nevin J.; Gabrielsen, Leiv E.; Carpenter, Cathryn (2018-04-03). "A cross-cultural exploration of 'wild' in wilderness therapy: Canada, Norway and Australia". Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning. 18 (2): 148–164. doi:10.1080/14729679.2017.1384743. ISSN 1472-9679.
- ^ Jong, Mats; Lown, E. Anne; Schats, Winnie; Mills, Michelle L.; Otto, Heather R.; Gabrielsen, Leiv E.; Jong, Miek C. (2021-01-06). Wieland, Lisa Susan (ed.). "A scoping review to map the concept, content, and outcome of wilderness programs for childhood cancer survivors". PLOS ONE. 16 (1) e0243908. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1643908J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243908. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7787391. PMID 33406103.
- ^ Harper, Nevin J.; Gabrielsen, Leiv E.; Carpenter, Cathryn (2018-04-03). "A cross-cultural exploration of 'wild' in wilderness therapy: Canada, Norway and Australia". Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning. 18 (2): 148–164. doi:10.1080/14729679.2017.1384743. ISSN 1472-9679.
- ^ Beck, Natalie; Wong, Jennifer S. (May 2022). "A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Wilderness Therapy on Delinquent Behaviors Among Youth". Criminal Justice and Behavior. 49 (5): 700–729. doi:10.1177/00938548221078002. ISSN 0093-8548.
Further reading
- Burke, Larry (October 1995) "Wilderness Education Gone Brutally Wrong", Outside. Retrieved December 25, 2022
- Cooper, Kelly-Leigh (June 19, 2001) "Troubled US teens left traumatised by tough love camps", BBC News Online. Retrieved December 25, 2022
- Canham, Matt (October 11, 2007) "Ten have died in wilderness therapy programs - and Congress wants to know why" The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved December 25, 2022
- Fanlo, Ciara (November 15, 2022). "I survived a wilderness camp: 'It's not necessary to break a person's will'". The Guardian. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
- Okoren, Nicolle (November 14, 2022). "The wilderness 'therapy' that teens say feels like abuse: 'You are on guard at all times'". The Guardian. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
- Rosen, Kenneth R. (2021). Troubled: The Failed Promise of America's Behavioral Treatment Programs. Little A. ISBN 978-1-5420-0788-7.
- Harper, Nevin J.; Dobud, Will; Magnuson, Doug (June 2, 2022). "Can Involuntary Youth Transport into Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare Treatment Programs (Wilderness Therapy) Ever Be Ethical?". Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 41 (3): 417–425. doi:10.1007/s10560-022-00864-2. S2CID 250539733.
- Reiss, Richard (2011). Desperate Love: A Father's Memoir. Paula Kaplan-Reiss. Florham Park, N.J.: Serving House Books. ISBN 978-0-9838289-1-4. OCLC 1204336786.